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Topic: Parthenocarpic

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	Parthenocarpy
		Parthenocarpic fruits are devoid of embryo and endosperm.
		The persistence of parthenocarpic fruits in parsnips appears to be related to their defensive value against their most destructive enemy the parsnip webworm.
		Plants with webworms had proportionately fewer parthenocarpic fruits than plants without webworms, a result that is consistent with the behavior that webworms prefer parthenocarpic fruit.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /berenbaum/newpage11.htm (428 words)

	On Avocado Fruit Size I. Parthenocarpic Fruit
		In the case of the parthenocarpic fruit, there are two very small peaks (at 38 and 32 grams) before the maximum, and then a steep drop to zero.
		Parthenocarpic fruit of less than two grams weight would most likely be too weak to survive—the end result being that some of the peaks have simply not developed at all.
		A crop of parthenocarpic fruit could be considered as acting as a low level crop as regards the nutritional balance of the tree.
	www.avocadosource.com /CAS_Yearbooks/CAS_80_1996/CAS_1996_133.htm (3364 words)

	Parthenocarpy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In botany and horticulture, parthenocarpic literally means virgin fruit; the fruit develops without fertilization of ovules, therefore it is seedless.
		Humans, however, often see seedlessness as a desirable quality and have selected and artificially propagated parthenocarpic varieties of many plants, including citrus, banana, cucumber, and eggplant.
		Some modern parthenocarpic varieties have been developed as genetically modified organisms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parthenocarpic (135 words)

	MSN Encarta - Fruit
		These fruits are termed parthenocarpic, and they do not contain seeds (see Parthenogenesis).
		A navel orange is an example of a naturally occurring parthenocarpic fruit.
		Parthenocarpic fruit can be artificially produced by treating a flower with hormones.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576964/Fruit.html (1780 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Optimisation of transgene action at the post-transcriptional level: high quality ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parthenocarpy is a valuable trait for industrial tomatoes also because parthenocarpic tomato fruits can have a higher percentage of soluble solids [15], and parthenocarpy may allow to improve yield and flavour of paste and to reduce the processing costs.
		To properly regulate expression and action of parthenocarpic genes acting by conferring auxin synthesis to the ovary, it has been proposed to modify the regulatory sequences present in the promoter to build derivative promoters with different specificity and/or strength of expression [20].
		Phenotypic expression of the parthenocarpic trait was evaluated by monitoring fruit setting in emasculated flowers and by measuring the fruit fresh weight and the polar and equatorial diameters of fruits obtained from emasculated and self-pollinated flowers.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6750/2/1 (5400 words)

	News - Releases
		The transgenic parthenocarpic hybrids gave a significantly higher yield, on the average a six-fold increase during early production, in comparison to their controls (Table 1).
		The suboptimal/adverse environmental conditions did not affect the growth of GM parthenocarpic fruits and the average fruit weight was significantly higher in the GM eggplants in comparison to untransformed controls.
		The traditional parthenocarpic cultivar Talina produced fruits with an average weight similar to those of GM eggplant fruits (Table 1).
	www.seedquest.com /News/releases/2002/april/4412b.htm (1095 words)

	Terminology and Application
		Parthenocarpic cucumber cultivars do not require pollination (pollen transfer from the male to the female flower) to set fruit.
		Commonly grown parthenocarpic cultivars are the "burpless" or "European" cucumber types (10 to 14 inches long) typically produced in the greenhouse.
		An example of a field-grown parthenocarpic cultivar is H-19, a little-leaf type.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /depts/hort/hil/ag552f.html (739 words)

	American Journal of Botany, 28, 8, October, 1941 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The parthenocarpic fruits were produced by indole butyric acid, indole acetic acid, and by the use of pollen of Lycopersicum peruvianum Mill.
		The titratable acidity in both parthenocarpic and seeded fruits was the same during all stages of development except for a short period during the ripening process when the acid in the seeded fruits was somewhat higher.
		The parthenocarpic fruits had a rather even distribution throughout, while the seeded fruits, especially during the ripening process, had a low percentage of acid in the outer wall and a higher percentage in the locular region.
	www.botany.org /ajb/00029122_di001395.html (2987 words)

	CGC 6:84-85 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Selection for parthenocarpy was successful and a breeding line with high tendency to parthenocarpic fruit set under Dutch early spring glasshouse conditions was offered to interested breeders.
		Towards the end of the trial a number of female flowers of several genotypes were hand-pollinated and the length of developing fruits was measured daily for 8 days, and one more time after 12 days.
		Simultaneously non-pollinated parthenocarpic (developing) and non-parthenocarpic fruitlets of the same lines were also measured.
	www.umresearch.umd.edu /CGC/cgc6/art/CGC6-42.html (457 words)

	Slicing Cucumbers, Commercial Vegetable Production Guides, North Willamette Research and Extension Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There are also parthenocarpic types (also referred to as burpless or seedless), they need no pollination.
		Parthenocarpic or PF types may actually become culls when pollinated since pollination causes seed to develop and produce misshapen fruit.
		Parthenocarpic and PF types are most commonly used for greenhouse production.
	oregonstate.edu /Dept/NWREC/slicing.html (1688 words)

	"Gavrish" : Assortment : Cucumber : Parthenocarpic hybrids for spring-summer and summer-autumn growing cycles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Kurazh F1 is an early parthenocarpic hybrid of female type of flowering for planting in spring-summer and summer-autumn cycles in plastic houses and greenhouses.
		Pyzhik F1 is an early parthenocarpic hybrid of gherkin type for spring-summer and summer-autumn growing cycles in plastic houses and greenhouses.
		Picnic F1 is an early parthenocarpic hybrid of gherkin type for spring-summer and summer-autumn growing cycles.
	www.gavrish.ru /products/cucumber3_en.html (636 words)

	EFFECT OF POLYAMINES, GIBBERELLINS AND OTHER GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE FRUIT SET OF AVOCADOS
		As it was found gibberellic acid (50-400) ppm applied on Fuerte at full bloom increased parthenocarpic fruits 40 to 80 times while four repeated, at weekly intervals, sprays of 100 ppm of gibberellic acid increased parthenocarpic fruits more than 200 times.
		Besides Fuerte (known to give pathenocarpic fruits readily), in the cv Hass in which under normal conditions no parthenocarpic fruits are seen, on average 81.8, such fruits per tree were counted in response to the treatment with the triple hormone mixture.
		The parthenocarpic fruits obtained with the use of hormones in cv Fuerte had similar pattern of development with those in the controls.
	www.avocadosource.com /WAC3/WAC3_p057.htm (1200 words)

	CGC Report No. 7:10-11, 1984 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the meantime, genetically parthenocarpic cultivars were developed which hold promise for reliable and increased field production if early fruit set due to the presence of staminate flowers can be prevented.
		Here we present some results on fruit quality, which were obtained during a separate study of the competition between pollinated and parthenocarpic fruits on the plant.
		In two temperature-controlled glasshouses (23/17 C D/N and 20/23 C D/N), 18 plants of each of three parthenocarpic pickling cucumber cultivars (Aida, Andrea and Belia) were grown in pots which were randomly placed on trolleys.
	www.umresearch.umd.edu /CGC/cgc7/cgc7_5.htm (659 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parthenocarpic Parthenocarpic parthenocarpy Parthenocissus Parthenocissus Parthenocissus quinquefolia Parthenocissus quinquefolia Parthenocissus quinquefolia Parthenocissus quinquefolia Parthenocissus...
		The structure of the ripe induced-parthenocarpic fruit is quite similar to that of the vegetative-parthenocarpic fruit in Israel...
		Some citrus is parthenocarpic, also there are some cucumber parthenocarpic varieties.
	parthenocarpic.iqexpand.com /index.php?title=Parthenocarpy&action=edit (371 words)

	Inheritance of parthenocarpy in summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)
		The parthenocarpic tendency of individual plants was scored on a scale from 1 (non-parthenocarpic fruit) to 5 (parthenocarpic fruit).
		The Whitaker line produced parthenocarpic fruit and had a mean score of 4.2, whereas Caserta did not set parthenocarpic fruit and had a score of 1.55.
		The aim of the present study was to determine the mode of inheritance of parthenocarpic fruit in Whitaker squash.
	funpecrp.com.br /gmr/year2005/vol1-4/gmr0093_full_text.htm (2017 words)

	Pickling Cucumbers, Commercial Vegetable Production Guides, North Willamette Research and Extension Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Note: Most parthenocarpic varieties are also gynoecious, but some may be partially female or monoecious.
		Determinate and parthenocarpic cucumbers are of interest for machine harvest, but these types are not used at present.
		Bees must be excluded from fields of parthenocarpic varieties and such fields must be isolated from conventional fields or serious fruit quality problems will occur.
	oregonstate.edu /Dept/NWREC/pickling.html (4245 words)

	Thieme-connect - Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parthenocarpic fruit development is a very attractive trait for growers and consumers.
		The parthenocarpic fruit development in these lines is triggered by a deregulation of the hormonal balance in some specific tissues.
		Auxins and gibberellins are considered as the key elements in parthenocarpic fruit development of those lines.
	www.thieme-connect.com /ejournals/abstract/plantbiology/doi/10.1055/s-2005-837494 (147 words)

	Parthenocarpy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The parthenocarpy is the process of fruit development in the absence of pollination/fertilization of ovules.
		Parthenocarpic fruit are found only in a small number of species, such fruits are seedless.
		Humans, however, often see seedlessness as a desirable quality and have selected and artificially propagated parthenocarpic varieties of many plants, including citrus, banana and cucumber.
	www.cactus-art.biz /note-book/Dictionary/dictionary_parthenocarpy.htm (83 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Genetically modified parthenocarpic eggplants: improved fruit productivity under both ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As a consequence, in GM parthenocarpic plants fruits are seedless and fruit development initiates well before non-GM controls [11].
		Transgenic parthenocarpic hybrids P1, P2 and P5 were obtained by crossing (as male parent) the primary transgenic plant DR2 iaaM #34-1 with the line Tal 1/1 (P1), the primary transgenic plant DR2 iaaM #28-1 with Tal 1/1 (P2) and the transgenic plant Tal 1/1 iaaM #1-1 with the line Tina (P5).
		Two transgenic parthenocarpic hybrids were tested: the hybrid P1 (Tal1/1 × DR2 iaaM #34-1) with elongated fruits and the hybrid P10 (UGA × Tal1/1 iaaM #1-1) with sub-oval fruits were compared to their homologous non-transgenic controls C1 (DR2 × Tal1/1) and C10 (UGA × Tal1/1), respectively.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6750/2/4 (3375 words)

	Encyclopedia: Fruit
		Many foods are botanically a fruit, but are treated as vegetables in cooking.
		In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set without fertilization.
		Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Fruit (4469 words)

	Field Cucumber Production Guidelines
		Parthenocarpic cultivars will produce seedless fruit in the absence of bees and pollination during the crop growth cycle.
		If bees are present for pollination, parthenocarpic plants will yield normal seeded fruits but fruit may be off-shaped.
		Fruits from trellised plants are uniformly green whereas fruits from non-trellised plants may have a yellow-green side on the section touching the ground.
	www.extento.hawaii.edu /kbase/reports/cucumber_prod.htm (9401 words)

	1626.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Fruit set in either normal or parthenocarpic plants in an intriguing biological phenomena of high economic importance, but have not been studied at the molecular level.
		The ability to produce parthenocarpic fruit in tomato can overcome the problem of inadequate fruit setting caused by lack of pollination, when out of season harvest is desired.
		Producing parthenocarpic transgenic tomato plants by expressing the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolB gene within their ovaries, thereby inducing hypersensitivity of the ovary to the low auxin levels present in the unfertilized ovaries.
	www.bard-isus.com /FRAbst/1626.htm (204 words)

	ACES Publications : ANR-0053-E
		This may occur because the variety is self-pollinating (such as peach) or because they are parthenocarpic (such as some persimmons, figs, and satsumas).
		Parthenocarpic basically means fruit are produced without complete seed development, resulting in seedless fruits.
		Satsuma, for example, has sterile pollen, mostly nonviable ovules, and is highly parthenocarpic, which results in the production of seedless fruit.
	www.aces.edu /pubs/docs/A/ANR-0053-E (795 words)

	Scientific American: How do seedless fruits arise and how are they propagated? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parthenocarpic fruit has advantages over seeded fruit: longer shelf life and greater consumer appeal.
		Bananas, too, are parthenocarpic and produce fruit in the absence of successful fertilization.
		Plant biologists have learned that if the plant hormone auxin is produced early in ovule development, parthenocarpic fruit can grow on plants that do not usually exhibit this property.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=000BA236-622C-1C72-9EB7809EC588F2D7 (498 words)

	"Gavrish" : Assortment : Cucumber : Parthenocarpic hybrids for winter-spring cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Regtime F1 is a mid-ripening parthenocarpic hybrid of female type of flowering for winter-spring and extended growing cycles.
		Picasso F1 is a mid-ripening parthenocarpic hybrid of female type of flowering intended for winter-spring and extended cycles.
		Berendey F1 is a mid-ripening parthenocarpic hybrid of female type of flowering for winter-spring and extended cycles.
	www.gavrish.ru /products/cucumber2_en.html (255 words)

	Banana Trees
		The fruit was probably a result of co-evolution with its pollinators and the animals that feed upon it and spread its seeds before cultivated forms.
		The edible banana is parthenocarpic and is propagated from a rhizome.
		The flowers are born on long and pendulous inflorescence which are usually unisexual, that is, the female flowers are born near to the base of the peduncle (producing the typical banana berry fruits) whilst the male flowers are born on the tip of the same peduncle.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/bio99/bio99783.htm (563 words)

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