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Topic: Paratyphoid fever

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	Paratyphoid Fever \| Principal Health News
		Paratyphoid fever, which is sometimes called Salmonella paratyphi infection, is a serious contagious disease caused by a gram-negative bacterium.
		Paratyphoid fever has three stages: an early stage marked by high fever; a toxic stage with abdominal pain and intestinal symptoms, and a long period of recovery from fever (defervescence).
		Paratyphoid fever is marked by high fever, headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, and constipation or diarrhea.
	www.principalhealthnews.com /topic/topic100587263 (598 words)

	WHO \| Water-related Diseases
		Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract and bloodstream.
		Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi respectively.
		Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are common in less-industrialized countries, principally owing to the problem of unsafe drinking-water, inadequate sewage disposal and flooding.
	www.who.int /water_sanitation_health/diseases/typhoid/en (423 words)

	Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Typhoid fever is an infectious feverish disease with severe symptoms in the digestive system in the second phase of the illness.
		Paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a similar and generally milder disease.
		It is not until the fourth or fifth week that the fever drops and the general condition slowly improves.
	www.netdoctor.co.uk /travel/diseases/typhoid.htm (1021 words)

	Typhoid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Paratyphoid fever is a pathologically and clinically similar illness caused by many species of salmonellae.
		Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are found throughout the world, but are most common in the developing countries of the tropics and subtropics.
		Both typhoid and paratyphoid fever present as a febrile, systemic illness, generally within a disturbance of bowel function (diarrhea or constipation).
	orpheus.ucsd.edu /shs/typhoid.html (377 words)

	Notifiable Condition: Typhoid
		Paratyphoid fever presents a similar clinical picture, but tends to be milder, and the case-fatality rate is much lower.
		In one outbreak of paratyphoid fever in England, dairy cows excreted Paratyphi B organisms in milk and feces.
		Paratyphoid fever: In field trials, oral typhoid vaccine (Ty21a) conferred partial protection against paratyphoid B but not as well as it protected against typhoid.
	www.doh.wa.gov /notify/guidelines/typhoid.htm (2233 words)

	dreddyclinic.com - Typhoid fever
		Vaccines against typhoid fever are available, but they're only partially effective and are usually reserved for people who may be exposed to the disease or are traveling to areas where typhoid fever is endemic.
		Paratyphoid fever causes signs and symptoms similar to those of typhoid fever, but in a milder form.
		The bacteria that cause typhoid and paratyphoid fever both spread through contaminated food or water and occasionally through direct contact with someone who is already infected.
	www.dreddyclinic.com /findinformation/tt/typhoidfever.htm (2190 words)

	Tropical Medicine Central Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The fever was brought there by the father of one of the families.
		They found that the drains from all the cottages were linked to the same stream and that the second outbreak had occurred downstream; the "fever" was clearly carried there, contaminating the drinking water of the second group of cottages.
		Typhoid fever is an acute febrile systemic infection caused by gram-negative bacilli of the genus Salmonella.
	tmcr.usuhs.mil /tmcr/chapter15/intro.htm (384 words)

	Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers - Blue Book: IDEAS - Victorian Government Health Information, Australia
		Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is a septicaemic illness characterised initially by fever, bradycardia, splenomegaly, abdominal symptoms and ‘rose spots’ which are clusters of pink macules on the skin.
		Paratyphoid fever presents a similar clinical picture but is usually milder, shorter in duration and with fewer complications.
		Diagnosis is made by culture of typhoid or paratyphoid bacilli from the blood, urine or faeces.
	www.health.vic.gov.au /ideas/bluebook/typhoid.htm (1059 words)

	Typhoid fever
		A feisty Irish cook named Mary Mallon seems to have infected only a small percentage of these people, yet she became so identified in the public mind with the epidemic that she was dubbed Typhoid Mary and quarantined for life on an island in the Hudson River.
		Fever, often as high as 103 or 104 F (39 or 40 C).
		Typhoid fever appears to have afflicted human beings for millennia, but the cause of the illness — a virulent and invasive bacterium called Salmonella typhi — wasn't discovered until the late 19th century.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/library/DS/00538.html (2223 words)

	EID V3N3 Paratyphoid Fever Due to Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi A
		Paratyphi A isolation rates exceeded the expected frequency based on the blood culture-positive rates from the cases of enteric fever reported by the Department of Microbiology at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, the previous September and October (nine cases in 1995, 36 cases in 1996).
		Investigators visited the affected households and distributed a questionnaire regarding demographic information, history of fever, food consumption from a common source, festival attendance, and type of water supply used.
		Although we could not isolate the organism from the water or the soil by the time the outbreak was suspected, epidemiologic evidence suggests a waterborne outbreak.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol3no3/kapil.htm (584 words)

	How to manage paratyphoid fever? - Children - DoctorNDTV
		Typhoid fever is caused by the organism Salmonella typhi and paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C. Typhoid fever tends to be more severe than paratyphoid fever.
		Because many false positive and false negative reactions occur, diagnosis of typhoid fever by Widal test alone is prone to error.
		If the fever remits with the first dose of the antibiotics, the diagnosis is most likely wrong.
	www.doctorndtv.com /FAQ/detailfaq.asp?id=3670 (440 words)

	Salmonella - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid and foodborne illness.
		Salmonella typhi is a well known serovar that causes typhoid fever.
		Other salmonellae are frequent causes of foodborne illness, and can especially be caught from poultry and raw eggs and more generally from food that has been cooked or frozen, and not eaten straight away.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Salmonella (356 words)

	eMedicine - Typhoid Fever : Article by Roberto Corales, DO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Caused by S typhi and occurring only in humans, typhoid fever is a severe multisystemic illness characterized by the classic prolonged fever, sustained bacteremia without endothelial or endocardial involvement, and bacterial invasion of and multiplication within the mononuclear phagocytic cells of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer patches.
		Pathophysiology: The hallmark of typhoid fever is the invasion of and multiplication within the mononuclear phagocytic cells in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer patches of the ileum.
		Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are endemic in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast and Far East Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Central America, and South America.
	www.emedicine.com /MED/topic2331.htm (7623 words)

	CHAPTER 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers were of but minor importance as causes of sickness in the United States Army during the World War.
		The trend of typhoid fever in the Army from 1820 to 1919, is plotted on logarithmic scale in Chart I. Records are not available from 1832 to 1837, nor for a part of the period of the Mexican War (1846-1848).
		Typhoid fever contributed only 0.04 per cent of the total admissions to hospital for all diseases, and in no country in which our military forces served did it prevail to such degree as to give it a rating in the list of the 30 diseases of most frequent occurrence.
	history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/wwi/communicablediseases/chapter1.htm (8100 words)

	JAMA -- Risk Factors for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Jakarta, Indonesia, June 2, 2004, Vollaard et al. 291 (21): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		fever was included later in the course of the study period.
		the proportional representation of typhoid fever of 8.6% of
		The epidemiology of typhoid fever in the Dong Thap Province, Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.
	jama.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/full/291/21/2607 (4980 words)

	UpToDate Approach to the patient with typhoid fever
		— Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever (also known as enteric fever, but collectively referred to as typhoid fever here) are severe systemic illnesses characterized by sustained fever and abdominal symptoms [1].
		The pathogenesis and treatment of typhoid fever and the indications for typhoid vaccination in travelers are discussed separately.
		In a study from Indonesia, paratyphoid fever was more probable with exposures outside the home (eg, purchase of food from street vendors) compared to typhoid fever, which frequently resulted from exposure within the household (eg, sharing utensils, presence of a patient with typhoid, lack of soap or adequate toilet facilities) [2].
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=gi_infec/6728 (407 words)

	Typhoid and Paratyphoid
		Typhoid is also known as enteric fever and is an intestinal disease caused by infection with the bacterium Salmonella typhi.
		The high fever usually lasts for about a week, and the patient may become delirious.
		Paratyphoid is similar to typhoid fever but its symptoms, including headache and constipation, are usually milder.
	www.ashtree.co.uk /features/typhoid.htm (274 words)

	WHO \| Typhoid fever
		Typhoid fever is contracted when people eat food or drink water that has been infected with Salmonella typhi.
		It is recognized by the sudden onset of sustained fever, severe headache, nausea and severe loss of appetite.
		Paratyphoid fever shows similar symptoms, but tends to be milder and the case-fatality rate is much lower.
	www.who.int /topics/typhoid_fever/en (169 words)

	Emerging Infectious Diseases: Paratyphoid Fever in India: An Emerging Problem
		To the Editor: Enteric fever is a major public health problem in India, accounting for more than 300,000 cases per year, Salmonella typhi is the most common etiologic agent (1), but Salmonella paratyphi A, the other causative agent, causes more asymptomatic infections than S. typhi.
		An outbreak of enteric fever due to a single S. paratyphi A strain in an urban residential area was reported in 1996 from New Delhi, where contaminated water was implicated as the probable source (4,5).
		With our catchment area, case definition of enteric fever, and laboratory methods remaining the same during this period, it appears that the etiology of enteric fever in North India is changing significantly.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GVK/is_3_5/ai_n6276229 (935 words)

	JAMA -- Abstract: Risk Factors for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Jakarta, Indonesia, June 2, 2004, Vollaard et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		JAMA -- Abstract: Risk Factors for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Jakarta, Indonesia, June 2, 2004, Vollaard et al.
		or paratyphoid fever; risk factors for both diseases.
		typhoid fever in the household (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.03-5.48);
	jama.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/abstract/291/21/2607 (354 words)

	Typhoid fever -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		It is common in areas of poor sanitation, where sewage may mix with drinking water, or flies may carry the bacteria from feces to food.
		A similar disease, called paratyphoid fever, is caused by a related bacterium.
		Salmonella infection (or salmonellosis) is caused by one of 1,400 strains.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9313928?tocId=9313928 (697 words)

	Basic Summary for Typhoid fever - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Prevalance of Typhoid fever: In the United States about 400 cases occur each year, and 70% of these are acquired while traveling internationally.
		Typhoid fever is still common in the developing world, where it affects about 12.5 million persons each year.
		Geography Profile for Typhoid fever: Typhoid fever is common in most parts of the world except in industrialized regions such as the United States, Canada, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /t/typhoid_fever/basics.htm (686 words)

	Fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever) (Cochrane Review) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Background: Fluoroquinolones are recommended as first-line therapy for typhoid and paratyphoid fever, but how they compare with other cheaper antibiotics and different fluoroquinolones is unclear.
		Objectives: To evaluate fluoroquinolone antibiotics for treating enteric fever in children and adults compared with other antibiotics, different fluoroquinolones, and different treatment durations of the same fluoroquinolone.
		Fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever).
	www.cochrane.org /cochrane/revabstr/AB004530.htm (539 words)

	vol3 no3 Letters
		A 44-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital with fever, throat fullness, and drooling.
		When he arrived at the Emergency Department of Montefiore Medical Center on September 23, 1996, the patient was mildly toxic and had an oral temperature of 103.2°F. Pulse was 110 and blood pressure 110/70.
		The fever abated rapidly, and all symptoms resolved.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol3no3/letters.htm (3253 words)

	Typhoid Fever - Information / Diagnosis / Treatment / Prevention
		Typhoid Fever Description: Definition, who gets it, how it is spread, symptoms, treatment, prevention, and more information from the Utah Department of Health Bureau of Epidemiology.
		Typhoid Fever Vaccines Description: Protection is available as an oral vaccine series or as a single dose injection.
		What You Should Know About Typhoid Fever Description: Answers questions on how it is spread, how soon symptoms occur, how it is diagnosed, treatment, vaccine, and more from the official website of the state of New Jersey.
	www.healthcyclopedia.com /infectious-diseases/bacterial/typhoid-fever.html (613 words)

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