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Topic: Parity (telecommunication)

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	Parity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parity is a concept of equality of status or functional equivalence.
		parity (telecommunication): In this usage, the number of '1' bits in a binary value is counted.
		In finance, interest rate parity refers to the notion that the differential in interest rates between two countries is equal to the differential between the forward exchange rate and the spot exchange rate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parity (376 words)

	Data telecommunication system - Patent 3956589
		The data telecommunication system as in claim 1 wherein said high speed data receiving section further includes an output buffer for said incoming data blocks, said high speed data receiving section including means to clock said incoming data blocks said receiving data terminal equipment when error free data is confirmed.
		The data telecommunication system of claim 4 wherein said first and second throughput calculators are coupled to a first and a second meter respectively whereby the average error-free data blocks is visually displayed.
		The data telecommunication system of claim 1 wherein said system further includes means of transferring data across parallel channels to said data telecommunication system said data telecommunication system having means to convert said parallel data to serial data for transmission, said receiving data telecommunication system having means to reconvert said parallel data channels.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /3956589.html (7711 words)

	Hamming code
		In telecommunication, a Hamming code is an error-detecting and error-correcting code, used in data transmission, that can (a) detect all single- and double-bit errors and (b) correct all single-bit errors.
		Set the bits whose positions are powers of 2 so that the parity of odd-numbered bits is even, the parity of bits whose position is 2 or 3 mod 4 is even, and so on.
		Compute the parity of all odd-numbered bits, the parity of bits whose position is 2 or 3 mod 4, etc.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ha/Hamming_code.html (255 words)

	Parity bit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A parity bit is a binary digit that indicates whether the number of bits with value of one in a given set of bits is even or odd.
		Parity does have the advantage, however, that it is about the best possible code that uses only a single bit of space and it requires only a number of XOR gates to generate.
		In serial communication contexts, parity is usually generated and checked by interface hardware (e.g., a UART) and, on reception, the result made available to the CPU (and so to, for instance, the operating system) via a status bit in a register in the interface hardware.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parity_(telecommunication) (748 words)

	Hamming code - Coding Theory
		Parity adds a single bit that indicates whether the number of 1 bits in the preceding data was even or odd.
		Parity checking is not very robust, since if the number of bits changed is even, the check bit will be valid and the error will not be detected.
		Parity does have the advantage, however, that it is about the best possible code that uses only a single bit of space.
	geilenkotten.homeunix.org /wikicoding/index.php/Hamming_code (2100 words)

	WowEssays.com - Telecommunication Systems
		Parity check bit involves the addition of a single extra bit (the parity bit) to the data.
		The logic value assigned to the parity bit ensures the number of 1’s in the data block is even if using even parity and odd if odd parity.
		The use of parity can be extended to two dimensions, in which case it may be possible to locate and correct error.
	www.wowessays.com /dbase/ae4/smr83.shtml (482 words)

	DLT Solutions: Storage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Its advantages, unlike Parity RAID, are that read performance is improved, the impact on write performance is generally modest and a higher percentage of disks in a Mirrored redundancy group may fail simultaneously as compared to a Parity RAID redundancy group.
		Parity RAID is identified in the Berkeley Papers as RAID Levels 3, 4, 5 and 6.
		In these cases, overhead (redundant data in the form of Parity) as compared to Mirroring (redundant data in the form of a complete copy) is significantly reduced to a range of 10% to 33%.
	www.dlt.com /storage/resources-glossary.asp?ndx=R (1573 words)

	Parity checking apparatus with bus for connecting parity devices and non-parity devices (US5155735)
		Apparatus and methods for performing parity checking in an environment in which devices which perform parity checking and those which do not are connected to the same synchronous bus.
		The data is transmitted in a first bus cycle, the parity enable signal and the parity are transmitted in the following bus cycle, and the receiving device transmits the parity error signal in the next bus cycle after that.
		The bus interface for each parity device includes a parity generator and logic which generates the parity and parity enable signals and receives the parity error signal when the parity device is transmitting and which receives the parity and parity enable signals and generates the parity error signal when the device is receiving.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US05155735__ (544 words)

	Method and apparatus for automatically correcting errors in a cyclic routing memory of a time division multiplexed ...
		For this purpose a ninth bit P serving as parity bit is added to the eight bits of the IB section in the Table.
		The procedure by which lost information is recovered without intervention of the processor can be used in the case of faults of the types 1, 2, 3 and 4, providing the error only occurs in one section at a time, because this procedure utilizes the information that remains intact in the cyclic routing memory 8.
		Parity check 14 finds out in IB section 37 that the data are lost in timeslot Tb.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4163122.html (5569 words)

	Parity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		parity (physics): In physics, particles have a quantum mechanical property of parity.
		In a computer memory, the Parity of a number is often stored as an extra bit to verify the reliability of the memory.
		In medicine, Parity is defined as the number of pregnancies that a woman delivers past 24 weeks.
	parity.iqnaut.net (174 words)

	Built-In Self-Test: A Complete Test Solution for Telecommunication Systems
		The technological revolution witnessed by the telecommunications industry is leading to the development of new applications, products, and protocols, which in turn solicits widely accessible, highly reliable, and high-quality networks.
		In this article we present a tutorial on the BIST methodology targeted mainly toward telecommunication systems, the test structures necessary for its incorporation both at the circuit and system levels, and test implementation at the higher levels of design abstraction.
		The telecommunications industry is witnessing a rapid technological revolution: wired networks are giving way to wireless networks and applications, data networks are expanding at an exponential rate, and the availability of bandwidth is resulting in more and more information being packed and transmitted simultaneously.
	www.comsoc.org /ci1/private/1999/jun/Chakraborty.html (6943 words)

	[No title]
		Ameritech argues that dialing parity for those non-converted areas covered by the MTA, are preempted by federal law from the requirement of dialing parity.
		Ameritech argues that dialing parity is not in the public interest because it would benefit the IXCs at the expense of the general public and Ameritech.
		The ALJ agrees with the arguments presented by the AG regarding the public interest benefitting from dialing parity while at the same time permitting Ameritech to retain a competitive advantage in the non-converted area is a harm to the public interest.
	www.cis.state.mi.us /mpsc/orders/alj/1998/U11743P.HTM (7459 words)

	TELECOMMUNICATIONS - 2004 Legislative Program - The Business Council of NYS, Inc.
		Amend the gross receipts and sales taxes on telecommunications services to conform to national, uniform sourcing rules for determining which jurisdiction a transaction occurs for tax purposes and clarify the tax treatment of charges for telecommunications aggregated with nontaxable charges for telecommunications.
		Property taxes paid by New York's telecommunication corporations are excessive when compared to parallel corporations in other states and other corporations within New York.
		Given the adverse impact of this disparity on New York's competitive position, we support appropriate legislation to ameliorate this unfair burden borne by telecommunication corporations and their customers to achieve equity and parity with other state's in the country.
	www.bcnys.org /inside/legprog/2004/04telecomm.htm (618 words)

	Hamming Codes
		The number of parity or error check bits required is given by the Hamming rule, and is a function of the number of bits of information transmitted.
		It is clear that the A partition of G is responsible for the generation of the actual parity bits.
		Designing a suitable code requires that the ratio of parity to data bits and the processing time involved to encode and decode the data stream be minimized, a code that efficiently handles 8-bit data items is desirable.
	www2.rad.com /networks/1994/err_con/hamming.htm (777 words)

	47 CFR PART 51 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A telecommunications carrier shall be treated as a common carrier under the Act only to the extent that it is engaged in providing telecommunications services, except that the Commission shall determine whether the provision of fixed and mobile satellite service shall be treated as common carriage.
		telecommunications service refers to the offering of telecommunications for a fee directly to the public, or to such classes of users as to be effectively available directly to the public, regardless of the facilities used.
		(c) A telecommunications carrier purchasing access to an unbundled network facility is entitled to exclusive use of that facility for a period of time, or when purchasing access to a feature, function, or capability of a facility, a telecommunications carrier is entitled to use of that feature, function, or capability for a period of time.
	www.washingtonwatchdog.org /documents/cfr/title47/part51.html (15223 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A brief definition of parity check is provided along with links to definitions for related terms.
		Common questions about parity checking of computer memory are answered; the difference between parity checking in memory and in serial communications is explained.
		Parity checking is described as the simplest method for detecting errors in modem and phone communications.
	www.pearsoncustom.com /allpages/paritycheck_bot.html (154 words)

	Cisco IOS Terminal Services Configuration Guide, Release 12.2 - X.3 PAD Parameters [Cisco IOS Software Releases ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A PAD is a packet assembler/disassembler, which is a device that collects data from a group of terminals and periodically outputs the data in packets (data organized in a special format).
		The PAD replaces the eighth bit of the characters to be sent to the start-stop mode DTE with the bit that corresponds to the type of parity used between the PAD and the start-stop mode DTE.
		The PAD will both check the parity bit for characters received from the start-stop mode DTE and generate the parity bit for characters to be sent to the start-stop mode DTE, as described for values 1 and 2.
	www.cisco.com /en/US/products/sw/iosswrel/ps1835/products_configuration_guide_chapter09186a00800ca7e7.html (3542 words)

	parity - OneLook Dictionary Search
		noun: (physics) parity is conserved in a universe in which the laws of physics are the same in a right-handed system of coordinates as in a left-handed system
		Phrases that include parity: parity check, put-call parity, even parity, put-call parity relationship, conversion parity, more...
		Words similar to parity: parities, conservation of parity, equivalence, mirror symmetry, parity bit, space-reflection symmetry, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=parity (465 words)

	Telecommunications - 2003 Legislative Program - The Business Council of NYS, Inc.
		It identifies priority issues to be addressed by the Committees and Councils during 2003.
		Support legislation that provides all telecommunication carriers with unfettered and uniform access to public rights-of-way at a cost that reflects only the actual and direct costs incurred in managing the public rights-of-way used by the carrier.
		Access should be provided in a reasonable and fixed period of time from the date a request for such access is made by a carrier.
	www.bcnys.org /inside/legprog/03telecomm.htm (632 words)

	Information Technology Landscape in Korea
		The development of the Korean telecommunication services market can be divided into three distinct states: industry creation in the 1980s; full-blown competition in the voice services market throughout the 1990s; the emergence of data services with the advent of the information society in the new millennium.
		However as the telecommunication industry is shifting from voice to data, the Korean government is now facing more challenges to effectively help deregulate data sector of telecommunication industry to make it more competitive.
		The telecommunications market in the 1990's was characterized by the introduction of competition that grew more intense in the latter half of this period.
	www.american.edu /carmel/jw6194a/Korea_files/liberalization.htm (858 words)

	Computer, Telephony and Electronics Glossary and Dictionary
		The parity bit is responsible for checking for errors in the other 8 bits (or less, depending on the arrangement).
		Parity is logic that detects the presence of an error in memory.
		Generally, a single parity bit is used for each byte (8 bits) of data.
	www.csgnetwork.com /glossaryp.html (10521 words)

	0715: COMMITTEE SUMMARY (9-7-05) - TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACT REVISIONS
		CONTENT The bill would amend the Michigan Telecommunications Act to eliminate provisions that no longer apply because of dates specified in the Act, and delete references to "local access and transport areas" (LATAs).
		The bill would delete a provision requiring the rates for unbundled loops, number portability, and the termination of local traffic to be the rates established under PSC case U-10647, and requiring those rates to remain in effect until new TSLRIC studies for those services have been approved by the PSC.
		Section 701 also provides that the rate for any new service not offered under a contract that is functionally equivalent or substantially similar to an existing service may be set no greater than the rate allowed for the existing service as of May 1, 2000.
	www.legislature.mi.gov /documents/2005-2006/billanalysis/senate/htm/2005-SFA-0715-S.htm (1617 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		However, the federal dialing parity requirement is not limited to intraLATA toll dialing parity as described by USWC.
		Rule 9.1 states that rural telecommunications providers are exempted from a number of the Ô ?% Ôrules until they receive a ÃÃbona fideÄÄ request for interconnection, the termination of local traffic, the purchase of an unbundled network element, or publication of a White Pages directory, andÔ ( À+00èèÔsuch request is approved by the Commission.
		The application for rehearing, reargument, or reconsideration filed by MCI Telecommunications Corporation is granted consistent with the above discussion, and is otherwise denied.
	www.dora.state.co.us /PUC/Decisions/1996/C96-0453_95R-556T.doc (2520 words)

	Iowa Utilities Board \| TCU Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Most, not all, long distance telecommunications services are deregulated in Iowa and a certificate is not required to provide any long distance services.
		Not all of the chapters pertain to telecommunications.
		The term ‘Dialing Parity’ means a local exchange carrier is able to provide telecommunications services in such a manner that customers have the ability to route automatically, without the use of any access code, their long distance telecommunications to the telecommunications services provider of their choice.
	www.state.ia.us /government/com/util/tcuprocess.html (4187 words)

	Mental Health Association of Miami County
		Telecommunications: Telecommunication services must be made accessible for speech and/or hearing impaired persons.
		The concept of parity is important in the mental health context because many health plans offered by employers provide less coverage for mental health and substance abuse treatment than for general medical and surgical services.
		Advance directives are legal documents that tell others what your treatment preferences are and/or who you would want to make decisions for you when you are incapable of making decisions for yourself.
	www.mhamc.com /mhlaw.htm (800 words)

	PA Bulletin, Doc. No. 98-914
		In the intervening years since this docket was opened, many significant events have occurred to effectuate the deregulation of the telecommunications industry and the promotion of competition in its stead.
		To that end, while we seek ''regulatory parity,'' that is, all providers should share the benefits and burdens of regulation equally, we understand that parity in all cases is not possible until the playing field is level for all market participants.
		In my opinion, adherence to a policy of parity is a substantial contributing factor to the perception of this Commission as hostile to a competitive telecom industry.
	www.pabulletin.com /secure/data/vol28/28-23/914.html (1085 words)

	SCC - CASE NO. PUC970009
		Further, the Dialing Parity Order requires LECs to submit to the appropriate state commission their plans for implementing toll dialing parity in that state.
		In addition, dialing parity plans were filed by Citizens Telephone Cooperative ("Citizens") on February 27, 1997, CFW Telephone Company ("CFW") on April 14, 1997, and R&B Telephone Company on April 22, 1997.
		Having considered the Act, the FCC's Dialing Parity Order, the Staff report, and comments and replies filed herein, the Commission has determined that intraLATA dialing parity should be implemented in the manner proposed by the Staff with one exception.
	www.scc.virginia.gov /caseinfo/puc/case/970009.htm (1364 words)

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