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Topic: Parcham

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	Parcham Information
		Parcham (meaning "Banner") was the name of one of the factions of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.
		The basic ideology of the Parchamis was one of a gradual move towards socialism in Afghanistan.
		The Parcham faction supported this idea because they felt that Afghanistan was not industrialized enough to undergo a true proletarian revolution called for in the Communist Manifesto.
	www.bookrags.com /Parcham (168 words)

	Babrak Karmal Summary
		Karmal's Parcham was largely responsible for confrontations with the authorities, which occurred during the first parliamentary sessions.
		Parcham, both military and civilian, participated, and Karmal openly boasted that he had brought Daoud back to power.
		Babrak Karmal, exiled leader of the Parcham faction of the PDPA was installed by the Soviets as Afghanistan's new head of government.
	www.bookrags.com /Babrak_Karmal (2537 words)

	Parcham - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parcham (meaning "Banner") was the name of one of the factions of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.
		The basic ideology of the Parchamis was one of a gradual move towards socialism in Afghanistan.
		The Parcham faction supported this idea because they felt that Afghanistan was not industrialized enough to undergo a true proletarian revolution called for in the Communist Manifesto.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parcham (217 words)

	Welcome to the official website of the Parcham Party of India
		Ans: Parcham Party of India is a political party registered with the Election Commission of India under the provisions of secular and democratic constitution of the country.
		In fact the Parcham Party of India is a party of all Indian citizens irrespective of caste and creed but it considers Muslims as its core constituency and the problems of the Muslims as its principal agendas.
		The Parcham Party addresses the social and political issues by accepting the ground realities of the social fabric and adopts strategy to resolve conflicting issues not only between the various sects and castes among Muslims but also between the Muslims and other Non-muslim communities.
	www.parchampartyofindia.org /faq1.php (2960 words)

	Afghanistan - USURPATION, INVASION AND WAR: 1978-92
		Parcham's leaders had enjoyed widespread connections within the senior bureaucracy and even the royal family and the most privileged elite.
		Within weeks purges of Parcham began, and by summer Khalq's somewhat bewildered Soviet patrons became aware of how difficult it would be temper its radicalism.
		Execution (Parcham leaders later claimed at least 11,000 during the Taraki/Amin period), flight into exile, and later the devastation of Kabul itself would literally remove the great majority of the some 100,000 who had come to form Afghanistan's elite and middle class.
	countrystudies.us /afghanistan/89.htm (702 words)

	Predicting the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: The Intelligence Community's Record (U)
		Parcham leaders later would claim they had persuaded Daoud to take over the government, but it was clear he was seeking to exploit them as much as they were using him.
		Parcham supporter Abdul Qadir remained as Defense Minister for the time being, but Amin saw to it that he was isolated and under close watch.
		The fact that the Parcham leaders were exiled rather than imprisoned—or worse—and that Qadir and other, lower level Parcham members were allowed to retain their positions reportedly was the result of Soviet intervention.
	www.fas.org /irp/cia/product/afghanistan (16414 words)

	Afghanistan Country Study
		Despite their "royalist" reputation, Parcham leaders supported Daoud's plan to seize power, and Parcham sympathizers in the military played a key role in the relatively bloodless coup d'etat that toppled the monarchy on June 17, 1973.
		The merger of Parcham and Khalq rapidly became unglued, and before the year was over, populations in large areas of the country had revolted against the regime's hasty and illconsidered reforms.
		Parcham's control of the ministries of defense and interior (the latter having responsibility for the police), ostensibly placed Khalq in a distinctly disadvantageous position.
	www.gl.iit.edu /govdocs/afghanistan/ARevolutionBackfires.html (10964 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Mohammad Daud Khan
		Parcham faction became integrally involved in planning the coup.
		Daud Khan, however, soon made it clear that he was no front man and that he had not adopted the claims of any ideological faction.
		The military arms of each faction were not coordinated because, by this time, Khalqi military officers vastly outnumbered Parchami officers and feared the latter might inform Daud Khan of this, raising his suspicion that a coup was imminent.
	www.afghanland.com /history/daoud.html (2287 words)

	[No title]
		In general Parcham was more reformist in its approach, wanting to work with the "progressive wing" of the ruling class, while Khalq was more "insurrectionist".
		In general their supporters were less i nterested in socialism or classlessness than in modernisation and the overcoming of backwardness.
		Parchami officers had been heavily involved in Daoud's 1973 coup, and Parcham was rewarded with posts in the ministries.
	www.iran-bulletin.org /IB_MEF_0/afghanistan_w6.doc (5191 words)

	PlanetPapers - Afghanistan
		The PDPA was a Marxist-oriented party which two years after its founding in January 1965 split into tow factions Khalq (Masses) and Parcham (Banner).
		Khalq's followers were primarily Pashtuns recruited from the non-elite class led by Taraki, and the more moderate Parcham headed by Karmal.
		Parcham's adherents included other ethnic groups and tended to come from the Westernized upper classes.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/1077.php (1172 words)

	The Cold War Museum - Afgan War
		Having little popular support, the new government forged close ties with the Soviet Union, launched ruthless purges of all domestic opposition, and began extensive land and social reforms that were bitterly resented by the devoutly Muslim and largely anti-Communist population.
		Muslim tribal-based insurgencies arose against the government, and these uprisings, along with internal fighting and coups between the Khalq and Parcham governmental factions, prompted the invasion of the country by about 30,000 Soviet troops in December 1979 with the aim of propping up the Soviet Union's new but faltering client state.
		The rebellion of the Muslim rebels, or mujahideen (literally, "strugglers"), grew in response, spreading to all parts of the country.
	www.coldwar.org /articles/70s/afghan_war.asp (445 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The PDPA, however, was plagued by chronic factional in-fighting between the Khalq (Masses) group led by Taraki and Hafizullah Amin and the Parcham (Banner) faction led by Babrak Karmal.
		While the radical Khalq faction had its roots in the rural, tribal-based sector of Afghani society, the Parcham faction had closer ties to the military establishment and the Dari speaking urban elite that pursued a more moderate political agenda.
		However, Amin's rule proved to be short-lived as Babrak Karmal, leader of the Parcham faction of the PDPA, gained control of the Afghani state in December 1979 with the help of Soviet military forces.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Afg1.htm (1594 words)

	Welcome to the official website of the Parcham Party of India
		Parcham Party Organised DHARNA at Parliament House Under the Aegis of "Muslim Reservation Movement"
		Parcham Party of India Participates in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections -2007
		Memorandum submitted to the Chairman, National Commission for Minorities regarding persecution and atrocies against Muslims in Aligarh.
	www.parchampartyofindia.org (167 words)

	Emine Engin and the revolution that never was /1 \| Workers' Liberty
		She uses vague terms to avoid saying that that is what Khalq did: “In the face of the left-sounding promises of the government, the Khalq came forward initially with the proposal for a united front”.
		Castigating Parcham’s reformism, she writes: Parcham “defended some of the reforms which had been put into effect by the monarchy in 1964 (reforms which are implemented by reactionary establishments or forces, and which provide progress via the evolutionary path of reaction, can absolutely not be supported).”
		Both Parcham and Khalq were closely linked with the USSR and with its secret police, though Parcham was the closer, tending to be more in line with what Russia wanted done in Afghanistan and more compliant with Russia’s policies.
	www.workersliberty.org /node/1937 (3248 words)

	Afghanistan: Lessons from the Last War
		Parcham continued to strive for the same kinds of socialist reforms pursued by Taraki’s rival PDPA faction, Khalq (masses), also named for its newspaper, but the two competed for power nevertheless.
		Parcham and Khalq were not the only groups opposed to the Zahir Shah Administration.
		By 1977, Khalq and Parcham formally agreed to bury their differences and united to form one People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan; Soviet pressure reportedly played a role in the unification.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/essay2.html (9886 words)

	Afghanistan - DAOUD'S REPUBLIC, JULY 1973- APRIL 1978
		Their inflammatory speeches in parliament and organized street riots were tactics which alarmed the king to the degree that he refused to sign the law legalizing political parties.
		Karmal's Parcham faction became integrally involved in planning the coup.
		The military arms of each faction were not coordinated because, by this time, Khalqi military officers vastly outnumbered Parchami officers and feared the latter might inform Daoud of this, raising his suspicion that a coup was imminent.
	countrystudies.us /afghanistan/28.htm (1471 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Karmal was a founding member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and from 1965 to 1973 served in the National Assembly.
		When the party split (1967) into the Khalq ("People's") and the Parcham ("Banner") parties, he became leader of the more moderate, pro-Soviet Parcham.
		The Khalq and the Parcham reunited in 1977, and in 1978--with Soviet help--the PDPA seized the government.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/Personalities.BabrakKarmal.shtm (242 words)

	Afghanstation.com - The Centre of Afghan Web
		The leader of the Parcham Party was Babrak Karmal.
		Half of the top positions were given to the Khalq, the other half to the Parcham.
		Other Parcham leaders were made ambassadors to India, Iran and Turkey.
	www.afghanstation.com /war.htm (3657 words)

	Cascon Case AFG: Afghanistan 1979-88
		In July 1973 a Daoud coup succeeded with aid from both branches of the Marxist PDPA party: Babrak Karmal's "Parcham", and the more militant "Khalq" of Nur Taraki and Hafizullah Amin.
		Daoud's failure to implement promised reforms reunited Khalq and Parcham in 1977.
		In August Parcham officers were arrested in a coup implicating Karmal.
	web.mit.edu /cascon/cases/case_afg.html (526 words)

	Middle East Report 221: Afghanistan in the Balance, by Patricia Gossman
		In staging the coup, Daoud had allied himself with the Parcham (Flag) faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), a small Marxist-Leninist party that had been formed in 1965.
		However, the Pashtuns in Parcham were largely urban and Dari (Persian)-speaking.
		By this time Khalq and Parcham were ready to reunite.
	www.merip.org /mer/mer221/221_gossman.html (4474 words)

	Afghanistan: the ‘revolution’ that never was
		She presents Parcham as the Afghan Mensheviks and the Khalq as the Bolsheviks—and then proceeds to substitute considerations about the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, and about Russian conditions, for analysis of her subject, Afghanistan.
		But then, though Khalq had more contact with the countryside than Parcham, their relationship to the rural people was a gruesome series of tragicomic episodes.
		The best Engin can do in her book to answer these questions implied in her account is to blame on Parcham the fact that it was only at the end of the year 1978 that the PDPA government got down to land reform.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/51/338.html (10235 words)

	Peymaan & Parcham
		They were attacked in the Parliament and on the government-run Radio Tehran (as well as Radio Delhi).
		The daily newspaper Parcham, edited by Kasravi, began publication on January 23, 1942, and ceased publication after the December 8 issue, when all newspaper licenses were cancelled.
		This edition was in scope a combination of Peyman and the daily Parcham, dealing with more general topics and current issues.
	home.att.net /~tabriz/peyman.htm (810 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Is Parcham Kay Saaye, Benjamin Sisters IS PARCHAM KE SAAYE TALE HAM EK HAIN IS PARCHAM KE SAAYE TALE HAM EK HAIN SAANCHI APNI KHUSHIYAAAAAAN HOOOO....
		SAANCHI APNI KHUSHIYAAN AUR GHAM EK HAIN...HAM EK HAIN IS PARCHAM KE SAAYE TALE HAM EK HAIN....HAM EK HAIN...AAAAAAAAAAAAAA..........HOOOO OOOOOO EK CHAMAN KE PHOOL HAIN SAARE EK GAGAN KE TAARE...
		SAB DARIYAA KE DHAAREEEEEEEE JUDAA JUDAA HAIN LAHRE SARGAA EK HAIN...HAM EK HAIN SAANCHI APNI KHUSHIYAAN HOOOOO SAANCHI APNI KHUSHIYAAN AUR GHAM EK HAIN...HAM EK HAIN IS PARCHAM KE SAAYE TALE HAM EK HAIN...HAM EK HAIN..............
	www.pakistanimusic.com /lyrics/BenjaminSisters-IsParchamKaySaaye.txt (220 words)

	TIME.com: Moscow's New Stand-in -- Jan. 7, 1980 -- Page 1
		In 1973, as parliamentary leader of the pro-Moscow Parcham wing of the Communist People's Democratic Party, he helped to plot the overthrow of King Mohammed Zahir Shah by Mohammed Daoud.
		The well-born son of a general, Karmal has been a Marxist ever since his days as a student at Kabul University; his graduation was delayed by a stint in prison for left-wing agitation.
		His Parcham Party always leaned more dependably toward Moscow than Taraki's more broadly based faction, which sometimes espoused a Maoist-flavored brand of Marxism.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,923866,00.html (612 words)

	Part Two: 1953-1992
		All four were from what would become the Parcham faction; one was a woman, Dr. Anahita Ratebzad, the close companion of Babrak Karmal.
		February 14, 1979 US Ambassador to Afghanistan Adolph Dubs is kidnapped by several armed members of a Maoist group and held hostage for the release of several of their imprisoned colleagues.
		Babrak Karmal, the leader of the Parcham faction, is made president.
	www.janrainwater.com /htdocs/2.htm (8772 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Tajiks in Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The official Iranian news agency, IRNA, reports that growing tension between the Parcham (P) and Khalq (P) factions of the PDPA had recently led Afghani President Najibullah to impose a 14-day emergency in Kabul.
		A mujaheddin radio station reports intra-Parcham (a faction of the PDPA) (P) clashes in Kabul between supporters of Najibullah and Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Council of Ministers.
		President Najibullah, leader of the Parcham faction of the PDPA (P) survives a coup attempt led by Defense Minister, Lt. Gen.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=70003 (15284 words)

	Backgrounder on Afghanistan: History of the War (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, October 2001)
		Zahir Shah was overthrown by his cousin Daoud Khan in 1973; the king has remained in exile in Rome ever since.
		In staging the coup, Daoud had allied himself with the Parcham faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), a Marxist-Leninist party that had been formed in 1965.
		In 1967 the PDPA split into two factions, Parcham ("flag") which drew its support from urban, educated Pashtuns along with other ethnic groups, and Khalq ("masses") which had the support of educated rural Afghans, also predominantly Pashtun.
	www.hrw.org /backgrounder/asia/afghan-bck1023.htm (2535 words)

	Leftist Parties of Afghanistan
		led by Sher Mohammad Buzgar, founded by former members of Parcham wing of PDPA
		2003 mainly by former SAZA and Parcham members, led by Abdul Latif Pedram
		2003 by members of the Parcham faction of former PDPA, led by Noorul Haq Uloomi
	www.broadleft.org /af.htm (297 words)

	Virtual Archive : Decree of the CPSU CC - Information for the Leaders of the Progressive Afghan Political Organizations ...
		This document provides information for the leaders of the progressive Afghan political parties; and results of the CC elections.
		Information for the Leaders of the Progressive Afghan Political Organizations “Parcham” and “Khalq” Concerning the Results of the Visit of Mohammed Daud to the USSR
		Approve the text of a telegram containing information for the leaders of the Afghan progressive political organizations “Parcham” (K. Babrak) and “Khalq” (H. Taraki) concerning the results of the visit of M. Daud to the USSR and send it through KGB channels to Kabul to give to the addressees (attached).
	www.wilsoncenter.org /index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.document&identifier=5034D62A-96B6-175C-96E106BAD17715EE&sort=Collection&item=Soviet (348 words)

	Radio Paradise - eclectic online rock radio
		Artists: Antony Holborne, John Taverner, Christopher Tye, William Byrd, Thomas Simpson, Thomas Morley, George Jeffreys, Andrew Parcham, Robert Carr, William Babell
		Artists: Anonymous, William Byrd, George Frideric Handel, Matthew Locke, Nicola Matteis, Andrew Parcham, English Traditional, Various Composers, Guy Penson, Patrick Denecker
		Artists: Charles (François ?) Dieupart, Daniel Purcell, Nicola Matteis, Andrew Parcham, George Frideric Handel, David Munrow, Oliver Brookes, Robert Spencer, Christopher Hogwood
	www.radioparadise.com /content.php?name=Amazon&op=ArtistSearch&keyword=Andrew%20Parcham&mode=music (162 words)

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