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Topic: Paris Meridian

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	Prime Meridian Information
		The meridian is not fixed on the ground as the continents are moving because of continental drift, and the WGS84 datum is an average of the various continental movements - the datum stays where it is and the continents slide around underneath it.
		The prime meridian of the Moon lies directly in the middle of the face of the moon visible from earth and passes near the crater Bruce.
		The prime meridian of Mars is defined by the crater Airy-0.
	www.bookrags.com /Prime_Meridian (711 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Paris meridian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The French clung to the Paris Meridian as a rival to Greenwich until 1911 for timekeeping purposes and 1914 for navigation.
		Brown's novel confuses the Paris Meridian with a local meridian found in the Parisian church of Saint-Sulpice, marked in the floor with a brass line (the Paris Meridian actually passes about 100 meters east of it).
		Paris again hung back, but less out of national pride than for fear that the change would lead to insurrection — that, in the words of François Arago, then head of the Bureau of Longitude, workers “would not accept a midday that is a contradiction in terms...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Paris-meridian (2579 words)

	LONGITUDE
		The prime meridian and the 180th meridian divide the Earth into two equal vertical parts-the Eastern Hemisphere to the right of the prime meridian and the Western Hemisphere to the left of the prime meridian.
		Longitude measurements are relative to the prime meridian.
		Because the numbering of meridians begins with 0° at the prime meridian and increases to both the east and the west, we must show whether the longitude is east or west of the prime meridian.
	www.tpub.com /timeconversion/13.htm (386 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Greenwich Meridian established by Sir George Airy in 1851 was agreed upon as the international standard in October 1884.
		The plane of this geodetic meridian passes through the centre of the Earth, unlike the plane of the astronomical meridian which contains the direction of gravity (indicated by a plumb line) which points opposite to the direction of the zenith, to which astronomical instruments are aligned.
		As a result, the astronomical meridian through Airy's transit instrument drifts toward the east as it is carried by the European portion of the Eurasian tectonic plate, closer to the geodetic meridian, by about one centimetre per year.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Greenwich_meridian (752 words)

	Meridian - definition from Biology-Online.org
		The planes of the geographical and astronomical meridians coincide.
		Meridians, on a map or globe, are lines drawn at certain intervals due north and south, or in the direction of the poles.
		Meridian of a globe, or brass meridian, a graduated circular ring of brass, in which the artificial globe is suspended and revolves.
	www.biology-online.org /dictionary/Meridian (332 words)

	Essential World Architecture Images- architecture in the Da Vinci Code- Church of Saint-Sulpice
		Dan Brown further elaborates by making the brass meridian "a vestige of a pagan temple that had once stood on this very spot" (chapter 22), whereas the meridian and the gnomon associated with it were actually constructed as late as the 18th century.
		It does not coincide with the meridian traced through the middle of the Paris Observatory which serves as a reference for maps where longitudes are measured in degrees East or West of Paris.
		The meridian line on the floor of Saint-Sulpice is not a part of the Paris Meridian, which passes about 100 meters (yards) east of it.
	www.essential-architecture.com /DAVINCI/DV19.htm (1517 words)

	St Sulpice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Deux Magots is the best place in Paris to enjoy a plate of strawberries and tea accompanied by polite and sophisticated conversation, while watching a cosmopolitan crowd mingling with the religious and with street performers a few feet away.
		As alluded to in the foregoing, the church is known for marking, by means of a copper strip set flush in the floor, the "Paris meridian" (or, actually, the "Sulpice meridian").
		When the seal of the city of Paris was commissioned to be redesigned in the early 19th C. by Napoleon II, the new seal depicted a boat upon which sat the goddess Isis, unmistakable because of her hieroglyphic symbol, which is a throne upon the head of the goddess.
	basyevortex.com /_wsn/page7.html (1794 words)

	What to see in St-Germain des Prés area
		The Cité internationale universitaire de Paris was created in the context of 1920's pacifism to promote exchanges between students from all over the world, providing them with lodgings and services allowing them to pursue their studies in favourable conditions.
		A 34 hectare wooded park, 5,500 students with 126 nationalities living in thirty-seven halls of residence… the Cité internationale universitaire de Paris is distinguished by its multi-cultural project, the goal of which is to foster high-level encounters and exchanges between academics.
		The Théâtre de l’Odéon is the oldest and largest theatre in Paris completed in 1782, it was bought by Louis XIV for the Comedie Française, a theatre troupe founded by Molière during the 17th century.
	www.nyceparis.com /what-to-see/saint-germain-des-pres-area.html (1179 words)

	Picnic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		But France clung to the Paris meridian (now longitude 2º20 east) as a rival to Greenwich until 1911 for timekeeping purposes and 1914 for navigation.
		This feat in turn was instrumental in the siting of the Paris Observatory: on Midsummer’s Day 1667, members of the newly formed Academy of Sciences traced the future building’s outline on a plot outside town near the Port Royal abbey, with Picard’s meridian exactly bisecting the site north-south.
		Speaking of Arago, an inventive memorial to this astronomer, statesman, slavery abolitionist and early photography enthusiast marks the Paris meridian.
	parisvoice.com /00/july/html/feature/picnic.cfm (1015 words)

	Eco - Papers: "The Longitude Problem" by Dava Sobel
		Halfway around the world from the Paris meridian -- and at the furthest possible remove from his beloved lady -- he is a victim of the longitude problem.
		Indeed, the great observatories in Paris and London were founded (in 1666 and 1674, respectively) not to conduct pure research in astronomy, but to perfect the art of navigation.
		As Roberto learned at the siege of Casale and later during his sojourn in Paris, the treatment was not painless: Patients jumped or swooned when practitioners powdered the swords that had cut them or the cloths that had dressed their wounds.
	www.themodernword.com /eco/eco_longitude.html (1097 words)

	Attitude and Longitude
		Congress authorized the meridian in the Naval appropriations bill for 1849 and directed that it pass through the central dome of the U.S. Naval Observatory, a facility then located on a small bluff at 24th and D NW.
		Prior to that year, American navigators tended to use either the French meridian at Paris or the British meridian at Greenwich to measure longitude.
		Meridians were expensive ventures for governments - to make them anything other than a defiant gesture of political independence, a government needed to publish an annual almanac giving the positions of the stars relative to the meridian.
	www.surveyhistory.org /attitude_and_longitude1.htm (540 words)

	Paris provides clues to fans of 'Da Vinci Code' / Saint-Sulpice, Louvre tied in tale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The line is the Paris Meridian, first plotted in 1718, then recalculated with precision in the early 1800s by Arago.
		The author dubs the meridian a "rose line." Apparently roses are symbolic of the Grail and therefore of Mary Magdalene.
		Further, according to the Guide de Paris Mystérieux, it was in the Romanesque church's graveyard that in 1619 three witches attempted to evoke the devil, and for many years, local residents held "macabre dances" on the toppled tombstones.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/01/25/TRGKA4ERLM1.DTL&type=printable (1148 words)

	Cassini. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		He was called to Paris in 1669 to supervise the building of the Royal Observatory and remained there to direct it.
		While at Paris he discovered four of Saturn’s satellites, studied the division in the planet’s ring system that now bears his name, and began the mapping of the meridian passing through Paris in order to verify the Cartesian hypothesis of the elongation of the earth.
		His son Jacques Cassini, 1677–1756, took over the observatory after 1700 and continued the mapping of the Paris meridian, adding to it a measurement of the perpendicular to the arc in 1733–34.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ca/Cassini.html (331 words)

	Cassini_de_Thury biography
		He was brought up at the Paris Observatory, however, where his father had taken over as head around the time of his birth.
		For example in Paris Cassini used the wooden belfry of the church of Saint-Pierre near the summit of Montmartre.
		Cassini's work on measuring the meridian was a minor one compared with his life-long work to survey France and produce an accurate map of the country.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Biographies/Cassini_de_Thury.html (1509 words)

	A surprise award to George Smoot: The Daniel Chalonge Medal
		Sï¿½nchez, who works at the Paris Observatory, scene of the award ceremony, notes that the elegant 17th century building was built during the reign of Louis XIV.
		It straddles the Paris Meridian (which France continued to regard as the Prime Meridian for some decades after the Greenwich Meridian was chosen by an international committee in 1884).
		He was a founder of the Paris Institute of Astrophysics and worked at the Paris Observatory, which now functions as a center of research and graduate-level education, but his passion was for mountain lookouts like those on the Pic du Midi in the Pyrenees and the Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-12/dbnl-asa122006.php (563 words)

	Kolby's Pilgrimage Site ~ Europe Q&A
		It was this year when the Observatory of Paris was built by the architect Claude Perrault.
		France clung to the Paris meridian (now longitude 2º20 east) as a rival to Greenwich until 1911 for timekeeping purposes and 1914 for navigational purposes.
		The Paris Observatory, the icon for the Paris Meridian, was directed by François Arago (1786-1853) during the height of the Meridian issue.
	www.kahunna.net /q&a03a.shtml (445 words)

	Edito Paris at the heart of The Da Vinci Code
		The Paris meridian - This imaginary line can be discovered through Langdon’s comments when he talks about the meridian, once used to determine geographical coordinates, visible today thanks to the 135 bronze medallions outlining its route through Paris.
		However, this meridian, accurately recalculated by François Arago in the 19th century, was once used to determine geographical coordinates before Greenwich was established and has a fascinating history.
		All the different communities in Paris practice their chosen religions in places of worship, often of great beauty, that contribute to our understanding of the wide diversity of rites, their origins and common mythologies.
	au.franceguide.com /Editoral.html?NodeID=1&EditoID=40149 (1309 words)

	Park Montsouris - Gardens - Visiting - Mairie de Paris
		The XIVth arrondissement, a peripheral quarter of Paris and uninhabited before 1860, was to become one of the favoured locations for Napoléon III's urbanisation policy with the Parc Montsouris as a major component.
		The line of the Paris Observatory, the reference point for the Paris meridian line, dating from the time of Napoléon I, the meteorological observatory, the bandstand and the "Pavillion du Lac" restaurant bordering the ornamental lake.
		Situated in an area which remains residential, a favourite location for many artists and bordering the Cité Universitaire (student halls of residence) built by the greatest of architects, the park is an example of the symbiosis between the environment and greenery.
	www.v1.paris.fr /en/Visiting/gardens/parc_montsouris.asp (358 words)

	Metropole Paris - On the Meridian
		The unfamiliar Porte d'Orléans has been picked as the spot for the rendez-vous with Allan Pangborn, and it turns out he has found the fall-back because the number one 'treffpunkt' on the corner of the place does turn out to be an office of La Poste instead of a café.
		Their tip is to hit the observatory's library on Monday - it is open to the public all the time from 10:00 to 18:00 except on weekends.
		Similar trees are to be planted along the meridian's 1,200 kilometre length between Dunkirk and Perpignan.
	www.metropoleparis.com /1999/410/410line.html (1502 words)

	Documentation On The Arago Medallions
		François Arago was born in Estagel in 1786.
		Après his studies at the Polytechnic School he was appointed director of studies at the Paris Observatory and became in 1843, director delegate of the longitude office and kept his post until his death in 1853.
		Between 1893 and 1942, a bronze statue of Arago, built on the meridian line of the Paris Observatory, stood on the Ile de Sein Square.
	www.parissweethome.com /parisrentals/art_uk.php?id=28 (564 words)

	About the choice of the meridian
		A different question is to measure it in order to reproduce the meter with the accuracy required to exchange the results of precise measurements in different places of the globe.
		Moreover, since Earth is flattened at the poles, at least two measurements of arc of meridian at two distant latitudes are needed, in order to infer the Earth ellipticity.
		However, once a geometrical model is defined, it becomes of practical irrelevance which parameter is considered as unit, that could be the meridian, the equator or the distance between poles and center of Earth.
	www.roma1.infn.it /~dagos/history/sm/node11.html (581 words)

	Paris Solstice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Paris Solstice is a photographic project that explores themes of astronomy, technology, society, and the history of photography.
		The conference was held at Oxford University, Magdalen College under the auspices of The Inspiration of Astronomical Phenomena, IV (INSAP IV).
		The Paris Meridian became obsolete when France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in 1922.
	home.earthlink.net /~dagarwood/photographs/id19.html (166 words)

	The 1792-1798 meridian mission
		The motivation of the Academy in support of the enterprise was to improve the knowledge of the meridian length.
		It was almost a miracle that Delambre and Méchain could meet again in Paris in November 1798 alive and with the logbooks of their measurements.
		After the end of the meridian mission an international commission was convened to review the Delambre-Méchain data and to establish the length of the meter.
	www.roma1.infn.it /~dagos/history/sm/node8.html (606 words)

	France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		With this philosophy in mind, the entire French population is invited to spend New Year's Eve 1999 at one of the many "gates" to be erected throughout the country as symbol and common factor of this passage into a new era, inviting the participants to pass through.
		France is celebrating the year 2000 by planting a line of trees corresponding with the Paris meridian running from north to south down the length of the country.
		On March 8 in Paris the youth commission of the national coordinating body organized an action at the Pantheon, whose frontispiece is inscribed, "aux grands hommes, la patrie reconnaissante" (the nation gives thanks to its great men).
	www.millenniumworld.org /Europe/france.html (3369 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / The Mis-Measure of All Things
		A cosmopolitan and erudite astronomer, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Delambre, was sent north to measure the longer portion that ran from Dunkirk to Rodez; a cautious and scrupulous astronomer, Pierre-François-André Méchain, was sent south to measure the shorter, uncharted, mountainous portion from Rodez to Barcelona.
		For instance, from the dome of the Panthéon, on a hill in central Paris, Delambre measured the angular distance separating a church belfry 40 miles north and the pavilion of a chateau 40 miles east.
		If each meridian was irregular and of slightly different length, then the size of the world could hardly serve as a universal referent for all measures.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/it/2002/2/2002_2_38.shtml (3455 words)

	Paris Sweet Home - Vacation Rentals, Furnished Apartments in Paris, France
		When Paris was still called Lutèce, the dwellers of Saint-Louis used the river Seine waters.
		Paris was born on the "Ile de la Cité", at the intersection of a waterway and a roadway.
		At that time these grounds in that area were rather cheap to buy and that is what decided artists at the beginning of the 18th century to come and settle there.
	www.parissweethome.com /parisrentals/cultural.php (491 words)

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