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Topic: Parrotfish

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	Parrotfish
		The parrotfish is a common denizen of the coral reefs of tropical waters al1at times, the young of many species come into shallow bays and weedy areas.
		Their powerful jaws and impressive teeth could be hazardous to a diver, but parrotfish are normally browsing forms that have no instincts for predation on man. The fire coral, Millepora alcicornis, may at times be included in the diet of parrotfishes, despite the existence within it of a complex of powerful toxic materials.
		Parrotfishes are not highly esteemed as food, although they are sometimes eaten in many tropical areas around the world.
	www.rsmas.miami.edu /support/lib/seas/seasQA/QAs/p/parrotfish.html (1379 words)

	Monterey Bay Aquarium: Online Field Guide
		Parrotfishes play an important role in the growth of the coral reef—they feed on algae that could smother the coral if they didn’t eat it.
		For example, spiny lobsters and bumphead parrotfish have disappeared from the reefs they normally inhabit; the Nassau grouper has virtually disappeared—in part due to overfishing; and sea cucumbers are missing from half of the surveyed reefs.
		Individual species of parrotfish are difficult to identify, since they show different color patterns according to their age and sex.
	www.mbayaq.org /efc/living_species/default.asp?hOri=1&inhab=486 (425 words)

	Parrotfish - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parrotfishes are mostly tropical, perciform marine fish of the family Scaridae.
		Parrotfishes are named for their oral dentition: their numerous teeth are arranged in a tightly packed mosaic on the external surface of the jaw bones, forming a parrot-like beak which is used to rasp algae from coral and other rocky substrates.
		Parrotfish are pelagic spawners; that is, they release many tiny buoyant eggs into the water which become part of the plankton.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parrotfish (668 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The parrotfish utilizes it's strong beak-like jaws to obtain it's food from the coral reef.
		Although it is uncertain whether the parrotfish does this to eat the coral polyps or to extract algae.
		Parrotfish can often be noticed because they raise clouds of dust as they devour coral.
	www.miamisci.org /oceans/coralreef/predators/5parrotfish.html (403 words)

	Choosing a Parrotfish - PetPlace.com
		During waking hours, parrotfish essentially do nothing but graze the reef, pulverizing the coral rock and digesting any algae found in it, while continuously excreting the leftovers: a nearly-pure white carbonate sediment in the form of tiny pellets called pelloids.
		Parrotfish, in the Scaridae family, bite on the coral rock so much, in fact, that several scientific studies have attempted to determine what percentage of the fine calcium carbonate sediment around a reef site is actually produced by the parrotfish — by some estimates nearly 40 percent.
		Several species of parrotfish are commonly sold in aquarium stores as juveniles with the knowledge that they will probably die before they reach sizes that would present a space problem in your tank.
	www.petplace.com /fish/choosing-a-parrotfish/page1.aspx (829 words)

	Parrotfish (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Parrotfish are some of the most colorful fish found on reefs.
		Parrotfish also use their teeth to bite off pieces of coral to eat the coral polyps.
		Parrotfish graze on algae that cover the surfaces of rocks and dot the reef bottom.
	davidgoforth.com /id29.htm (138 words)

	Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department: Stoplight Parrotfish
		The stoplight parrotfish is found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, including southern Florida, Bermuda, Bahamas, and throughout the Caribbean Sea, south to Brazil.
		Coral skeletal material that is ingested by the parrotfish is crushed by the grinding motion of the pharyngeal mill, specialized teeth located in the throat.
		Parrotfish are known to return to the same area to release their waste products, forming hills of white sand.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/Gallery/Descript/SParrotfish/SParrotfish.html (1105 words)

	Parrotfish (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Parrotfish are some of the more colorful fish found in the waters of Cozumel.
		A French Angelfish (Pomacanthus Paru) and a Stoplight Parrotfish (Sparisoma viride) huddle together on the reef at night, darkening their normally bright daytime colors to blend in with the surroundings.
		The Stoplight Parrotfish in the above photograph is a male while the one in the lower photograph is a female.
	members.aol.com /shorecrab/parrotfish.htm (257 words)

	Parrotfish (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Parrotfish are generally brightly colored and quickly identified by their beaks, which are derived from a fusion of teeth.
		Parrotfish are also similarly capable of sex reversal and males that participate in this process usually change from the typical drab gray and reddish brown colors that distinguish females, to gaudy male patterns of mostly green or blue-green colors.
		During the night hours, the inactive parrotfish form a mucus cocoon that protects their sleep and then disintegrates with the next day’s activity.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~ronaldta/SCUBA/parrotfish.htm (182 words)

	Princess Parrotfish (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Parrotfish are among the most common and most colorful fishes on the reef.
		The Princess Parrotfish is a bright blue color, with bright pink or orange stripes on its fins and at the top and bottom of its tail.
		I have heard parrotfish crunching their teeth on a coral while I was swimming underwater.
	www.reefnews.com /reefnews/photos/prparrot.html (173 words)

	Parrotfish--Monthly Saltwater Aquaria Magazine
		Using their beak-like teeth, parrotfish can bite off huge chunks of rock or coral, grind it up using a special device, and then filter this rock through their system in a way that the algae, coral, and various crustaceans enter their system as a source of food.
		Parrotfish are by no means reef-safe, and even the mostly algae-eating species will still destroy the rocks in your reef, knocking over all the corals.
		Parrotfish may be a choice for the advanced hobbist looking for a unique addition to a saltwater aquarium.
	members.tripod.com /mark26/parrot1.html (487 words)

	Parrotfish, Members of the Marine Fish Family Scaridae
		Most Parrotfish grow to well over 12 inches in length in an aquarium, and the largest member of this family reaches an adult size of over 60 inches in length in the wild.
		Parrotfish are closely related to Wrasse, and can be easily recognized by their distinctive beak-like teeth.
		Parrotfish are found throughout the world and are most commonly associated with coral reefs or lagoons.
	www.peteducation.com /category_summary.cfm?cls=16&cat=1852 (279 words)

	WCMC Global Coral Disease Database (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A number of other species may also be affected by parrotfish predation including brain coral (Colpophyllia natans) where fish remove tissue in a methodical pattern, starting at one end of the colony and biting coral in a band that progressively radiates across the coral.
		Stoplight parrotfish, Sparisoma viride excrement on a branch of elkhorn coral Acropora palmata
		Parrotfish predation has been incorrectly referred to as rapid wasting disease and rapid wasting syndrome, however detailed studies have shown that no pathogenic organisms are involved in this process.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /marine/coraldis/cd/parrotfish.htm (501 words)

	Diving
		PARROTFISH occur in about 15 varieties that are frequently spotted on the reefs of the Florida Keys Reef Tract.
		The parrotfish have a heavy beak formed from their front teeth growing together, and are primarily herbivorous, scraping reef-growing algae off the rocks.
		Like parrotfish, wrasse are generally protogynous hermaphrodites, but unlike parrotfish, most start out on the reef working as "cleaners".
	www.pennekamppark.com /reefanimals.html (1246 words)

	Parrotfish (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The larger parrotfish are often found on the reef at high tide and then on the outer reef slope at low tide.
		Parrotfish may swim over a wide area while feeding during the day, especially when they are in their protective large schools.
		Parrotfish are used in the Cook Islands for both local use and for sale within the country.
	www.spc.org.nc /coastfish/Countries/CookIslands/MMR/7Somespecies/Parrotfish.htm (395 words)

	Hanauma Bay, Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve - Friends of Hanauma Bay
		Ling Ong in support of research she is conducting on the parrotfish that populate Hanauma Bay.
		Parrotfish belong to the family Scaridae and are aptly named so because of their beak-like teeth and often have bright colors.
		All parrotfish have a pharyngeal mill, which are modified bones at the back of their throats which grind and crush any rock or coral that they ingest into sand.
	www.friendsofhanaumabay.org /parrotfish.html (762 words)

	Sea Creatures 101:The Parrotfish: Polly Want A ...Coral? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Parrotfish that are kept in aquariums need that algae-like animal too, but live coral is not available.
		Parrotfish are often brightly colored, with vibrant blues and oranges, red, and yellow.
		In a group of parrotfish where all are female, the dominant female may physically change into a male for breeding purposes.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/aquatic_animals/64345/1 (445 words)

	Palau Paradise of the Pacific- Under the Sea: Parrotfish
		The parrotfish has large teeth which are fused together to help the parrot fish eat hard coral.
		To combat this the parrotfish seals itself in a cocoon.
		Parrotfish are very unique animals because they can be born female and become male later in their lifetime.
	www.pbs.org /edens/palau/p_sea_b_3.htm (96 words)

	Rainbow parrotfish (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Some parrotfish envelop themselves in a mucous cocoon that protects them from predators during the night.
		The largest of the parrotfish, the rainbow parrotfish often exceeds three feet in length.
		They are born both male and female, but males can become females and vice versa when population densities are low and breeding males or females are in short supply.
	www.worldwildlife.org /expeditions/reef/species/parrotfish.html (173 words)

	American Museum of Natural History
		In turn, the parrotfish have contributed to a healthier reef by reducing algae and seaweed.
		This "win-win-lose" across the grouper-parrotfish-algae portion of the food web is ultimately possible because larger parrotfish within reserves are able to both avoid fishermen's traps and "escape" the risk of predation from groupers by growing larger than groupers can swallow.
		Overall, though, the increased numbers of larger parrotfish outweighed the decreased sizes of the smaller parrotfish to produce a net doubling of grazing intensity within the reserve.
	www.amnh.org /science/papers/parrotfish.php (1110 words)

	Shedd Aquarium \| Parrotfish
		The wily parrotfish is like an actor playing multiple parts in a single play, constantly changing shape, color—even gender—throughout its life.
		Found in most tropical seas, parrotfish are named for their flashy, featherlike colors and birdlike grin.
		Shedd Aquarium showcases several species of parrotfishes throughout the Caribbean Reef and the Waters of the World galleries.
	www.sheddaquarium.org /parrotfish.html (281 words)

	Parrot Fish
		Regardless of what type of parrotfish you get, they all have the same body features, which include large, circular scales; large pectoral fins that are mainly used to help them swim.
		In order for them to swim quickly, a parrotfish's tail fins are equally divided into 2 parts.
		Then, when a female is ready to spawn she will lay several small eggs that will float freely in the plankton until they are ready to hatch.
	www.parrotfish.info (430 words)

	LiveScience.com - Parrotfish Restore Order to Coral Reefs
		Believe it or not, but this little parrotfish is one of the predators near the top of the food chain in a protected marine reserve in the Bahamas, and it’s helping to revive coral reefs in the area.
		The parrotfish are the top grazers in the Bahamian coral reefs, and they “clean” the reef by nibbling on algae growing on the coral.
		Normally, the Nassau grouper makes its meals of parrotfish, so it might seem that a no-fishing zone that increases the number of groupers would be bad news for the parrotfish, and in turn, the reef.
	www.livescience.com /imageoftheday/siod_060106.html (198 words)

	Reef Relief - for kids only - Parrotfish coloring page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This fish is named for its bright colors and strong beak-like jaws, which it uses to bite off chunks of coral.
		Parrotfish then grind the rocky coral into a fine sand, and eat the tiny plants and animals that live within.
		Parrotfish change color as they grow, with the largest and brightest fish being the oldest
	www.reefrelief.org /kids/colorpages/parrotfish.html (112 words)

	Grand Cayman Snorkeling
		The small white spine at the base of the tail is very sharp, and the tangs are often called "surgeonfish" or "doctorfish".
		Stoplight parrotfishes, Sparisoma viride, sometimes more than a foot long, are the most spectacular fishes on the reef, and also among the most difficult to photograph.
		Sometimes you can hear the parrotfish munching on coral with their heavy beaks and grinder teeth.
	user.icx.net /~richmond/rsr/cayman/snorkeling.html (459 words)

	Stoplight Parrotfish
		One of the most beautifully colored fish in the Caribbean is the stoplight parrotfish.
		parrotfish was photographed at night while he was sleeping.
		Parrotfish create a thin cocoon or bubble of
	www.magnergraphix.com /ScubaPics/finspix/Parrotfish.html (85 words)

	Parrot Fish Care
		You will also want to make sure that the aquarium is kept between 72 and 78ºF with a pH level between 8.1 and 8.4.
		Eating is often difficult for parrotfish who are kept within aquariums because their diet consists of a lot of coral.
		If you have the time and energy to learn proper parrot fish care, then these will soon become your favorite fish in your aquarium thanks to its grand swimming style and very active personality.
	www.parrotfish.info /Parrot_Fish_Care.html (332 words)

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