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Topic: Parrot Crossbill

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	Trees for Life - Species profile: Scottish crossbill
		All three species are identical in plumage, and the Scottish crossbill is intermediate in physical size between the smaller common crossbill and the larger parrot crossbill.
		The Scottish crossbill is confined to the Highlands of Scotland, where it occurs in the pinewood remnants of the Caledonian Forest, and in conifer plantations which are 100 years or older in age.
		The crossbill feeds on pine seeds either by pulling a cone off a branch and then holding it with its feet while it uses its bill to extract the seeds, or it acrobatically moves around the cone, extracting the seeds without removing the cone from the branch.
	www.treesforlife.org.uk /tfl.crossbill.html (0 words)

	Parrot Crossbill - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		The Parrot Crossbill (Loxia pytyopsittacus) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.
		The Parrot Crossbill is a specialist feeder on the cones of Scots pine.
		Some pine-feeding populations currently assigned to Common Crossbill in southern Europe may possibly be better referred to either this species or alternatively to new species in their own right, but as yet, research into them is still at a very early stage.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Parrot_Crossbill (292 words)

	Scottish Crossbill
		The Scottish Crossbill: The Scottish Crossbill Loxia Scotica.
		Fringillidae * vintlased * finches: Loxia, scotica, shoti kÃ¤bilind, Scottish Crossbill.
		Loxia: Loxia pytyopsittacus IsokÃ¤pylintu Parrot Crossbill Loxia scotica Scottish Crossbill 24.7.1997 (4).
	www.specieslist.com /endangered/common_name/S/Scottish_Crossbill.shtml (2321 words)

	Common Crossbill - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		The Common Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.
		Plumage distinctions from Parrot and Scottish Crossbills are negligible.
		Some large-billed, pine-feeding populations currently assigned to this species in the Mediterranean area may possibly be better referred to either Parrot Crossbill or alternatively to new species in their own right, but as yet, research into them is still at a very early stage.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Red_Crossbill (448 words)

	Crossbill: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		...Crossbill Crossbill Crossbills Red (Common) Crossbill Scientific classification...Genus Loxia The crossbills are birds in the finch family Fringillidae.
		The crossbills are birds in the finch family Fringillidae.
		Work on vocalisation in North America suggest that there are eight or nine populations of Red Crossbill which do not interbreed in that continent alone, although few ornithologists seem inclined to give these forms species status.
	www.encyclopedian.com /cr/Crossbill.html (350 words)

	Parrot crossbill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		The largest red crossbills live in Scandinavia and western Russia.
		This is like the situation in Scotland where large-billed Scottish crossbills breed in the same forests as "common" crossbills.
		The calls have not been described or compared to morphology, therefore it is not known whether all birds currently lumped under the name "parrot crossbill" represent a single evolutionary unit.
	research.amnh.org /users/jgg/crossbills/parrot.html (105 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		The Scottish crossbill is considered by many ornithologists to be a race of either the Common Crossbill or the Parrot Crossbill, both of which occur in the Caledonian Forest.
		This race of crossbill is resident, and is not known to migrate.
		The Scottish Crossbill appears to be a specialist feeder on the cones of pines (Scots pine and Lodgepole pine) and larch.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Scottish_Crossbill (830 words)

	Common Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra
		Crossbills are thirsty birds-doubtless on account of their diet of pine seeds-and these rarities have been watched drinking at carpark puddles.
		In parts of their range, crossbills breed in every month of the year, their ability to withstand a cold climate enabling them to breed whenever there is a good cone crop.
		It will be most interesting to record the numbers of crossbills remaining to breed in the Breckland Forest rather than returning to the dark and distant fir forests of Scandinavia.
	www.birdsofbritain.co.uk /bird-guide/crossbill.htm (428 words)

	Scottish crossbill - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
		There are no plumage differences between Scottish, common and parrot crossbills, and although the Scottish crossbill is intermediate in size between common and parrot crossbills, it overlaps in size with both.
		Thus, the smallest birds (common crossbills) gave types A, B and E, whilst the large billed birds (parrot crossbills) gave type D. Birds with intermediate sized bills, and hence classed as Scottish crossbills, gave type C. It is likely that calls are learned from parents and should remain constant within the species.
		If the Scottish crossbill is a biological species, the composition of its neutral (non-functional) DNA should have diverged substantially from that of the common and parrot crossbill.
	www.rspb.org /science/Ecology/2001/scottish_crossbill.asp (658 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Loxia
		Crossbills breed very early in the year, often in winter months, to take advantage of maximum cone supplies.
		Preliminary investigations in Europe and Asia suggest an equal, if not greater, complexity, with several different call types identified; these call types as different from each other as from the named species Scottish and Parrot Crossbills - suggesting either that they are valid species, or else that the Scottish and Parrot may not be.
		One suggestion is that limited interbreeding between the different types prevents significant genetic differentiation, and also enables each type to maintain a degree of morphological plasticity, which may be necessary to enable them to feed on different conifers when their preferred food species has a crop failure.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Loxia (732 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Parrot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		Psittacosis, or parrot fever, caused by the species Chlamydia psittaci, is transmitted to people by birds, particularly parrots, parakeets, and lovebirds.
		Parrot Names PCI and Rothman `Distributors of the Year' at 2007 CTIA.
		Freedom for music!; Parrot sets MP3 files free with the new Bluetooth Hi-Fi speaker system; Now you can enjoy MP3 files in your home with the innovative Parrot SOUND SYSTEM; Stylish 2x60W speakers work with any Bluetooth-enabled music device.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Parrot&StartAt=11 (670 words)

	BBC News \| SCOTLAND \| Bird experts examine the bill
		They say the Scottish crossbill's call and the size of its bill are offering clues that set it apart from the common crossbill and the parrot crossbill.
		Crossbills are small birds, only slightly larger than a sparrow, which live exclusively in pinewoods.
		This third group, the "Scottish crossbill", has members with bill and wing sizes which are intermediate between the parrot and common crossbill groups, according to researchers.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/scotland/1733250.stm (519 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Parrots
		Parrots are found in the southern hemisphere in warm climates, with a few exceptions, primarily in South America and Australia.
		Parrots are highly intelligent and endearing; the African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus being one of the most popular and long-lived (and therefore expensive) of all parrots.
		Although parrots have predators, the biggest threat is from man. Probably the principal one is the destruction of habitat.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A21989974 (2420 words)

	Common crossbill - Loxia curvirostra: More Information - ARKive
		There is an old belief that the crossbill acquired its peculiar beak as a result of trying to remove the nails from the hands and feet of Christ when he was on the cross.
		In Scotland, the common crossbill is replaced by the Scottish crossbill, a bird intermediate between the common and the parrot crossbill of northern Scandinavia.
		The common crossbill is recorded as a Schedule 1 bird on the Wildlife and Countryside Act (as amended), along with all species of crossbill on the UK list.
	www.arkive.org /species/ARK/birds/Loxia_curvirostra/more_info.html (643 words)

	Scottish Crossbills
		The Scottish crossbill was for a long time considered by many ornithologists to be a race of either the Common Crossbill or the Parrot Crossbill, both of which occur in the Caledonian Forest.
		This crossbill is resident, and is not known to migrate.
		The Scottish Crossbill is a specialist feeder on the cones of pines (Scots pine and Lodgepole pine) and larch.
	www.beautyofbirds.com /scottishcrossbills.html (858 words)

	British Birds - Parrot Crossbills breeding in Abernethy Forest, Highland
		The Parrot Crossbill [Loxia pytyopsittacus] is regarded as a rare breeding species in Britain.
		Parrot Crossbills were identified from their bill measurements and/or from monograms of taperecorded calls.
		The potential presence of Parrot Crossbills in Highland pinewoods should be borne in mind by birdwatchers when identifying crossbills.
	www.eurobirding.com /birdingmagazines/artinfo.php?id=3188 (344 words)

	Birds - American Crossbill
		Longfellow has rendered into verse the German legend of the crossbill, which tells that as the Saviour hung upon the cross, a little bird tried to pull out the nails that pierced His hands and feet, thus twisting its beak and staining its feathers with the blood.
		At first glance the birds would seem to be hampered by their crossed beaks in getting at the seeds in the pine cones—a superficial criticism when the thoroughness and admirable dexterity of their work are better understood.
		There is another species of crossbill, called the White-winged (Loxia leucoptera), that differs from the preceding chiefly in having two white bands across its wings and in being more rare.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles20/birds-133.shtml (394 words)

	crossbill
		The crossed beak is more pronounced in birds that feed on the tougher seeds of trees such as Scots pine.
		Crossbills\' beaks are not crossed when they first hatch, but become crossed a few weeks after the young leave the nest.
		The red or common crossbill Loxia curvirostra is found in parts of Eurasia and North America, living chiefly in pine forests.
	www.tiscali-networks.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0007555.html (303 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		They suggest that the crossbills might be included in the genus Carduelis, but given that the adaptations of the crossbills represent a unique evolutionary path, it seems more appropriate to split up the genus Carduelis as it was already done during most of the 20th century.
		The species of crossbills are difficult to separate, and care is needed even with Two-barred/Hispaniolan Crossbill, the easiest.
		The other species are identified by subtle differences in head shape and bill size, and are the subject of much taxonomic speculation, with some scientists suggesting that the previously held assumption that the Parrot and Scottish Crossbills and possibly the Hispaniolan and Two-barred Crossbill are conspecific.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Crossbill (856 words)

	White-winged Crossbill
		White-winged Crossbills are superbly adapted to feeding on the seeds of conifers.
		When cones are closed, crossbills snip them off and hold the cone with a foot while they open the cone with their bills.
		White-winged Crossbills are prolific breeders that rapidly increase their population in favorable conditions—in fact, they can be the most abundant bird in a habitat.
	birds.cornell.edu /BOW/WHWCRO/index.html (996 words)

	The RSPB: Parrot crossbill
		The parrot crossbill is a large, powerful finch.
		The male is orange to red with dusky wings and tail, the female is olive green or grey.
		It is very similar to the crossbill and scottish crossbill: the bill structure and the distinctive call is the most reliable way to separate them.
	www.rspb.org.uk /wildlife/birdguide/name/p/parrotcrossbill/index.asp (0 words)

	birding facts Birding Resources by the Fat Birder
		The parrot crossbill has the largest bill for prizing seeds from pine cones, while the Scottish crossbill —with its intermediate bill — can extract seeds from the cones of a variety of conifers.
		The Scottish crossbill, Loxia scotica, was first described as a sub species of the common crossbill in 1904 by a German taxonomist called Ernest Hartert, who noted that the bills of crossbills in highland Scotland were larger than that of common crossbills.
		Now that we have shown the Scottish crossbill exists and is endemic, we must focus our conservation efforts in making sure that it not only survives, but flourishes and that Scotland has plenty of the habitat that supports and maintains the population of these birds, of which we should be justly proud.
	www.fatbirder.com /news/index.php?article=661 (664 words)

	Language Log: Scottish dialect genetics
		DNA tests had shown the Scottish crossbill, common crossbill and parrot crossbill - which visits from Europe - to be genetically similar.
		The Scottish crossbill page on the RSPB website says that it has "[a] 'chup chup' call with a fluty quality", whereas the common crossbill has "[a] loud 'chip chip' call; a warbling, twittering song", whereas the parrot crossbill has "[v]ery similar calls to crossbills, but thought to give a distinctive deep ‘kop-kop’ and ‘choop choop’".
		The Appalachian crossbills also showed a pattern of assortative pairing based on acoustic characters, but this observation is trivial because call matching was a prerequisite for identification of birds as mates.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/003509.html (2163 words)

	Eurasian Bullfinches
		The Parrot Crossbill (Loxia pytyopsittacus) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.
		The Parrot Crossbill is a specialist feeder on the cones of Scots pine.
		Some pine-feeding populations currently assigned to Common Crossbill in southern Europe may possibly be better referred to either this species or alternatively to new species in their own right, but as yet, research into them is still at a very early stage.
	www.avianweb.com /parrotcrossbills.html (362 words)

	Action plan for Loxia scotica
		However, the specific status of this bird is unclear due to taxonomic confusion and difficulty in distinguishing between this species and the common and parrot crossbills.
		As far as can be ascertained, Scottish crossbills are largely confined to the remaining fragments of Caledonian pine forest, or planted woods dating from the middle of the last century.
		Clarify the taxonomic status of Scottish crossbill in relation to common and parrot crossbills.
	www.ukbap.org.uk /UKPlans.aspx?ID=424 (549 words)

	Crossbill - Qwika
		The Two-barred Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera), known as the White-winged Crossbill in North America, is a small passerine...
		Crossbill of the fir trees Crossbill of the fir trees Traditional classification Reign...
		Scincella Scincopus Scincus Scolecoseps Scoliidae Scorzonera Scottish Crossbill Scrub-bird Scrub-robin Scup Scurvy-grass...
	www.qwika.com /find/Crossbill (429 words)

	Parrotx
		The bird was tentatively identified as a Parrot Crossbill as it had a head and bill which seemed to be totally out of proportion to the rest of its body.
		The bird was taken back to the Ringing Laboratory where we consulted the latest literature and arrived at the conclusion that the bird was indeed a Parrot Crossbill.
		As the bird was being processed, John Hollyer arrived and was given the bird in a bag and asked what he thought as he had experience of the species in the wild.
	www.kentos.org.uk /articles/Parrotx.htm (392 words)

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