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Topic: Parrhesia

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	The Meaning of the Word "Parrhesia"
		In parrhesia the speaker emphasizes the fact that he is both the subject of the enunciation and the subject of the enunciandum – that he himself is the subject of the opinion to which he refers.
		Indeed, someone who is deprived of parrhesia is in the same situation as a slave to the extent that he or she cannot take part in the political life of the city, nor play the "parrhesiastic game".
		In "democratic parrhesia" –where one speaks to the assembly, the ekklesia– one must be a citizen; in fact, one must be one of the best among the citizens, possessing those specific personal, moral, and social qualities which grant one the privilege to speak.
	foucault.info /documents/parrhesia/foucault.DT1.wordParrhesia.en.html (3440 words)

	gerald raunig \| the double criticism of parrhesia
		parrhesia is found in the unequivocal gap between the one who takes a risk to express everything and the criticized sovereign who is impugned by this truth.
		Parrhesia as a double strategy is needed: as an attempt of involvement and engagement in a process of hazardous refutation, and as self-questioning.
		parrhesia as hazardous refutation is not carried out here in the free space of the agora, but rather in a specific public sphere, but one that is also not limited to the internal structure of the art institution.
	www.republicart.net /disc/institution/raunig04_en.htm (1825 words)

	Foucault, Michel, Joseph Pearson ed. - Fearless Speech - Reviewed by Thomas R. Flynn , Emory University - Philosophical ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Chapter Two focuses on parrhesia in six tragedies of Euripidesf, especially the Ion, which he considers devoted entirely to parrhesia in a positive sense, and the Orestes, where the term is used both positively and negatively in the sense of ignorant outspokenness.
		From the previous problem of gaining access to parrhesia in spite of the silence of god [the difficulty of the Ion], we move to a problematization of parrhesia.
		He devotes his last two lectures respectively to the practices of parrhesia both in human relationships and by means of techniques to be learned and applied in achieving the character of the parrhesiast.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=1223 (1968 words)

	Neural.it: Aphasia and Parrhesia: Code and Speech in the Neural Topographies of the Net. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Michel Foucault, in a series of lectures at Berkeley in 1983, offered an extended comment on the Greek notion of parrhesia, or 'frankness in speaking the truth.' [9] Foucault's analysis observes the sequelae of an inequality of power between the one who speaks, the parrhesiastes, and the one to whom he is speaking frankly.
		To extend the thought of parrhesia into the allegory of speech in the cyborg, I suspect that the cyborg speaks what she knows to be true because that is the only truth she knows, e.
		I would propose that the cyborg is indeed, incapable of speaking anything other than parrhesia: this, then, removes the Cartesian subjective doubt as a characteristic of cyborg speech (although it certainly remains the epistemological condition of her interlocutors, those of us in the space outside the electronic universe).
	www.neural.it /english/aphasiaparrhesia.htm (2507 words)

	Michel Foucault (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The opposition of parrhesia and rhetoric also runs through the Phaedrus—where, as you know, the main problem is not about the nature of the opposition between speech and writing, but concerns the difference between the logos which speaks the truth and the logos which is not capable of such truth-telling.
		Parrhesia is thus not a right given equally to all Athenian citizens, but only to those who are especially prestigious through their family and their birth.
		So Creusa’s parrhesia first takes the form of a public reproach or criticism against a being to whom she is inferior in power, and upon whom she is in a relation of dependence.
	www.theamericandissident.org /EssaysFoucault.htm (16048 words)

	BMCR-L: BMCR 2006.07.49, Saxonhouse , Free Speech & Democracy
		Parrhesia in this sense, as Saxonhouse reveals through a reading of the 4th century orations of Demosthenes and Aeschines, existed for the sake of the city, not for the sake of the individuals practicing it.
		Both plays, moreover, point to how parrhesia was an exclusionary practice, one that did not allow certain classes of individuals to speak frankly in the political realm (despite the fact that they might have been given free reign on the tragic and comic stages).
		Rejecting Callias' interpretation of parrhesia as saying whatever one wishes, Socrates replaces aidos with eidos (she does not mean the Theory of the Forms), limiting the form of parrhesia without limiting its content, and thereby also reducing the ability of speakers to use deceptive speech.
	omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu /mailing_lists/BMCR-L/2006/0337.php (2760 words)

	eipcp.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Parrhesia means in classical Greek "to say everything", freely speaking truth without rhetorical games and without ambiguity, even and especially when this is hazardous.
		In terms of the art field this means that neither the belligerent strategies of the institutional critique of the 1970s nor art as a service to the institution in the 1990s promise effective interventions in the governmentality of the present.
		[16]The oldest example of political parrhesia is that of the figure of Diogenes, who commands Alexander from the precariousness of his barrel to move out of his light.
	eipcp.net /transversal/0106/raunig/en (2705 words)

	[No title]
		In order for speech to qualify as parrhesia, it required the speaker to give a complete and exact account of what he has in mind so that the audience is able to understand exactly what the speaker thinks.
		Parrhesia was used pejoratively to refer to chattering as when Plato describes a democracy where everyone has the right to address his fellow citizens and to tell them anything and everything.
		Finally, in order to be parrhesia, the speaker must feel he or she has a duty to so although he or she is free to remain silent.
	www.mauinews.com /story.aspx?id=17589 (675 words)

	Hibbard on Meltzer
		The literal root of parrhesia has the meaning of 'to say everything', particularly in contrast to rhetorical speaking which may or may not express or reveal anything of the speaker's personal beliefs.
		parrhesia was a guideline for democracy as well as an ethical and personal attitude characteristic of the good citizen.
		And as a result, parrhesia is regarded more and more as a personal attitude, a personal quality....' There must be confirmation of the truth of the speaker's words beyond what he says.
	www.moriapoetry.com /hibbard45.html (1035 words)

	Drunken Boat \| 7 \| Spring 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Only when the speaker is under threat of annihilation by the interlocator, the listener, and speaks anyway, is there a possibility of true speech, as in the instance of a condemned man to a king, or a human to a god.
		To extend parrhesia into the allegory of speech in the cyborg: the cyborg speaks as a parrhesiastes because that is the only truth she knows, e.g.
		Maybe she is incapable of speaking anything other than parrhesia: this, then, removes the Cartesian subjective doubt as a characteristic of cyborg speech (although it certainly remains the epistemological condition of her interlocutors in the 'hell of modernity').
	drunkenboat.com /db7/feature-aphasia/mcphee/neuraltopologies.html (2961 words)

	purevolume™ \| Parrhesia_
		Parrhesia es un termino de origen griego que significa Verdad + Coraje.
		La Parrhesia es un tipo de actividad verbal en la que el hablante tiene una relacion intima con la verdad, cuando encontrandose en relacion de inferioridad con respecto al poder, enfrenta su amenaza.
		La Parrhesia es una cualidad del ciudadano griego, de hecho la definicion de ciudadano esta relacionada con esa posibilidad de decir la verdad, como un derecho institucional.
	www.purevolume.com /parrhesia_ (324 words)

	Parrhesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the classic discipline of rhetoric, parrhesia is a figure of speech described as: to speak candidly or to ask forgiveness for so speaking [1].
		There are several conditions upon which the traditional Ancient Greek notion of parrhesia relies.
		Further, a user of parrhesia must be in a social position less empowered than those to whom he is revealing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parrhesia (451 words)

	normblog: Knotty philosophy
		Here's a new philosophy journal, Parrhesia (via), that I may not be hacking my way through dense jungle, thirsting across the desert, selling my most treasured memento, to get myself a copy of.
		The term parrhesia is an excellent term to indicate this alternative itinerary of the relation between subjectivity and truth that Foucault presents.
		The broadest goals of Parrhesia are to pursue the various knots which occur between these discourses, the knotting of concerns relating to doctrines of the subject and aesthetics, between aesthetics and politics, politics and ethics, and so on.
	normblog.typepad.com /normblog/2006/07/knotty_philosop.html (377 words)

	fAf :: Ezine - reviews
		The fugue like recursions of speech in persons who suffer stroke or trauma signal the condition of aphasia, characterized by perseverance, that is, that the sufferer tries repetitively to communicate, but cannot but repeat and restate in loops that do not generate complete messages, despite the desire for coherent meaning.
		Michel Foucault, in a series of lectures at Berkeley in 1983, offered an extended comment on the Greek notion of parrhesia, or "frankness in speaking the truth." Foucault's analysis observes the sequelae of an inequality of power between the one who speaks, the parrhesiastes, and the one to whom he is speaking frankly.
		Maybe she is incapable of speaking anything other than parrhesia: this, then, removes the Cartesian subjective doubt as a characteristic of cyborg speech (although it certainly remains the epistemological condition of her interlocutors, those of us in the space outside the electronic universe).
	www.msstate.edu /fineart_online/Backissues/Vol_17/faf_v17_n10/reviews/mcphee.html (3173 words)

	TheyBlinked
		Institutions and their apologists sterilize truth because of the relationship between the the speaker and what is said; because they speak from a corrosive position of power.
		parrhesia is a kind of verbal activity where the speaker has a specific relation to truth through frankness, a certain relationship to his own life through danger, a certain type of relation to himself or other people through criticism...
		Oddly enough, I had come to this personal and professional crossroads having made a name for myself in the political media by harnessing the well-financed and well-organized machinery of the conservative movement to attack those who had the courage to try to stand up to it.
	www.theyblinked.com /blog/2004_10_03_theyblinked_archive.html (1216 words)

	Freedom Of Speech - Eph. 6:20
		The Greek word that describes freedom of speech is "parrhesia." The verb form means: to speak openly, boldly, freely, confidently, frankly and fearlessly, with courage and assurance.
		This is the primary way "parrhesia" is used in the Bible, as illustrated in the following four verses.
		In light of the four uses of "parrhesia," when you are presented mission opportunities, consider your freedoms and pray for boldness boldly.
	www.lcms.org /ca/mission/mission-promises/ephesians/Eph6.20_freedom_062501.htm (462 words)

	Podcast.net - The Podcast Directory
		parrhesia and Valhall interview Maynard, who hails from Alabama and had a run in with the dreaded One-Footed Snorkle Monster.
		In this episode parrhesia and Valhall revisit the Jeff Weise story, tusnami stricken Sri Lanka, and explore Avian flu in Aceh province, Indonesia, and missing antimony in the USA.
		parrhesia and Valhall explore important issues that have been removed from the public consciousness via media neglect.
	www.podcast.net /show/58476 (298 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2006.07.49
		For example, while Socrates is indifferent to whether he speaks in private or in public, Protagoras is hesitant to speak in public for fear of punishment.
		Another merit to this approach to the dialogue is that Saxonhouse is able to account for the apparent 'digression' towards the end of the dialogue concerning the interpretation of the poem by Simonides.
		Moreover, her textual exegesis is strong and convincing; any disagreement will be confined to matters of interpretation, not those of scholarly error.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2006/2006-07-49.html (2647 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2004049020
		Parrhesia as ethical attitude and technical procedure in the master's discourse.
		— The points of opposition between parrhesia and rhetoric: the division between truth and lie; the status of technique; the effects of subjectivation.
		Continuation of the analysis of parrhesia: Galen's On the Passions and Errors of the Soul.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/enhancements/fy0618/2004049020-t.html (1868 words)

	Frank Pignatelli / DANGERS, POSSIBILITIES: ETHICO-POLITICAL CHOICES IN THE WORK OF MICHEL FOUCAULT
		While Foucault goes on to explain that during the Hellenistic period parrhesia becomes limited to the relationship between the advisor as parrhesiaste and the sovereign (the truth-teller, by definition, always assumes the greater risk), what remains constant is the linkage between ethical and political virtue.
		Put differently, for the Greeks, parrhesia, as self-examination and control over what one understands to be one’s pleasures or ambition, as a set of practices organized around the care of oneself, is vitally connected to what it means to be a good citizen or good leader.
		With respect to Foucault’s project, though, this transformation of parrhesia from political-ethical to ethical is viewed as resulting from a crisis in the whole notion of “democratic parrhesia” as essentially being a threat to the well-being of the polis.
	www.ed.uiuc.edu /EPS/PES-Yearbook/93_docs/PIGNATEL.HTM (4484 words)

	Fearless Speech - The MIT Press
		The expression "fearless speech" is a rough translation of the Greek parrhesia, which designates those who take a risk to tell the truth; the citizen who has the moral qualities required to speak the truth, even if it differs from what the majority of people believe and faces danger for speaking it.
		Parrhesia is a verbal activity in which a speaker expresses his personal relationship to truth through frankness instead of persuasion, truth instead of flattery, and moral duty instead of self-interest and moral apathy.
		Michel Foucault (1926—84) is widely considered to be one of the most influential academic voices of the twentieth century and has proven influential across disciplines.
	mitpress.mit.edu /catalog/item/default.asp?sid=101E33F0-12B0-4162-AB86-4E166BCD6435&ttype=2&tid=3429 (323 words)

	Amazon.com: Fearless Speech (Foreign Agents): Books: Michel Foucault (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Parrhesia is a type of speech that is neither rhetoric nor dialectic, though it has historically occupied an important space among both - forming perhaps a trialectic.
		Parrhesia is a species of truth that mandates its own telling, in a quasi-spiritual fashion if need be: the parrhesiastes, or truth-teller, is one who puts him- or herself at considerable risk, including the risk of death, with his or her words.
		It can easily be seen that parrhesia is an essential antecedent to criticism and critical theory, but it is also ubiquitous in many forms of discourse.
	www.amazon.com /Fearless-Speech-Foreign-Agents-Foucault/dp/1584350113 (1733 words)

	parrhesia pictures, inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		PARRHESIA PICTURES, Inc., was founded in 1997 by filmmaker Harry Hanbury to produce dramatic, enlightening non-fiction film and video in just about every genre: history, politics, science, archaeology, natural history, cinema verité, and personal narrative.
		Our clients have included the Discovery Channel, TLC, and six Hollywood studios, as well as non-profit organizations like the Center for Community Change, the Sexual Minority Youth Assistance League, and the Educational Film Center.
		Parrhesia is a small but full-service production, post-production, and distribution company.
	www.parrhesia.tv (148 words)

	All 4 entries tagged Ancient Greece, transversality
		He doesn't seem to be too concerned with unpicking the obvious contradictions in this concept of parrhesia, which after all was quite adequate for a long period of history.
		But what Foucault is really interested in is showing how a smoothely operating concept like parrhesia becomes problematic and is disrupted by a change in circumstances, by something imperceptible in its operation being drawn out from the shadows.
		Because parrhesia is given even to the worst citizens, the overwhelming influence of bad, immoral, or ignorant speakers may lead the citizenry into tyranny…
	blogs.warwick.ac.uk /rbotoole/tag/ancient_greece (1258 words)

	The Tartan Online : Executive Privilege
		A speaker who employed parrhesia would describe the truth, even at great risk to himself.
		Yet the relationship between the speaker of parrhesia and the truth is never truly brought into question.
		The notion of parrhesia is alive today in the notion of "speaking truth to power." This is a truth that is lived every day.
	thetartan.org /2004/9/27/news/executiveprivilege (634 words)

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