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Topic: Parliamentary democracy

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	Parliamentary system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in U.S. English), is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence.
		Parliamentary systems usually have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government being the prime minister or premier, and the head of state often being an appointed figurehead with only minor or ceremonial powers.
		In most parliamentary systems, the head of state is primarily a ceremonial position, often a monarch or president, retaining duties that aren't intended to be politically divisive (though in practice often can be), such as appointments of civil servants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parliamentary_democracy (2035 words)

	What Is Democracy? - Democratic Government
		Democracies have by no means been immune to the tides of history; they have collapsed from political failure, succumbed to internal division, or been destroyed by foreign invasion.
		But democracies have also demonstrated remarkable resiliency over time and have shown that, with the commitment and informed dedication of their citizens, they can overcome severe economic hardship, reconcile social and ethnic division, and, when necessary, prevail in time of war.
		A prime minister with a firm parliamentary majority is assured of passage of the government's legislative program; a president dealing with a congress jealous of its own prerogatives must often engage in protracted negotiations to ensure a bill's passage.
	usinfo.state.gov /products/pubs/whatsdem/whatdm7.htm (2093 words)

	Democracy Corroded - Time for a new paint-job or an overhaul?
		If one sees democracy as a process that requires continuous fostering and action-oriented individual as well as collective commitment, then there can be no satisfaction derived from returning to a polling booth once every four years.
		A cursory look around the globe shows how the established democracies are increasingly turning into static bureaucracies that more often than not fail to deliver on the promise equality, fairness and justice for all.
		The absence or manipulation of constitutional term limits on the chief political executive in the formal democracies of Africa has allowed “elder statesmen” who are well beyond retirement age to retain the Presidency.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/international_affairs_comments/88248 (489 words)

	Election 2001 - Direct Democracy not Parliamentary Rule
		Rejection of the parliamentary process is a part of a long tradition of anti-parliamentary activism by libertarians and anarchists.
		The struggle for direct democracy, a struggle to create a system of government, where the people involved in a decision, make that decision, is one which crosses old political divisions and which encompasses the apolitical as well as the politically aware.
		If parliamentary democracy is as we're told the pinnacle of human achievement, why does the Australian State force people to vote, you'd think that people would flock to the polls every time an election was called.
	www.takver.com /history/elections/election2001.htm (2928 words)

	Legislative Information Centre (LIC)
		The ‘Strengthening Parliamentary Democracy’ project of Parliament of Bangladesh, supported by UNDP, aims at improving the legislative and oversight functions of Parliament and, in general, promoting democratic practices.
		In accordance with the provisions of the Bangladesh Institute of Parliamentary Studies Act, the BIPS was established in 2001.
		The project also established a Parliamentary printing press capable of printing all parliamentary proceedings, particularly the urgent and confidential printing needs of Parliament, the proceedings of the committees and question periods, and the printing of bills.
	www.parliamentofbangladesh.org /general-16.html (1519 words)

	HYPOCRISY OF PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY
		They have expressed their concern over the violence and in general the way the elections were conducted in Vayamba not because they are interested in parliamentary democracy.
		Parliamentary democracy is not something, which grew organically in South Asia.
		As it is under the parliamentary democratic system people's attention is drawn to non-issues and trivial issues at the elections while the real issues are discussed somewhere else.
	www.infolanka.com /org/kalaya/fea042.htm (1906 words)

	Anarchism In Action: Direct Democracy
		In parliamentary democracy, people are never asked for their own ideas - they are only asked to 'approve' or 'disapprove' of ideas already prepared for them.
		Literal direct democracy (as opposed to consensus, which is sometimes also referred to as direct democracy) is a bottom up method of decision making that uses voting as the means to arrive at decisions.
		Direct democracy on a small scale can be as simple as a group of people voting by a raise of hands or the marking of ballots to arrive at a decision.
	members.cox.net /negatyve/dec_directdemocracy.html (2022 words)

	James Connolly: Parliamentary Democracy (1900)
		The democracy of Parliament is in short the democracy of Capitalism.
		Capitalism gives to the worker the right to choose his master, but insists that the fact of mastership shall remain unquestioned; Parliamentary Democracy gives to the worker the right to a voice in the selection of his rulers but insists that he shall bend as a subject to be ruled.
		The fundamental feature of both in their relation to the worker is that they imply his continued subjection to a ruling class once his choice of the personnel of the rulers is made.
	www.marxists.org /archive/connolly/1900/09/parldem.htm (604 words)

	Aki Orr, Direct Democracy Manifesto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Democracy ("Demos" - ordinary people, "Cratia" - ruling system) was invented in Athens some 2500 years ago.
		In such a system, the majority will be much freer than in Parliamentary Democracy where citizens are free only on Election Day to decide who will decide for them.
		This is preferable to Parliamentary Democracy where neither the minority nor the majority are free as representatives make all political decisions for them.
	ao.com.au /ddf/aki_orr_manifesto.htm (3303 words)

	Helmer speech
		This democracy is a complex and fragile system, not easy to acquire and hard to maintain, being only maintained by the constant vigilance of the governed.
		The basis of parliamentary democracy is the political party, being a voluntary association of free people who have come together without coercion or inducement because they share common hopes, aspirations, beliefs and commitments in the government of themselves and their fellow citizens.
		The first building block of the parliamentary democracy is the constituency, the number of which and population of which shall be decreed by an impartial body utterly independent of the incumbent government at all times.
	www.congressfordemocracy.org.uk /Forsyth%20paper.html (734 words)

	Parliamentary democracy to safeguard federation: PML-N -DAWN - National; October 6, 2003
		Under the Constitution, the federating units had agreed upon parliamentary democracy as a system of governance because it safeguarded the interests of all the provinces, he maintained.
		If parliamentary democracy is changed into what he called ‘Askari Democracy’ then there would be insecurity in the smaller provinces and the federation would come under threat.
		He said ‘Askari democracy’ can’t be same as running Askari Bank or Askari Leasing Company, therefore, the present rulers must not tamper with the Constitution through the LFO.
	www.dawn.com /2003/10/06/nat4.htm (358 words)

	Direct Democracy Not Parliamentary Rule
		‘Direct Democracy Not Parliamentary Rule’ was launched at Ballarat on the 3rd December 2003 on the 150th anniversary of the Eureka rebellion, to highlight the important role that direct democracy played in the Eureka rebellion.
		Parliamentary democracy has become the darling of the Bush administration because it reinforces the power of those people who currently hold power.
		Democracy - rule of the people, by the people, for the people, is based on the people having the power to make the decisions that directly affect them and the people having access to the common wealth to make those decisions a reality.
	www.rulebythepeople.org /index.php?news=2 (1064 words)

	Positive Liberty » Blog Archive » California As A Parliamentary Democracy
		A persuasive argument could be made for moving California toward a parliamentary democracy rather than the federal system that the state adopted from the national government 150-plus years ago.
		A parliamentary system, as used in Great Britain, Canada and most other democracies, strengthens the executive branch of government by requiring it to reflect a legislative majority.
		A parliamentary governor would have the authority–and the responsibility–to make policy as long as he or she retained a legislative majority, thus diminishing the buck-passing and gridlock-inducing aspects of the federal system that have enervated California.
	positiveliberty.com /2006/05/california-as-a-parliamentary-democracy.html (265 words)

	Hansard Society - Don't give up on Parliamentary democracy
		On its foundation, the very concept of democracy itself was under threat and it is a tribute to the Hansard Society that on its anniversary, parliamentary democracy remains as strong as ever.
		Neglecting Democracy argues that direct democracy would not strengthen democracy or welcome new and excluded voices into democratic debates; rather it would drown out minority voices and place overwhelming power in the hands of the majority and those with the money and power to influence them.
		Neglecting Democracy shows that the future of democracy lies not in the replacement of the representative system, but in its rejuvenation through the rebuilding of links between the people and their elected representatives.
	www.hansardsociety.org.uk /node/view/318 (386 words)

	Amazon.ca: Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy: Books: Carl Schmitt,Ellen Kennedy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Described both as "the Hobbes of our age" and as "the philosophical godfather of Nazism," Carl Schmitt was a brilliant and controversial political theorist whose doctrine of political leadership and critique of liberal democratic ideals distinguish him as one of the most original contributors to modern political theory.
		The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy is included in the series Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought, edited by Thomas McCarthy.
		Similarly, South African democracy during apartheid, Israeli democracy today, and US democracy in previous centuries were similarly formed and fostered by the exclusion of the "other".
	amazon.ca /Crisis-Parliamentary-Democracy-Carl-Schmitt/dp/0262691264 (467 words)

	The Parliament of Canada - Democracy in Action (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Canada’s Parliament, as conceived by the Fathers of Confederation in 1867, continues to be a vibrant example of democracy in action.
		Committee Stage: A committee hears witnesses, examines the bill clause by clause and submits a report recommending the bill be accepted as is or with amendments or that it not proceed any further.
		In the House of Commons, Members elect one of themselves to be their Speaker by secret ballot.
	www.parl.gc.ca /Publications/Democracy-e.asp (968 words)

	Oxford Journals \| Social Sciences \| Parliamentary Affairs \| Special Issue: Reflections on British Parliamentary ...
		The Society was created to promote parliamentary democracy throughout the world, a theme which is reflected in the pages of Parliamentary Affairs.
		This special issue focuses on the United Kingdom, examining the health of democracy from the perspective of the Westminster Parliament, looking at topics including the changing composition of MPs, the future of the Lords, the impact of constitutional change and the prospects for parliamentary reform in general.
		In part a reflection on UK parliamentary democracy over the last 60 years, the special issue is also a look ahead to the prospects for reform of the way we govern ourselves - the cardinal objective of the Hansard Society.
	www.oxfordjournals.org /our_journals/parlij/specialissue.html (231 words)

	Resources on Parliamentary Democracy
		This journal was founded "to promote the study of and interest in Canadian parliamentary institutions." There are articles written about a variety of subjects including such topics as the role of the member, the Speakership, the role of caucus, and media relations.
		The Union is the focal point for world-wide parliamentary dialogue and works for peace and co-operation among peoples and for the firm establishment of representative democracy." (from the Web site) Included on this informative site is Parlit.
		As well, the Office of the Clerk is responsible for the support of parliamentary operations including the operation of the various committees of the Assembly.
	www.legassembly.sk.ca /LegLibrary/library/libdemocracy.htm (1045 words)

	Torn and frayed in Manila: Parliamentary democracy in the Philippines would be a very bad idea
		The parliamentary flower takes on the flavour of the ground in which it is planted.
		This dogmatic democracy is reflected in the parliament, where the Parliamentary Action Party (PAP) holds a majority the size of which has rarely, if ever, been achieved in other countries.
		I agree with this post's many points and yet there is one thing that appeals to me about the Parliamentary system -and that is, in the long view (20-50 years) a unicameral, parliamentary system has a better chance of stabilizing philippine politics than a presidential system.
	tornandfrayed.typepad.com /tornandfrayed/2005/07/parliamentary_d.html (2881 words)

	Key Terms: Parliamentary Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A parliamentary democracy is one in which the people choose representatives at regular elections.
		Australia's status as a parliamentary democracy does not preclude the use of other terms which also define our political system.
		More specifically, our parliamentary democracy is a variation of the Westminster system, the system that is characterised by responsible government.
	www.australianpolitics.com /democracy/terms/parliamentary-democracy.shtml (181 words)

	Capitals.com - The World Atlas-- Field Listing - Government type
		parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its chiefs of state a coprincipality; the two princes are the president of France and bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain, who are represented locally by coprinces' representatives
		a constitutional monarchy that is also a parliamentary democracy and a federation
		constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy; began debating republic status in 1992
	www.capitals.com /fields/2128.html (448 words)

	Direct Democracy not Parliamentary Rule
		Here are a range of statements, arguments and activities on participation in voting for parliamentary representatives in Australia.
		Election 2001 - For direct democracy not parliamentary rule - The anti-election campaign of Joe Toscano plus futher discussion links on not voting.
		In fact, Miller argues that participation within parliamentary politics is a corrupting process.
	www.takver.com /history/elections (586 words)

	Reforming Parliamentary Democracy
		But parliamentary systems have evolved in response to changes in the societies they govern and in citizens' views about democratic practices.
		In Reforming Parliamentary Democracy the authors demonstrate how, in their respective countries, parliamentary governments have combined stability with the capacity to adapt to such changes.
		Public debate about adapting governance processes to changing conditions and citizen values is a necessary condition of successful democracies and there is much to learn from progress and false starts in other parliamentary democracies.
	www.mqup.mcgill.ca /book.php?bookid=1601 (446 words)

	Australian Parliamentary Democracy After a Century: What Gains, What Losses?(Research Paper 23 1999-2000)
		The Australian system of representative parliamentary democracy is one of a handful which has, across the last one hundred years, shown remarkable stability and flexibility and in which democratic values have thrived.
		Representative parliamentary government was established by our Federation Fathers as the hallmark of the political system and has continued to expand and develop over the past one hundred years.
		This paper explores the elements of the parliamentary system which are regarded as democratic and the ways in which they have changed, and looks in particular at the Constitutional and political conventions that have developed over the last one hundred years.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/rp/1999-2000/2000rp23.htm (13374 words)

	Parliamentary democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Center for Democracy and Technology works to promote democratic values and constitutional liberties in the digital age.
		The Center for Democracy & Technology (CDT) today released a document designed to help promote a greater public understanding of the choices and tradeoffs associated with products and services that include Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology.
		The paper details a series of "metrics" for evaluating DRM that fall into four major categories: transparency, effect on use, collateral impact, and purpose/consumer benefit.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Parliamentary_democracy.html (1205 words)

	DAWN - Editorial; May 18, 2006
		To be effective and genuine, democracy must be embedded in a system of accountability, transparency and good governance.
		So shameful has been their record that the parliamentary affairs minister was at one time considering imposing penalties on the absentees and rewarding those whose attendance was good.
		But like most generals who develop a strong fondness for democracy once out of uniform, the former army chief now wants a movement to be launched against the present “military regime”, and he expects Ms Benazir Bhutto and Mr Nawaz Sharif to do this, his reservations against the “charter of democracy” notwithstanding.
	www.dawn.com /2006/05/18/ed.htm (2655 words)

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