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Topic: Parental supervision

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	Parenting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parenting is the process of raising a child from birth until they reach adulthood.
		This task is usually done by the biological parents, but if the parents are unable or unwilling to provide care, the task is usually deferred to adoptive parents, foster parents, close relatives (including older siblings), godparents, or institutions (such as group homes or orphanages).
		Benjamin Spock was an authority on parenting to a generation of North American parents.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parent (526 words)

	Learn more about Parenting in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Parenting comprises all the tasks involved in raising a child to an independent adult.
		Parenting may involve praise but also punishment, for instance putting a child over the knee for a spanking.
		Traditional children would live with parents in multi-generation homes and be "parented" even as they become parents themselves.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /p/pa/parenting.html (293 words)

	Parental supervision can cut risky behaviors of older children and teens, University of Maryland researchers find
		Parents who supervise their adolescents in "a warm but demanding" way can reduce their children's risk of becoming sexually active or getting involved with alcohol and drugs, according to a study by three researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.
		The result was that as parental monitoring increased, the targeted risk behaviors went down, in both the short and long term, the report said.
		The term "parental monitoring" includes communication between child and parent (or guardian) and supervision of children in terms of knowing where they are, what they are doing and who their friends are.
	www.umm.edu /news/releases/parents.html (451 words)

	PARENTAL LIABILITY LAWS
		The letters inform parents that the store holds them legally responsible for the actions of their children and demands a sum of money (usually $225-325) in payment for damages, or the store will proceed with a civil suit which will likely be much more costly for the parents.
		Parental defences include that the parent was exercising reasonable supervision over the child at the time the child committed the offence and that the parent made reasonable efforts in good faith to prevent or discourage the child from this kind of activity.
		Parents want to provide for their children, but circumstances beyond their control may prevent them from providing the level of care and supervision necessary for a proper upbringing.
	www.johnhoward.ab.ca /PUB/C11.htm (2958 words)

	Parental supervision -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Parental supervision is a (additional info and facts about parenting) parenting technique that involves looking after, or monitoring a child's activities.
		For this reason, they require supervision, or at least some guidance or advice by their parents or another adult (additional info and facts about in loco parentis) in loco parentis.
		In addition, many people believe that children should be protected from (additional info and facts about violent) violent or (additional info and facts about pornographic) pornographic imagery.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/parental_supervision.htm (226 words)

	Incarcerated Mothers Reports of Their Daughters Antisocial Behavior, Maternal Supervision and Mother-Daughter ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Parental supervision and the parent-child relationship are two major areas that have been highlighted.
		Although one may conclude that parental relationships and supervision are important to youth in varying circumstances, an empirical examination of the impact of the parental relationship and supervision on adolescent girls’ behaviors has not been examined for daughters of criminally involved mothers.
		This study examines the extent of delinquency and antisocial behavior among adolescent daughters of incarcerated mothers and the influence of the mother-daughter relationship and maternal supervision on daughters’ participation in delinquency and antisocial behavior.
	sswr.confex.com /sswr/2005/techprogram/P1713.HTM (553 words)

	Online NewsHour: Parental Responsibility Forum
		While you indicate that it is "all but impossible for a parent to impose meaningful discipline on an unruly child without becoming liable to legal action," I believe this is a serious exaggeration and, quite frankly, an excuse for the parent who chooses to impose no discipline or supervision.
		Parents have total responsibility for their own conduct, and it is only their conduct which is judged pursuant to our ordinance.
		As a parent of two children, I find it hard to accept that the parents are unable to control the actions of their child.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/forum/may96/parents_5-21.html (2695 words)

	ECP - Relation between Parental Restrictions on Movies and Adolescent Use of Tobacco and Alcohol
		To identify the independent effect of parental restrictions on smoking and alcohol use, we created a multivariate model to adjust for parenting characteristics (maternal responsiveness and supervision, parental disapproval of smoking, parental education); exposure to smoking (parent, friend, and sibling smoking); and child characteristics (sex, school, grade, school performance, rebelliousness, sensation seeking, and self-esteem).
		This measure may have underestimated the degree of parental supervision for students who were cared for primarily by their fathers or another caregiver.
		Parental movie restrictions are also associated with a lower prevalence of smoking and drinking among adolescents--an association independent of other traditional measures of good parenting.
	www.acponline.org /journals/ecp/janfeb02/dalton.htm (3587 words)

	Parental supervision: the views and experiences of young people and their parents
		Parents considered the local neighbourhood (including their perceptions of how risk), the young person's age and gender, and his or her personality in deciding how they went about monitoring and supervising their child.
		Parental concerns about their local neighbourhood were considered to increase the level of parental monitoring and decrease the young person's freedom to go out of the family home without their parents.
		Parents have to think about what is appropriate for their child, and have adapted to incorporate changes in society (such as an increasing use of technology and their perceptions of increased risk), into their day-to-day monitoring and supervision practices.
	www.jrf.org.uk /redirect.asp?url=findings/socialpolicy/0165 (2274 words)

	Parental Responsibility Laws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Legislation holding parents criminally responsible for the delinquent acts of their children quickly followed the enactment of civil liability and neglect-type statutes.
		According to Alexander, 75 percent of the parents pleaded guilty or were convicted, and of them, 25 percent were sent to prison as a part of their sentence.
		When it was shown that Gloria Williams had participated in a parenting course 2 months earlier, however, a local prosecutor indicated that it would violate the spirit of the law to try her because she had indeed taken steps to control her children by participating in parent education.
	ojjdp.ncjrs.org /pubs/reform/ch2_d.html (2388 words)

	PPFY Newsletter Article
		Parental supervision is most consistently associated with adolescents not having had sexual intercourse, but even among sexually experienced adolescents, teens whose parents closely supervise them are more likely to be older when they first begin having intercourse, to have fewer partners, and to use contraception.
		Investigators have found that parents' values influence whether teens have sexual intercourse, the timing of their sexual debut, their number of sexual partners, their use of contraception, and whether or not they have been pregnant.
		If parents and teens are closely connected but parental supervision is lacking, adolescents might be more susceptible to non-family influences (e.g., media, peers, partners) that increase pregnancy risk.
	www.wested.org /ppfy/family.htm (1014 words)

	Parental supervision may reduce the risk for certain sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents
		Julie A. Bettinger, Ph.D., of The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., and colleagues studied the effect of high levels of perceived parental supervision and communication (as reported by adolescents) on GC and CT infection in 158 adolescent females (97.1 percent African American) aged 14 to 19 years (average age, 17.1 years).
		The prevalence of GC and CT at the beginning of the study was 30.5 percent (85 of 279 total participants) and the incidence at six months was 20.9 percent (33 of 158 participants who completed the follow-up portion of the study six months later).
		"Parental involvement as a strategy for promoting protective behaviors among adolescents is increasingly a subject of research, and our results provide further evidence that interventions designed to increase parental involvement may affect not only adolescent behavior but disease acquisition as well," the researchers write.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-07/jaaj-psm063004.php (518 words)

	Adolescent Health: Parental supervision may reduce teens' risk for certain STDs, July 26, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Julie A. Bettinger, PhD, of The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, and colleagues studied the effect of high levels of perceived parental supervision and communication (as reported by adolescents) on GC and CT infection in 158 adolescent females (97.1% fl) aged 14 to 19 years (average age, 17.1 years).
		All participants had vaginal or anal intercourse with an opposite-sex partner within the 3 months preceding enrollment in the study, completed an interview on perceived parental supervision and communication, and provided a urine sample for laboratory testing for GC and CT at the beginning of the study.
		"Parental involvement as a strategy for promoting protective behaviors among adolescents is increasingly a subject of research, and our results provide further evidence that interventions designed to increase parental involvement may affect not only adolescent behavior, but disease acquisition as well," they concluded (Arch Pediatr Adolesc, 2004;158:666-670).
	www.obgyn.net /newsheadlines/womens_health-Adolescent_Health-20040726-0.asp (558 words)

	HCI Research
		Parental supervision of children is a crucial component of any attempt to regulate items or facets of information that may be inappropriate or against the law.
		In general, the lack of parental supervision and in some cases the conduct of children on the Internet Is due on a great part that there is a lack of parental supervision or the ability to handle or limit what access their children are able to have.
		The lack or may the innocence of parents who are unaware of who feel their children as safe because they only use the computer to work on homework or to play games feel their child is not at risk.
	userpages.umbc.edu /~jseibe2/HCIResearch.html (1087 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In all cases, parents are responsible for assessing the individual capabilities of their children, especially if the children have special needs, before deciding on appropriate supervision options.
		Parents who need help identifying an option that meets their requirements should be referred to the CYS resource and referral office.
		Adult supervision is defined as someone who has or assumes responsibility for the child (for example, a parent, guardian, care provider, friend).2.
	www.stuttgart.army.mil /Documents/Policyletters/03-ChildSupervisionPolicy.doc (634 words)

	105 Wn.2d 99, JENKINS v. SNOHOMISH COUNTY PUD
		Parents are immune from liability for harm to their child occurring from their ordinary negligence.
		Supreme Court: Holding that a juvenile witness was not competent to testify, that the parents were immune from liability for negligent supervision of the child, and that a reenactment was properly admitted, the court REVERSES the judgment and REMANDS for a new trial.
		A third approach separates parental supervision from other types of parental negligence and then upholds parental immunity where the parent's act was one of simple negligence, while delineating that parents are not immune from willful or wanton failure to supervise a child.
	www.mrsc.org /mc/courts/supreme/105wn2d/105wn2d0099.htm (4043 words)

	Chapter 13. Home Environment
		Supervision generally refers to the extent to which parents monitor and control their children's behavior to optimize academic achievement.
		Parents make the majority of decisions for their children across a wide spectrum of activities such as the sports children pursue, the friends they are allowed to have, and the types of entertainment they are allowed to engage in.
		The strong message to parents would be that the home environment has a profound impact on the academic achievement of their children and that they have the power to alter the environment of their household.
	pdonline.ascd.org /pd_online/whatworks/marzano2003_ch13.html (2455 words)

	GRADUATED LICENSING FOR TEEN DRIVERS WORKS BEST WITH PARENTAL SUPERVISION
		Parental restrictions reduce accidents by limiting teen drivers’ access to family cars, hours and routes, and driving distance permitted, and requiring parents to know where the teens are going and when they will be back.
		During all this time, parents are supposed to supervise and instruct their children and restrict access to the times and conditions under which the teens can drive.
		Parents tended to be much more generous in their estimates of how much time they put in to helping train their kids, Beck notes.
	www.cfah.org /hbns/news/license12-10-03.cfm (612 words)

	Parental Practices and Adolescent Delinquency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Parental supervision, which is the direct monitoring of an adolescents activities, acts as a risk factor and a protective factor, depending on the level of supervision.
		Low levels of parental supervision are related to higher levels of delinquency, whereas delinquency rates are found to be lowest in homes with high levels of supervision (Cookston, 1999).
		If parents and adolescents are able to see how each is affecting the other, they may be able to take the others perspective and make compromises to accommodate each of their needs.
	www.ucc.uconn.edu /~britner/eastwood.html (1738 words)

	Jamaica Gleaner - Better parental supervision needed - Saturday \| August 19, 2000
		Parents must become actively involved in their children's education.
		Concerned parents must physically and financially support community programmes and activities for children.
		All efforts should be made to be in the cheering section during football, cricket or basketball games, track and field events, debates, Bible quiz, choir practices, camping trips and social events.
	www.jamaica-gleaner.com /gleaner/20000819/Letters/Letters9.html (349 words)

	Dr. Koop - Strong Parenting Cuts STDs in Black Teen Girls (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Johns Hopkins researchers found that fl teenage girls who had high levels of parental supervision had lower rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia infections than girls with low levels of parental supervision.
		While high levels of parental supervision were linked with reduced levels of gonorrhea and chlamydia infections, high levels of parental discussion about STDs were not, the study found.
		"Parental involvement as a strategy for promoting protective behaviors among adolescents is increasingly a subject of research, and our results provide further evidence that interventions designed to increase parental involvement may affect not only adolescent behavior but disease acquisition as well," the study authors write.
	www.drkoop.com /newsdetail/43/519907.html (378 words)

	Children's Services Parental Supervision
		A difficult decision parents must make is deciding when it is safe to leave a child home alone.
		A child would need supervision, preferably by an adult, if the parent is gone regularly or for long periods (such as working).
		There should be a relationship with the parent which encourages open and honest communication.
	www.co.logan.oh.us /childrenservice/parent_sup.htm (376 words)

	CNN - Most older kids surf unsupervised - April 30, 1999
		Among these, by the age of 12 most children are free to log on with little or no parental supervision, according to the study, which polled 1,350 online households in February.
		While 85 percent of parents with children under 11 say they oversee their kids' every click, only 5 percent of parents of children age 16 and older say they do any monitoring of their kids' online activities.
		"Parents have signed a form to allow their kids to go to a field trip and they have made sure to choose the right, safe toy for their children," says Harel.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/computing/9904/30/kidsurf.idg (387 words)

	Playground Safety
		Supervision is not intended as a guarantee to prevent injuries.
		Supervision and behavior go hand in hand, but behavior will be the content of the next article.
		Too many parents lift their kids over barricades to gain access to equipment in order to play without thinking about why it is closed off.
	www.kidsource.com /kidsource/content5/playground.safety.sb1a.html (865 words)

	White Mountain Apache Tribe Labor Code
		A. In delinquency and need of supervision cases, a child and his parents, guardian or custodian shall be advised by the court or its representative that the child may be represented by counsel at all stages of the proceedings.
		B. In neglect cases, the parents, guardian or custodian shall be informed of their right to retain counsel and the court in its discretion may appoint counsel to represent the parents, guardian or custodian where they are unable, for financial reasons, to retain their own.
		C. The parent or parents shall be given not less than ten (10) days notice of the hearing by service of summons which shall contain a statement of the effect that the rights of the parent or parents are proposed to be terminated at such hearing.
	thorpe.ou.edu /codes/wmtnapache/juvenile.html (7899 words)

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