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Topic: Parliament of Egypt

	Parliament of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Parliament of Egypt is a bicameral legislature.
		Since 1866, Egypt witnessed seven parliamentary systems whose legislative and oversight competences varied and reflected the history of the Egyptian people's struggle to establish a society based on democracy and freedom.
		Even though the powers of the Parliament have increased since the 1980 Amendments of the Constitution, many still argue that the Parliament remains to lack the powers to effectively balance the excessive powers of the President.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt (431 words)

	Politics of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt was approved by referendum in 1970 and amended in 1980 and 2005.
		Egypt is a unitary state, meaning that its subdivisions do not have constitutional status.
		The Court is the highest judicial power in Egypt and it alone undertakes the judicial control in respect of the constitutionality of the laws and regulations and shall undertake the interpretation of the legislative texts in the manner prescribed by law.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Egypt (2636 words)

	Egypt - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Napoleon's military expedition to Egypt in 1798 was ostensibly to suppress the Mamelukes and restore the authority of the Turkish sultan in Constantinople.
		Egypt was a member of the UN coalition forces that sought an economic embargo against Iraq in 1990 for annexing Kuwait, and its armed forces joined in the military action against Iraq in 1991.
		Egypt's parliament passed a controversial family status law at the end of January 2000 which makes divorce easier for women by allowing them to sue for divorce on the grounds of incompatibility.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Egypt (7147 words)

	Egypt 2001
		Under his energetic rule, Egypt was brought into the modern era, with the modernization of agriculture, the establishment of modern factories with European technology and managers manufacturing everything from cloth to refined sugar to glass, and the development of a large and modern army.
		Egypt's armed forces are primarily oriented towards the defense of the national territory of Egypt and Hijaz, with secondary orientations towards the defense of the Mediterranean basin and the Levant.
		Egypt maintains fully-accredited embassies in the capitals of each of the member-states of the East African Community and a mission to the Community government in Zanzibar, while the Community likewise maintains diplomatic posts on behalf of its member-states in the major cities of Egypt.
	www.ahtg.net /TpA/egy2001.html (8231 words)

	AllRefer.com - Egypt - Parliament \| Egyptian Information Resource
		Egypt had a two-chamber legislature made up of the lower People's Assembly (Majlis ash Shaab), which was the locus of legislative power, and the upper Consultative Council (Majlis ash Shura).
		The chief result of this liberalization was that parliament became an arena through which the state shared power with its constituency, the dominant landed and business classes, allowing them to articulate their interests, albeit generally within the broader lines of presidential policy.
		Parliament also played some role in the budgetary process by which public resources were allocated and on a number of occasions blocked measures to levy taxes on wealthy farmers and business people.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/egypt/egypt135.html (1596 words)

	The EU's relations with Egypt - Overview
		Egypt is a member of the Arab League (founding member with headquarters in Cairo), the African Union, the African Economic Community (founding member), and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (founding member).
		Egypt is a lower-middle-income country with a considerable proportion of genuinely poor segments of society.
		Egypt's Prime Minister, Ahmed Nazif, stated in December 2004 during his first government's policy statement that important measures targeting the improvement of economic performance would be achieved via three pivots: customs, taxes and banking sector reform to hit a 5 % rate of growth and increase the country's revenues of hard currencies.
	europa.eu.int /comm/external_relations/egypt/intro (2085 words)

	Egypt News
		Egypt also has issued conflicting reports on the death toll, originally claiming that only 10 were killed.
		Government officials in Egypt have confirmed that visitor numbers to the country are increasing dramatically, thanks in large part to Gulf Arabs who make their way to the region's largest country for short...
		Egypt's Minister of Culture Farouk Hosni announced the success of the Egyptian-French Center mission in uncovering two new findings of treasure at the Karnak Temple in Luxor.
	www.topix.net /world/egypt (639 words)

	Egypt
		During this period freed Turkish slaves known as Mamelukes formed the sultan's bodyguard and, after the death of the Ayyubid sultan Nagm-al-din, they seized power in 1250, forming a dynasty that was to rule Egypt and Syria for nearly 300 years.
		The Anglo-French action pushed Egypt into closer dependence on the Soviet bloc, obliging the USA to realign its policy in the Middle East.
		Although Egypt's treaty with Israel remained intact, relations between the two countries became strained, mainly because of Israel's pre-emptive activities in Lebanon and the disputed territories.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0019727.html (7226 words)

	AllRefer.com - Egypt - Government and Politics \| Egyptian Information Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Egypt has been governed by powerful centralized rule since ancient times, when the management of irrigated agriculture gave rise to the pharaohs, absolute god-kings.
		Egypt's centuries of subordination to foreign rule, its long struggle for independence, and its continuing dependency on other countries generated a powerful nationalism that made national legitimacy crucial to the acceptance of the authoritarian state.
		Nasser's charismatic leadership and the populist achievements of the 1952 Revolution--particularly land reform, social welfare, and a nationalist foreign policy--legitimized the new regime.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/egypt/egypt124.html (886 words)

	[No title]
		The delay, however, is widely seen in Egypt as an attempt by the NDP to regroup after the Muslim Brotherhood won 88 of 454 seats in parliamentary elections in November.
		The move was widely seen in Egypt as an attempt by the government to exert pressure on the judges given their increasingly confrontational stances regarding judicial independence.
		Egypt’s People’s Assembly passed on July 4, 2005 a series of controversial amendments to the Political Participation Law (amending Law 73 of 1956) including new penalties on journalists for publishing false information with the intent to affect election results.
	www.carnegieendowment.org /files/Egypt_APS.doc (6267 words)

	International IDEA Women in Politics: Women In Parliament: Case Studies
		Despite the fact that women in Egypt were granted citizenship and full political rights in the 1956 Constitution, the social and economic environment in the country has worked against women exercising their political rights.
		Women appointed to parliament by the president, who has the right to appoint up to 10 members of parliament, a proportion of whom are always women.
		The current political environment in Egypt and Jordan does not support women because it recalls reactionary values and traditions from the past which are a major obstacle to women MPs and women in general.
	archive.idea.int /women/parl/studies1a.htm (3415 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Egypt \| 'Toothless' parliament? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Parliament has been out of session for nearly a month now, but the speaker's report summarising the legislative body's achievements over its last session (2001-2002) has yet to appear.
		According to informed sources, Fathi Sorour is taking his time compiling the report in order to better "highlight the Assembly's performance in terms of legislative and supervisory achievements", in the face of a barrage of criticism accusing Sorour of turning the Assembly into "an autocratic and toothless institution".
		Addressing the Assembly on 18 June, Sorour showered praise on parliament's role as a legislative authority and government watchdog.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2002/594/eg2.htm (958 words)

	EGYPT: PARLIAMENT APPROVES CHANGES TO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Cairo, 10 May (AKI) - The Egyptian parliament voted on Tuesday to amend the constitution to allow more than one candidate to run in presidential elections, instead of a referendum on a single candidate selected by parliament.
		The changes to the constitution were proposed by 77-year old president Hosni Mubarak, who is expected to stand for a fifth term in September's polls.
		Until now Mubarak, who has been in power since 1981, was the sole candidate approved by parliament and the presidential ballot was more like a confirming referendum than a democratic ballot.
	www.adnki.com /index_2Level.php?cat=Politics&loid=8.0.165172923&par= (293 words)

	Aljazeera.Net - Egypt's parliament backs reform plan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The Egyptian parliament has officially approved President Husni Mubarak's proposal to amend the constitution to allow multi-candidate elections in a presidential race.
		The move enables Egypt to hold its first presidential election with more than one candidate since the military overthrew the monarchy in 1952.
		The committee's recommendations have to be approved by parliament and then go to a national referendum, which might be held by the end of May.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/5DBD96C6-7A9C-4A3E-BBEE-17474EF53377.htm (242 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Egypt \| Parliament blasts Israel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Shteinitz also claimed that instead of encouraging the PA to disarm terrorists, Egypt was brokering an arrangement to keep "terror groups", such as Hamas, intact.
		He also claimed on 14 November that Egypt was trying to weaken Israel through the "peace process" and its tacit support of terrorism.
		"Sometimes, they say Egypt can't be trusted because it is an undemocratic state, or because it is arming itself with sophisticated weapons." The Israelis have even lobbied US congressmen, Abu Zeid said, to ask for cuts to America's annual military assistance to Egypt.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2004/718/eg3.htm (884 words)

	Gay Today: World
		The resolution is a reaction to the ongoing human rights violation in Egypt and particularly to the decision on opening a new trial for 50 of the 52 men arrested at a Cairo gay nightclub last year.
		The Parliament calls on the Egyptian authorities to call a halt to all prosecution of citizens on the grounds of homosexuality and to protect their individual freedoms, and stresses that particular attention must be paid to prohibiting discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation.
		The Parliament adopted in November 2001 a resolution on the conclusion of the Association Agreement expressing deep concern of the arrest, detention and trial of the 52 men on grounds relating to their homosexuality and calling on Egyptian authorities to continue their efforts to ensure greater respect for human rights.
	gaytoday.com /garchive/world/070902wo.htm (339 words)

	Middle East Online
		Israel's parliament approved Wednesday an historic plan for Egyptian border guards to patrol along the Gaza border after the departure of the last Israeli troops from the territory next month.
		With the deployment approved by Israeli ministers on Sunday, support from parliament was a mere formality before senior Egyptian and Israeli military officials sign the deal.
		Egypt's visiting intelligence chief Omar Suleiman went over the security specifics of the deal on Wednesday with Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and Defence Minister Shaul Mofaz, a senior Israeli official said.
	www.middle-east-online.com /english?id=14422 (646 words)

	CBS News \| Brotherhood Wins 12 Egypt Parliament Seats
		In Wednesday's runoff polling, the Brotherhood won 12 seats, the National Democratic Party of President Hosni Mubarak and its allies took 111 seats, and the opposition front two seats, said the ministry official, who spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak to the press.
		The parliament holds 454 seats, 10 of which are appointed by the president.
		In the outgoing parliament, the NDP had 398 seats, the Brotherhood controlled 15, independents held 23 and opposition legislators had 16.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2005/12/08/ap/world/mainD8EC06JO0.shtml (662 words)

	16112001
		We believe that it would be very important for the European Parliament to address those issues during the oral debate on November 28, and to include them into its resolution.
		The FIDH believes that the question of the necessity to abrogate the Emergency law should be a fixed point on the agenda of the dialogue between the EU and Egypt, including in the meetings between members of the European Parliament and members of the People's Assembly of Egypt.
		The FIDH also considers that the EU has a duty to raise the issue of enforced disappearances in Egypt, which have occurred in the 90s and have not yet been elucidated nor seriously investigated.
	www.fidh.org /communiq/2001/eg1611a.htm (500 words)

	Editorial: Shifting sands / Mubarak offers Egypt more democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		There is no question but that Egypt is at a level of political sophistication and development to be able to hold democratic elections.
		In particular, Egypt appears willing and able to play an important role in assuring the integrity of the border between Egypt and a Palestinian-governed Gaza after the withdrawal of Israeli forces and the some 8,000 Israeli settlers there.
		For Egypt to be able to play a strong role in the Israeli-Palestinian affair, it needs to have a somewhat stable, secure government in place at home.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05061/464838.stm (582 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| SA to host Africa's parliament
		Loosely modelled on the European Union parliament, the body, set up to debate continent-wide issues and to advise AU heads of state, is intended to be more robust than the Organisation of African Union body it succeeds.
		It also comments that the honour of hosting the parliament comes with obligations to take the right moral decision and that South Africa will be seen as a showcase for Africa.
		It is not yet known where the parliament will be based, although the capital, Pretoria, and Gallagher Estate, an area north of Johannesburg, have both been suggested in the press.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/3875985.stm (846 words)

	Study in Egypt
		Mohamed Yousry Amin of General Technology, the Egyptian company responsible for the coordination and implementation of the project, explains, "this is a very exciting initiative that will bring Egypt's state school managers to the forefront of modern education.
		With participation from The American University in Cairo, the University of Northumbria (represented by General Technology in Egypt), the University of Newcastle and the Hay Group, school personnel enrolled in the program will benefit from a three-year professional development course spanning all aspects of school management and administration.
		Egypt’s Ministry of Education builds foundation for IT usage in schools by helping K-12 students and teachers take advantage of the power of technology to realize their full potential
	arabiancampus.com /studyinegypt (352 words)

	bitterlemons-international.org - Middle East Roundtable
		Egypt at the time was crowded with foreign communities (Greeks, Italians, Armenians, French, etc), all of which enjoyed foreign concessions that put them in a higher class than Egyptians.
		At the Sixth Comintern Conference held in 1928, the Egyptian communists revolted against the Stalinist idea that the national bourgeois (in the second-degree colonies like Egypt) had thrown the flag of freedom in the mud, and should therefore be fought by a newly established revolutionary bloc of workers and peasants.
		It was the state-in-the-making, and its various components, that became the instrument of this new transformation: the enhanced presidency, the parliament, the security apparatus and the bureaucracy.
	www.bitterlemons-international.org /previous.php?opt=1&id=11 (3928 words)

	ABC News: Egypt Brotherhood Wins 8 Parliament Seats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Widespread violence marred the second round of Egypt's parliamentary vote Sunday, with a campaign worker killed in the Mediterranean port city of Alexandria.
		CAIRO, Egypt Nov 21, 2005 (AP)— The Muslim Brotherhood won at least eight seats in the second round of Egypt's parliament elections as the Islamic group continued its strong showing despite widespread violence that marred the voting, according to partial results announced Monday.
		In all, 454 places in the parliament are up for election in the three-stage process.
	abcnews.go.com /International/wireStory?id=1332745 (448 words)

	Women’s Representation in Parliament in Egypt. The Quota System: Constitutionality Versus Necessity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Egypt will hold a number of elections in 2005, including those for Parliament and the professional syndicates.
		In addition, Egypt will vote for its President and many events are planned both locally, including political reform initiatives, and internationally.
		However, political participation in Egypt remains limited, especially in terms of women’s absence from the Egyptian political arena.
	www.mediterraneas.org /breve.php3?id_breve=14 (297 words)

	"); NewWindow.document.write("IRINnews"); NewWindow.document.write(" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		A four-member delegation from the EU parliament arrived in Egypt on Wednesday to observe the first of three phases of local parliamentary elections.
		Aside from incremental advances in terms of fairness, observers also note the importance of the parliamentary elections in light of a recent constitutional amendment, passed in May, allowing more than one candidate to run in national presidential elections.
		According to the ammendment, political parties must have a minimum of 5 percent of seats in parliament to nominate a candidate for the presidency.
	www.irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=50084&SelectRegion=Middle_East (711 words)

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