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Topic: Parchment

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	PARCHMENT
		In the hellenistic world, the parchment scroll was not known till the first century CE.
		The transition to parchment took place in the land of Israel as well, and the Jewish sages of the Roman period were of the opinion that any mention of a 'book' in the Bible exclusively refers to a parchment scroll.
		It is not impossible that the parchment surplus was caused by the influence of the hellenistic scribal culture on Judaism, as attested by the contemporary borrowing of over 20 book-culture Greek words, such as diphtera, duchsustos, tomos, tophos, and others.
	faculty.biu.ac.il /~barilm/parchmen.html (827 words)

	Untitled Document
		Parchment was made from the skins of animals such as sheep and cows.
		To enable the scribe to write straight lines, the parchment is ruled by a combination of pin pricks and impressed lines.
		Parchments are dyed purple, gold is melted into lettering, manuscripts are decked with jewels, while Christ lies at the door naked and dying.
	www.earlham.edu /~seidti/iam/parchment.html (279 words)

	K-12 Papyrology Resources: Parchment
		Parchment is a specially treated form of leather that is soft and durable, making it an excellent writing material.
		It is known that parchment was used as a writing material as early as the Ptolemaic era, and it was in fact preferred over papyrus in northern regions, where the climate can be unfavorable for papyrus, and also in Near Eastern regions.
		Parchment had the advantage that it could be produced anywhere, while papyrus rolls could only be produced in the parts of Egypt where the papyrus plant grows.
	www.lib.umich.edu /pap/k12/parchment.html (265 words)

	Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary--parchment
		Finally, the parchment is finished while still in a taut condition; the surface is smoothed by shaving it with, a semi-circular (often semi-lunar) knife, and rubbing it with pumice.
		Parchment manufacture, which subjects the fiber network of the skin to the simultaneous action of stretching and drying, causes changes in the skin very different from those which take place in the manufacture of leather.
		Ideal storage conditions for parchment are temperatures between 0° and 20° C. (32° and 68° F.), with a relative humidity of 50 to 65%.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /don/dt/dt2487.html (1179 words)

	parchment. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The name is a corruption of Pergamum, the ancient city of Asia Minor where preparation of parchment suitable for use on both sides was achieved in the 2d cent.
		B.C. Parchment, which is more durable than papyrus and susceptible of being folded into book form, very gradually superseded papyrus.
		Parchment is still used for certain documents and diplomas, for bookbindings and lampshades, and for the heads of drums, tambourines, and banjos.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pa/parchmen.html (237 words)

	Lochac College of Scribes: Parchment Making
		Parchment is the processing of animal skins to produce a hard, durable, white material of even opacity and uniform thickness which will take pigments, inks and dyes in a suitable manner for writing (Kenyon, 1932, p.
		Parchment continues to be made, being used for legal documents, archival records, warrants and certificates, but its total production is now very slight and, apart from copies of historically important texts, literary works are rarely committed to its surface.
		Parchment requires the natural fibre weave of the skin to be changed to a horizontally layered structure by applying tension to the skin.
	www.sca.org.au /scribe/articles/parchment.htm (4667 words)

	Vellum & Parchment (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Parchment as a writing material antedates paper by possibly 1500 years, although the name is derived from Pergamum, an ancient city in Asia Minor where its discovery is usually credited to King Eumenes II, in the second century BC.
		Parchment is made from the split skin of the sheep.
		The use of parchment for book printing in Europe continued even after the advent of printing from wood-blocks and moveable type, but did not survive to any extent beyond the year 1500, although for the purpose of calligraphy and for printing documents and diplomas, this durable material is in demand to the present day.
	www.cbbag.ca /BookArtsWeb/Vellum.html (347 words)

	Leather, Parchment and Vellum
		The word parchment is derived from the name of the Greek city of Pergamon (today's Bergama in Turkey) which was a main center of production and traditionally considered to be the place where it was first made.
		Parchment could be written on both sides and if necessary, the writing could be erased (which could also be a disadvantage).
		Expensive colored parchments of blue, purple, and scarlet were also produced, though their use was generally limited to royal or very important and expensive manuscripts.
	members.tripod.com /~papyri/vellum/vellum.html (1651 words)

	parchment - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Parchment and Vellum, writing materials made from specially prepared and untanned skins of animals, usually sheep, calves, or goats.
		The most commonly used ancient writing materials were the wax tablet, the papyrus roll, and later the parchment codex, or book.
		Palimpsest, manuscript of papyrus, parchment, or other writing material, from which an early text was removed and that was then covered with a...
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=parchment (143 words)

	Differences between Parchment, Vellum and Paper
		Parchment has been made for centuries, and is usually calf, goat, or sheep skin.
		Parchment has traditionally been used instead of paper for important documents such as religious texts, public laws, indentures, and land records as it has always been considered a strong and stable material.
		Parchment paper is made from cellulose fibers prepared from fir trees or plants such as cotton or flax.
	www.archives.gov /preservation/formats/paper-vellum.html (298 words)

	Parchment, Medieval Manuscript Manual
		The word parchment, usually pergamenum in medieval Latin, derives from the name of the city of Pergamum whose ancient King Eumenes is said by Pliny to have invented it in the second century BC during a trade blockade on papyrus.
		First of all the parchmenter has to wash a skin in cold clear running water for a day and a night according to one recipe or simply 'till it is clean enough', according to another.
		If the parchmenter notices cuts in time they can be stitched up with thread to stop their expansion into holes; sometimes in pages of manuscripts one sees holes with stitch marks around their edges, evidently indicating that cuts were mended but nevertheless split their sewing and opened up again under pressure.
	www.ceu.hu /medstud/manual/MMM/parchment.html (1004 words)

	Nature of Materials: Parchment (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Parchment became the most common writing material during the early Middle Ages in Europe, where it replaced papyrus until the invention of printing in the 15th century created a strong demand for cheaper, more malleable materials.
		Parchment is made from the skin of sheep and goats and has considerably more strength and durability than papyrus.
		Parchment is hygroscopic (absorbs moisture) and, while chemically stable, is dimensionally unstable and reactive to changes in the moisture level.
	www.librarypreservation.org /preservation/parchment.htm (488 words)

	Recent Developments in the Conservation of Parchment Manuscripts
		The parchment had been degraded by mold and was extremely soft and weak, and an insensitive repair and rebinding job carried out in the 18th century had led to further deterioration of the textblock (Fig.
		Consolidation of the degraded parchment was then carried out by lightly spraying a very dilute solution of parchment size in water and ethanol on to the surface, while the leaf was held flat under suction.
		In this technique the parchment manuscript or document is laid on a paper suction table and a dry powder, made from unprocessed animal hide, is applied to the area of loss with a spray apparatus.
	aic.stanford.edu /sg/bpg/annual/v15/bp15-14.html (8406 words)

	Parchment
		Parchment came in leaves (one page = a leaf), and each leaf was counted as a single page when numbering pages in books.
		One side of the leaf was called the "recto" and the other was called the "verso." If you were given the task to number the leaves in a book, they would be numbered 1r, 1v, 2r, 2v, 3r, 3v, and so on.
		Adhesive was applied to the parchment where the gold was to be placed, and then very quickly and carefully, the gold leaf would be applied to the page.
	educ.queensu.ca /~fmc/march2005/parchment.html (771 words)

	Pergamano Parchment Paper
		Parchment paper is a transparent kind of paper.
		A break through in the area of Fantasy Parchment is that we are able to deliver the paper with 5 sheets per color in a package.
		Parchment Vellum is thin transparent paper in different colors or decorated with lovely patterns.
	dandeeimages.com /Perg_paper.htm (3407 words)

	Pergamano Parchment Paper
		Parchment paper is a transparent kind of paper.
		A break through in the area of Fantasy Parchment is that we are able to deliver the paper with 5 sheets per color in a package.
		Parchment Vellum is thin transparent paper in different colors or decorated with lovely patterns.
	www.dandeeimages.com /Perg_paper.htm (3413 words)

	Parchment Paper - Glossary - Hormel Foods
		Parchment paper is grease resistant, it does not require any oil or shortening be appied to the surface, and it can tolerate the high temperatures created during baking.
		If foods being baked on parchment paper begin to brown excessively, they can be removed from the pan and transferred while on the paper to a cooling rack, since the paper will not retain heat and continue the cooking process as a pan will.
		In addition to a lining, parchment paper can also be used as a food wrap to "bag" the ingredients being baked, such as "en papillote" foods such as poultry, fish or vegetables.
	www.hormel.com /kitchen/glossary.asp?id=33644&catitemid= (229 words)

	Allakhazam.com: Final Fantasy XI: Item: Parchment
		The "Parchment" is very usefull even though it isnt used in many synths it is used in 1 major synth that is needed to get to higher lvls in wood working.
		why is parchment so costly when you can only use it in a few recipes, and the flute isn't worth it to make and the picclo is on the border of not making, just why is this between 900-1100 for one parchment when its not that useful.
		It is this Parchment (plain parchment) that is used in the Bard Flag quest.
	ffxi.allakhazam.com /db/item.html?fitem=1021 (2488 words)

	Parchment, an introduction
		Even if someone knows that parchment is made from animal skin, he may still have difficulty in knowing how to handle it through not appreciating its specific qualities.
		I shall only describe the process of The making of parchment: and I am convinced that an exchange of knowledge and experience between the maker and the user can be very useful indeed.
		Around parchment there hangs a sort of mystical sphere, as if one shouldn't even be allowed to touch it.
	www.dedas.com /parchment/uk/parchment.html (445 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The name apparently derives from the ancient Greek city of Pergamum (in Turkey), where parchment is said to have been invented in the 2nd century BC.
		The finer kind of parchment known as vellum is from the skins of calves, kids, and dead-born lambs.
		In the 4th century AD, vellum or parchment as a material and the codex as a form became dominant, although there are later examples of rolls, and papyrus was occasionally used for official documents until the 10th century.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=parchment (131 words)

	Silpat vs parchment - Cookware - Chowhound
		The parchment ones were crispier but still chewy on the inside.
		Parchment is more versatile - I use it for baking meat and roasting peppers.
		I use parchment for just about all my baking, but I use my big Roulpats for rolling out pastry, cookies etc. As already noted, they are great for this because you don't need to add flour.
	www.chowhound.com /topics/346511 (881 words)

	Bible Study - Parchment
		Parchment was an ancient writing material made from the processed skins of animals, most often that of calves, sheep and goats.
		The finest parchment, known as vellum, was made from the more delicate skin of a very young calf or lamb.
		In modern times, the terms vellum and parchment have been used for a type of high quality paper with a special finish.
	www.keyway.ca /htm2000/20000905.htm (369 words)

	Reynolds Parchment Paper Review at Epinions.com
		Reynolds Parchment Paper is a white paper that is semi-transparent.
		The parchment paper is in a roll inside the box; however, the paper is not wrapped around a cardboard core.
		Parchment paper can also be used to place food on in the microwave or to cover dishes in the microwave oven.
	www.epinions.com /content_221689974404 (936 words)

	[No title]
		Rick Cavasini, who makes a living from hand-made parchment, had been so kind as to help with the 'recipe' for the lime solution, as non of the manuscripts or treatise are that detailed.
		Somehow I expected the lye to be something terribly aggressive and was really careful about not touching the chalk, but then the parchment makers were handling soaked skins with their bare hands all day long.
		Rabbit parchment is very thin already, and I started to tear half the thickness away in pieces, like you can sometimes do with paper.
	mitglied.lycos.de /oriane/parchment/parchment.html (1653 words)

	Parchment (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Leather rolls as writing ground are already attested in the Middle Kingdom (about 2025-1700 BC), but generally these had not been treated as fully as parchment: however, a fine vellum roll of the 18th Dynasty is preserved in the British Museum (Glanville 1927).
		Parchment was specially prepared by tanning, washing, soaking and smoothing the animal skin (most of sheep or goat).
		The first century BC Roman writer Varro tells the story that Ptolemy II was in war with the Hellenistic kingdom of Pergamon and prohibited the export of papyrus which was needed for a good working administration.
	www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk /craft/parchment.html (204 words)

	Parchment Paper
		While parchment paper can be purchased at any cooking store or grocery shop that has a decent baking section, my preference is for the unbleached variety that is usually found in health food stores.
		With cakes, a round of parchment at the bottom of the pan proves an effortless way to release your baked cake to a cooling rack.
		Simply place the baking pan on the parchment paper, trace around the base of the baking pan and cut the paper along the trace line to fit.
	www.vegfamily.com /vegan-cooking-tips/parchment-paper.htm (761 words)

	parchment paper vs. waxed paper ? - Home Cooking - Chowhound
		I just checked on wikipedia and it says that cooking parchment paper is impregnated with a silicone and the need to grease a cookie sheet is eliminated.
		You'll be happier, to be explicit, 'cause the wax on the wp would melt and the whole thing could burn and you'd have a food tragedy on your hands.
		Parchment doesn't have the coating, is oven-proof, and a blessing for baking things without having them stick.
	www.chowhound.com /topics/350365 (687 words)

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