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Topic: Parishes of Andorra

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	Andorra (01/07)
		Andorra is the last independent survivor of the March states, a number of buffer states created by Charlemagne to keep the Muslim Moors from advancing into Christian France.
		As co-princes of Andorra, the President of France and the Bishop of Seu d'Urgell maintain supreme authority in approval of all international treaties with France and Spain, as well as all those, which deal with internal security, defense, Andorran territory, diplomatic representation, and judicial or penal cooperation.
		In June 2004 Andorra signed a series of accords with the EU in the fields of economic, social, and cultural cooperation.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3164.htm (2706 words)

	A Concise History Of Andorra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The six parishes of Andorra are first mentioned in records of the Church in the Acts Of Consecration of the Cathedral of Seu d'Urgell in 839.
		The most important document in the country of Andorra is the Carta de Fundacio d'Andorra, a charter for the country written by Charlemagne, and given to his son, Louis the Pious, establishing Andorra's independence.
		In 1978 the six parishes of Andorra were expanded to seven, with the establishment of the parish of Escaldes-Engordany.
	www.grouptravels.com /andorracountryinfo/andorrahistory.htm (1105 words)

	National Alliance of Gang Investigators' Associations
		Andorra is the last independent survivor of the March states, a number of buffer states created by Charlemagne to keep the Muslim Moors from advancing into Christian France.
		As co-princes of Andorra, the President of France and the Bishop of Seu d’Urgell maintain supreme authority in approval of all international treaties with France and Spain, as well as all those, which deal with internal security, defense, Andorran territory, diplomatic representation, and judicial or penal cooperation.
		Andorra’s national income in 2004 was approximately $1.84 billion, with tourism as its principal component.
	www.nagia.org /international/Andorra.htm (2600 words)

	Andorra la Vella [CyberAndorra]
		Andorra la Vella is the capital of the Principality of Andorra as well as being the most important population center in the valleys of this small country.
		It is the fifth of Parishes of Andorra and lies in the shelter of Enclar mountain range.
		Andorra la Vella still conserves no few vestiges of the middle Ages; which make for a picturesque contrast with the modernity of its diverse commercial establishments.
	www.cyberandorra.com /wiki/en/andorra-andorra-la-vella (1127 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Europe
		HISTORY Andorra is the last independent survivor of the March states, a number of buffer states created by Charlemagne to keep the Muslim Moors from advancing into Christian France.
		As co-princes of Andorra, the President of France and the Bishop of Seo de Urgel maintain supreme authority in approval of all international treaties with France and Spain, as well as all those which deal with internal security, defense, Andorran territory, diplomatic representation, and judicial or penal cooperation.
		Andorra is a full member of the United Nations (UN), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Customs Cooperation Council (CCC), Telecommunications International Union, Universal Copyright Convention, Meteorological Organization Convention, the 1941 Automotive Convention, International Red Cross, European Council, FUTFI SAT, and the World Tourism Organization.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/eur/andorra9512.html (2639 words)

	Andorra Information
		Andorra is not to be confused with the Comune di Andora.
		Andorra is not a full member of the European Union, but enjoys a special relationship with it, such as being treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products.
		Andorra's long history has provided it with a rich mythology and an abundance of folk tales, with roots originating in as far as Andalusia in the south and Netherlands in the north.
	www.gowandertheworld.com /articles/country-information/andorra-information.html (1562 words)

	Andorra - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The Principality of Andorra (Catalan: Principat d'Andorra, French: Principauté d'Andorre) is a small, landlocked principality in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by France and Spain.
		In 1278, the conflict was resolved by the signing of a parage, which provided that Andorra's sovereignty be shared between the French count of Foix (whose title would ultimately transfer to the French head of state) and the bishop of La Seu d'Urgell, in the Catalonia region of Spain.
		Andorra's climate is similar to its neighbours' temperate climate, but its higher altitude means there is on average more snow in winter and it is slightly cooler in summer.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=600 (1193 words)

	Consulate General in Barcelona - U.S./Andorra Relations: Background
		Andorra’s national income was in 2000 approximately $1.3 billion, with tourism as its principal component.
		Andorra’s tax-free status has also had a significant effect on the controversy concerning its relationship with the European Union.
		George Argyros is the U.S. Ambassador in Madrid and the representative of the U.S. Government to Andorra.
	barcelona.usconsulate.gov /emba/background.html (2201 words)

	Mountain-ringed Andorra in the heart of the Pyrenees
		Andorra’s cost of living is lower than in North America and much less than in virtually all of Western Europe.
		Parishes add to the cost by insisting that buildings are clad with stone and roofed with dark-gray slates to preserve the rustic appearance characteristic of the country.
		Andorra’s official language is Catalan, the same as in Barcelona and northeast Spain.
	www.escapeartist.com /efam/42/Andorra.html (4358 words)

	Andorra, Andorra History, Andorra Culture
		Andorra is a tiny yet a charismatic country comprising some of the most dramatic scenery and the best skiing grounds in the world.
		Andorra, owing to its position on the East side of the Pyrenees and its diverse landscape, has a rich variety of flora and fauna.
		A major step for the Principality of Andorra was to obtain recognition from the international community by joining the UN on 28 June 1993, becoming the 184th member state.
	www.mapsofworld.com /country-profile/andorra.html (722 words)

	THE ANDORRAN INSTITUTIONS Principality of Andorra Brussels belgium MERITXELL
		The Principality of Andorra is a democratic and constitutional welfare state, preserving the structure of the Co-Principality, which came into being with the signing of the « Paréages » in 1278 and 1288 (see History).
		The « Comuns » are the bodies representing and administrating the parishes, approving and executing the municipal budgets, determining and carrying out their public policies, managing and administrating all the municipal assets.
		The faculty of jurisdiction is exercised by the batlles, the Court of Batlles, the Court of Corts and the Superior Court of justice of Andorra.
	www.andorra.be /en/2.4.htm (1709 words)

	1993 Human Rights Report: ANDORRA
		Andorra has no formal asylum policy, and at year's end had no political refugess in residence.
		Under new legislation, citizenship may be granted to those born to foreign parents and living in Andorra since 1975, to those living continuously in Andorra since prior to January 1960, and to those married to Andorrans, provided they have lived in Andorra continuously for 3 years.
		The cost of living in Andorra is quite high, and workers employed in low-wage industries often cannot afford the normal housing costs.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/democracy/1993_hrp_report/93hrp_report_eur/Andorra.html (2507 words)

	Andorra_CBC_2en
		Recently, Andorra has taken several steps towards combating racism and intolerance, including steps aimed at promoting human rights and tolerance in education, the organisation of free teaching for adults, including immigrants, on Catalan and Andorran culture and the regularisation of the situation of immigrant workers through the adoption of a law on immigration.
		This tolerance is viewed as a result of the geographical position of Andorra at the crossroads of Spain and France, of its history and its status as a country of immigration and tourism.
		A child born in Andorra is also granted Andorran citizenship if at least one of the parents has, and has had for the 18 years prior to the birth of the child, his or her principle and permanent residence in Andorra.
	www.coe.int /T/E/Human_Rights/Ecri/1-ECRI/2-Country-by-country_approach/Andorra/Andorra_CBC_2en.asp (7687 words)

	FACT SHEET: Andorra at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Tradition credits Andorra's independence to Charlemagne, who captured the region from the Muslims in 803 A.D. His son, Louis the Pious, presented the area's inhabitants with a charter of liberties.
		Andorra's comparative advantage has recently eroded as the economies of neighboring France and Spain have been opened up, providing broader availability of goods and lower tariffs.
		Andorra is a member of the European Union Customs Union and is treated as an European Union member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non- European Union member for agricultural products.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/west_europe/andorra/index.shtml (463 words)

	Lonely Planet's Guide to Andorra
		The earliest known document concerning Andorra is an order in 843 from Charlemagne's grandson, Charles II, granting the Valls d'Andorra (Valleys of Andorra) to Sunifred, Count of Urgell, from the nearby Spanish town of La Seu d'Urgell.
		These agreements, under which the bishop and count agreed to share sovereignty, form the basis of Andorra's government to this day and are among the oldest such documents still in force.
		Andorra's modern role as a centre for duty-free shopping grew out of the business of smuggling of French goods to Spain during the Spanish Civil War and Spanish goods to France during WWII.
	webcenter.travel.aol.com /travel/lonely_planet/europe/andorra/history.html (471 words)

	ANDORRAPORTAL, all the information you need to visit Andorra
		HISTORY The first written record of Andorra is the deed of consecration of the cathedral of Urgell, dating to the 9th century, where it is referred to as belonging to the county of Urgell.
		ANDORRA, THE PYRENEAN COUNTRY The Principality of Andorra, nestling in the heart of the Pyrenees between France and Spain, is a land where traditions and modernity are well mixed in and where well-kept treasures will surprise and delight you.
		For administrative purposes, Andorra is divided into seven parts called parishes: Andorra la Vella, Canillo, Encamp, Escaldes-Engordany, Ordino, la Massana and Sant Julià de Lòria.
	www.andorraportal.com /Ingles/Turismo1/historia.asp (333 words)

	Andorra History
		One side note was that Soldieu was the birthplace of the of the few Andorran sons to set foot in the histories of the World, Jean Salvador de Calvo, who would enter the military service of King Louis XIV of France, and rise to the rank of Lieutenant General.
		Nearly a century latyer, Andorra was forced to mobilize its army again, during the Carlist wars in Spain.
		Bribes were paid, and the debate in the Andorra General Council (which needed to approve the franchise) was heated to the point of rage.
	www.medinnus.com /andorra/history.html (2108 words)

	Best sites about: Andorra
		Overlordship of the territory passed to the local count Andorra of Urgell and eventually to the bishop of the diocese of Urgell.
		and with to are Andorra recognized by the Spanish of five-member In July 1997, the University of Andorra was established.
		HISTORY Andorra for the last independent was of the March center cigars, number of buffer portal Andorra created by Charlemagne to keep the Muslim Moors from as provided Christian Andorra France.
	mike-travel.blogspot.com /2006/08/andorra.html (1434 words)

	NOVES SL. SPRING 2003. THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION IN ANDORRA (2)
		He stated that the Catalan population of Andorra was generally bilingual in Catalan and Spanish, and showed greater ability in Spanish in the written mode.
		The influx of immigration during the eighties, the tendency to interference and language contact, the intensity of such contact between the main language groups –Spanish, Catalan and French- and the desertion of many Andorrans and Catalans from the ranks of Catalan speakers, seemingly posed a threat to its continuing existence.
		Andorra was the subject, at about that time, of a psycho-sociolinguistic thesis, in this case focussing in the first instance, on the entire elementary school population of Andorra.
	www6.gencat.net /llengcat/noves/hm03primavera/catalana/a_farras2_4.htm (1486 words)

	Andorra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		I recently visited Andorra and noticed that the State flag and Civil flag are used fairly interchangeably and usually as 1 of 4 flags flown — France, Spain, Andorra and Catalonia [sic].
		I think a great deal of artistic license has been employed over the years, but correctly the quarters bearing the arms of Foix and Bearn should be "or, three pallets gules" and "or, two bulls gules, horned, hoofed and belled azure" respectively.
		The flag shown depicting blue cows on a green field may be the coat of arms of the parish of Canillo %#151; towards the French end, where I stayed in Andorra.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ad.html (1763 words)

	NOVES SL. SPRING 2003. THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION IN ANDORRA (3)
		It was also in part a response to the recent drafting of the Andorran constitution, to the existence of large groups of immigrants (constituting the majority of the population) and the consequences that these socio-political and demographic facts could have on the current de facto social multilingualism to be found in the Valleys.
		It would be useful, we thought, to observe the phenomena of language contact and interference together with code-switching, common as these are in the day-to-day language use of the streets and squares, the classrooms and families, deriving, as they do from very extensive multilingualism especially among native Andorrans.
		The data for this research derive from the quantitative survey of practically the whole of the school population of Andorra between the ages of 13 and 18 years.
	www6.gencat.net /llengcat/noves/hm03primavera/catalana/a_farras3_4.htm (1802 words)

	Andorra Landmarks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Andorra is situated located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains in-between Spain and France.
		Andorra is not a full member of the European Union, but enjoys a special relationship with it.
		Andorra has the mountainous and abrupt relief typical of high mountain areas of Pyreenes.
	www.burger.si /Andorra/index.html (190 words)

	ANDORRA
		Andorra also stands for culture and traditions and contact with its people who love their environment and healthy life Andorra is the Land of the Pyrenees!
		Legend has it that Andorra was founded by Charlemagne in gratitude to the inhabitants of the valley who guided his army in the struggle against the Arabs.
		Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and is treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products.
	www.nlgsolutions.com /packages/show_country.asp?countryid=AD (1334 words)

	The Offshore Library: Andorra, Tax Haven (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Andorra is probably one of the least known of the world's tax havens even though it is an excellent option, especially for those who are contemplating retirement abroad.
		Thereafter, and due to its geographical position, Andorra became the cause of armed conflict between the counts of Foix in France and the bishops of Urgel in Spain during the Middle Ages.
		Until Andorra's first constitution was written, in 1993, the principality was ruled jointly by the two princes aforementioned.
	www.cyberhaven.com /offshorelibrary/andorra.html (767 words)

	Andorra Travel Information \| Lonely Planet Destination Guide
		Summer is a delightful time to trek in Andorra; nights can be chilly up high but July days are satisfyingly warm, averaging around 26°C (79°F) in the valleys.
		Mentioned in documents from the 9th century, the pre-Romanesque form of the Church of Santa Coloma is Andorra's oldest.
		Andorra has only three major roads, of which the CG1 runs to the Spanish border and the CG2 to the frontier with France.
	www.lonelyplanet.com /worldguide/destinations/europe/andorra?v=print (892 words)

	Andorra Travel Guide - Best Places to Visit in Andorra
		Andorra is a rural, mountainous country wedged between Spain and France.
		Andorra's cultural attractions are not the equal of its neighbors and most visitors are "just passing through" on their way to France or Spain.
		Andorra La Vella is the capital and main city of Andorra.
	www.thereareplaces.com /Guidebook/pdest/anpts.htm (297 words)

	ANDORRA ON LINE
		Location: The Principality of Andorra is in southwest Europe on the Mediterranean slope of the eastern Pyrenees between two European Union member states, France and Spain.
		To the north the Principality of Andorra borders on the Ariège and Eastern Pyrenees (France) with a common frontier of 56.6 km.
		Administrative division of the territory: The Principality of Andorra is organized into seven constituencies or administrative divisions called parishes.
	www.andorraonline.ad /situacio.asp?newlang=english (393 words)

	Trekking and walking in Andorra from Arinsal
		Although Andorra is a paradise for walking and trekking, it is difficult to find any written information on the subject.
		Arinsal is located in the heart of Andorra's trekking paradise: at the foot of the Coma Pedrosa (2'942m) and the Pic de Médécourbe (2'914m), surrounded by mountain huts (one which is guarded during the summer) and 6 mountain lakes.
		The Incles valley is one of the most beautiful in Andorra with an incredible flora in Spring.
	www.hola-andorra.com /arinsal/english/randogb.html (1026 words)

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