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Topic: Parthenogenesis and natural clones

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Parthenogenesis and natural clones

In the News (Tue 2 Dec 08)

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	Parthenogenesis - ninemsn Encarta
		Parthenogenesis occurs in both animals and plants, although the term is normally only applied to animals, with alternative terms such as parthenocarpy (the production of fruit without fertilization or seeds) used for plants.
		Parthenogenesis involves formation of a diploid organism—one with two, paired sets of chromosomes—from an egg, which would normally be haploid.
		One is the cloning of animals by transplantation of a nucleus into the fertilized egg.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561648/Parthenogenesis.html (819 words)

	Cloning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frequently, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest.
		Thus, nuclear transfer clones from different maternal lineages are not clones in the strictest sense because the mitochondrial genome is not the same as that of the nucleus donor cell from which it was produced.
		Megan and Morag cloned from differentiated embryonic cells in June 1995 and Dolly the sheep in 1997.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cloning (3225 words)

	Clone (genetics) - ArticleWorld
		A clone is an identical replica of a macromolecule according to genetics.
		The cloning of a gene is to extract it from one organism and insert it into another.
		Natural clones are also seen in identical twins where they are genetically identical duplicates of one another.
	www.articleworld.org /index.php?title=Clone_(genetics)&printable=yes (369 words)

	Asexual Reproduction
		Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of frogs and lizards.
		In this species, reproduction by parthenogenesis is more rapid than sexual reproduction, and the use of this mode of asexual reproduction permits the animals to quickly exploit the available resources.
		Parthenogenesis is forced on some species of wasps when they become infected with bacteria (in the genus Wolbachia).
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AsexualReproduction.html (1617 words)

	Cloning:
		Reproductive cloning is different from therapeutic cloning, the use of this technology not for people to make identical replicas, but to raise cells for some purpose to make stem cells or for other forms of transplantation.
		Cloned cells could be life-saving in certain malignancies and autoimmune disorders where treatment is often aimed at wiping out the bone marrow that produces blood cells and in any of a slew of disorders that affect the blood cell production, aplastic anemias, cytopenias and so forth.
		Parthenogenesis works under certain conditions where genetically identical offspring suffice such as in the case of specialist workers or where there is little environmental challenge but again, for the most part, sexual reproduction, which maximizes variation, has for the most part, proven to be the most adaptive form of animal and plant reproduction.
	www.pneuro.com /publications/cloning/Cloning.htm (9250 words)

	Wired 12.01: Seven Days of Creation
		Clone embryos would produce stem cells that are exact genetic matches of the donors and consequently run little chance of rejection.
		The company cured spinal injuries in sheep and successfully cloned kidney cells that were a genetic match to their DNA donor, a cow.
		After all, if thriving clone embryos can grow to 16 cells and beyond in a lab, those cells could theoretically be tested for genetic abnormalities (as they routinely are in IVF procedures) and then be implanted in a uterus - reproductive cloning.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/12.01/clones_pr.html (4257 words)

	CNN.com - Human clone experiment repeated successfully - Dec. 16, 2003
		The only researchers to publicly show that they have cloned a human embryo said on Tuesday that they had successfully repeated the experiment, growing an embryo to the 16-cell stage.
		The company says the experiments, reported in the January issue of Wired magazine, are not breakthroughs but a natural progression of its efforts to create human embryonic stem cells to use for medical treatments.
		Parthenogenesis is not known to lead to the development of a fetus in mammals.
	www.cnn.com /2003/HEALTH/12/16/science.clones.reut (562 words)

	SEND IN THE CLONES! Sightings from the Catbird Seat. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Dr Antinori said that the embryo was the clone of a VIP and that he had been experimenting to produce human clones "in an Islamic country".
		Besides, the clones are only grown for 12 days and ACT's Director of Tissue Engineering assures us that "the embryo cannot be seen as a person before 14 days," that being the age at which the embryo would implant itself onto the wall of its mother's womb.
		For therapeutic cloning, the egg would instead be cultured in laboratory glassware and exposed to signals that would convert it into the type of tissue that the patient needed to have replaced....
	www.the-catbird-seat.net /CLONES.htm (7585 words)

	Islam Online- News Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The new clone was to be used in a new type of transplantation research and tissue repair.
		Although the six cells and short-lived cloned embryos were described as a scientific failure by much of the scientific community, it highlighted the fact that not everything scientifically possible is necessarily desirable or admissible.
		In parthenogenesis, egg cells start to divide and form embryos; even through they have not been fertilized by a sperm, or been enucleated and injected with the genetic material from a donor cell as in "traditional" cloning.
	www.islamonline.net /english/Science/2001/12/article7.shtml (1321 words)

	Science News: Parthenogenesis
		Parthenogenesis is derived from the Greek words for 'virgin birth'.
		Differentiated cell types derived in vitro by parthenogenesis eliminate the requirement to produce or disaggregate a normal, competent embryo and may circumvent the ethical concerns voiced by some, positively impacting the debate in stem cell research," the researchers noted in Science.
		Japanese researchers reported in Science that mice cloned from a adult cells were indistinguishable from normal mice and were free of genetic defects.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SU/SU102001/parthenogenesis.html (1337 words)

	Human Cloning
		Today, with human cloning, we stand on the threshold of an actual Frankenstein-like event: The cloning of the first human being generated in a test tube with electrical stimulation, without “natural” germ cells, the time-honored sperm and egg.
		In the fifties, however, frogs were developed from adult cell nuclei transplanted into enucleated eggs (eggs with the original nucleus removed.) Thus, the adult somatic cells indeed retain all the genes from the original fertilized egg, though all but a few are “switched off,” their program unavailable for use.
		Parthenogenesis is attractive from a moral standpoint, since the absence of the sperm’s contribution of imprinted signals on its DNA means that such “embryos” would lack half the imprinting pattern needed for development and could never become human beings.
	biology.kenyon.edu /courses/biol114/Chap14/clone.html (2770 words)

	Glossary of biotechnology and genetic engineering
		After the cloned gene is expressed, it elicits an antibody response that protects the organism from infection by a virus, bacterium or other disease-causing organism.
		Location, nature and time of formation of potential gamete-forming tissues are species specific, and may vary greatly from one species to another.
		An individual or clone representing a type, species or culture, that may be held in a repository for agronomic, historic or other reasons.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E10.htm (4375 words)

	Cloning - Crystalinks
		Natural clones -- Cloning is very common in single-celled organisms, which clone themselves via binary fission, e.g.
		Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of an existing, or previously existing human or growing cloned tissue from that individual.
		Essentially, if cloning an extinct species succeeded - it must be considered that cloning still is an experimental technology that succeeds only by chance - it is far more likely than not that any resulting animals, even if they were healthy, would be little more than curios or museum pieces.
	www.crystalinks.com /cloningdefinition.html (2294 words)

	Evolution: Library: Asexual Reproducers
		There are, however, rare examples of asexual species that reproduce by cloning.
		Clones generally hit a dead end, going extinct when their limited variation collides with changing environmental conditions or with better-surviving sexual reproducers.
		With their unusual way of reproducing, they continue to fascinate scientists because they are natural experiments in interactions between fixed genotypes and varying environment.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/01/5/l_015_01.html (390 words)

	The Sons Of Big Boss
		Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original.
		Molecular cloning refers to the procedure where by a DNA sequence is amplified by genetic engineering techniques.
		Frequently, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular
	members.tripod.com /solidsnake19148/id57.html (1591 words)

	CNN.com - Human clone experiment repeated successfully - Dec. 16, 2003
		The only researchers to publicly show that they have cloned a human embryo said on Tuesday that they had successfully repeated the experiment, growing an embryo to the 16-cell stage.
		The company says the experiments, reported in the January issue of Wired magazine, are not breakthroughs but a natural progression of its efforts to create human embryonic stem cells to use for medical treatments.
		Parthenogenesis is not known to lead to the development of a fetus in mammals.
	cnn.com /2003/HEALTH/12/16/science.clones.reut (562 words)

	Molecular Biology - Contact us
		Clones have traditonally been considered to be inferior to sexually reproducing animals; if for no othe reason than that they are relatively uncommon among animals.
		One approach is to study the origin of clonality through molecular methods, another the distribution of clones at different altitudes on the Scandes mountains.
		Clone diversity of Eiseniella tetraedra (Lumbricidae: Oligochaeta) alonf regulated and free-flowing boreal rivers.
	www.molbiol.umu.se /forskning/Groups/AnssiS (566 words)

	Charles E
		Natural selection occurring in this phase leads to changes in the frequencies of different clones rather than different alleles.
		Cyclical parthenogenesis therefore has striking implications on the operation of natural selection and random genetic drift in these populations.
		Seasonal variation as a determinant of population structure in rotifers reproducing by cyclical parthenogenesis.
	oregonstate.edu /~kingc/index.htm (280 words)

	CBN Archives - Miscellany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Parthenogenesis, reproduction without fertilization by a male, has been reported in only a few different groups of reptiles, most notably New World lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus (family Teiidae), Old World lizards of the genus Lacerta (family Lacertidae), and the Brahminy blind snake (Ramphotyphlops braminus; family Typhlopidae).
		Thus, this was a true parthenogenesis, with no male contribution (which would have provided genetic material to the offspring that was different from that provided by the mother).
		To understand automictic parthenogenesis, one must first understand meiosis, the process by which sex cells (eggs and sperm) are produced.
	coloherp.org /cb-news/archive/misc/Parthenogenesis.php (943 words)

	Feminist SFF & Utopia: Theme & Character Lists: Parthenogenesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cloning is necessarily a very similar topic, but could include males as well as females.
		Additionally, cloning is often technologically-induced (genetic manipulation at the time the fetus is created).
		Parthenogenesis often appears in a future or post-holocaust world, sometimes as a viral infection that has simultaneously killed men and allowed women to self-fertilize.
	feministsf.org /femsf/bibs/parthenogenesis.html (466 words)

	Horizontal Transfer of Bacterial Symbionts: Heritability and Fitness Effects in a Novel Aphid Host -- Russell and Moran ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		of transmission in clones 7a and 5A and of the "Candidatus Regiella
		the generalist nature of heritable symbionts of insects.
		Diversity and geographic distribution of secondary endosymbiotic bacteria in natural populations of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/12/7987 (5274 words)

	[No title]
		The first type of cloning is Embryo cloning, more commonly referred to as "twinning".[3] This process begins by activating an embryo to produce twins and is in essence a duplication of the natural process that produces "identical twins." Embryo cloning begins with the removal of one or more cells from a fertilized embryo.
		These cloned embryos contain an exact copy of the nuclear DNA as well as copies of the mitochondrial DNA from the original embryo.[4] Therapeutic cloning is the process with the most foreseeable benefits to mankind.
		In therapeutic cloning, the cells produced are not "identical twins," but have the same potential to develop into organs and tissues having the same outward characteristics, or phenotype, of the donor's cells.
	www.stlr.org /html/volume3/lesko.txt (7130 words)

	Unisexual fish bibliography
		Vrijenhoek, R. C., 1999 Parthenogenesis and natural clones, pp.
		Beukeboom, L., and R. Vrijenhoek, 1998 Evolutionary genetics and ecology of sperm-dependent parthenogenesis.
		Leslie, J. F., and R. Vrijenhoek, 1977 Genetic analysis of natural populations of Poeciliopsis monacha.
	www.mbari.org /staff/vrijen/unibib.htm (990 words)

	Spiroplasma Symbiont of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Insecta: Homoptera) -- Fukatsu et al. 67 (3): 1284 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		and prevalence in natural populations of the Spiroplasma symbiont
		of the clones were conducted as previously described (16).
		For strain IS, lanes 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, and 10 are the clones containing the P-symbiont sequence, while lanes 4, 5, and 8 are those containing the S-symbiont sequence.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/3/1284 (4332 words)

	How does the oleander aphid protect herself? - Renfield's Garden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		All of the aphids are females; they reproduce by parthenogenesis (clones of the mother) and they bear live young (nymphs).
		If conditions become too crowded on a plant or the plant declines in health, some of the aphids develop wings and will colonize new plants.
		Living in the South, you need a natural product that specifically controls regional pests like fire ants and annoying lawn and garden pests like fungus gnats.
	www.killerplants.com /renfields-garden/20050413.asp (670 words)

	Cloning
		Cloning offspring from a somatic cell nucleus of an existing adult animal.
		Programs to clone other species of farm animals (cats, pigs, cows, other animals) from nuclei of adult cells are already in progress.
		Nevertheless, the consensus among biologists is that, if geneticists can clone progeny from somatic cells of an adult sheep they eventually will be able to do the same for humans.
	www.ess.ucla.edu /huge/cloning.html (787 words)

	Stuffo "How Cloning Works" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This process is called parthenogenesis, and the offspring are clones of the females that laid the eggs.
		Although they are genetically different from their parents, identical twins are naturally occurring clones of each other.
		Scientists have experimented with animal cloning, but have never been able to stimulate a specialized (differentiated) cell to produce a new organism directly.
	www.stuffo.com /cloning2.htm (241 words)

	Cloning - Islamic Perspective
		Regarding cloning, there have been tremendous interest and anxiety expressed by the people.
		Some people are demanding to ban cloning all together because it interferes with the process of creation.
		Now Dolly sheep is dead and other cloned animals are producing signs of old age quicker than expected.
	www.islamicsupremecouncil.com /cloning.htm (1590 words)

	DNR
		It does not naturally reproduce in Illinois waters.
		However, this animal is unique in that it sheds only the exoskeleton covering its body but not that over its spine.
		Since males are not needed for parthenogenesis they are rarely found when food is plentiful, or when environmental conditions are good.
	dnr.state.il.us /lands/education/CLASSRM/AquaticILLessons/U3L2T1.htm (2383 words)

	American Life League 2006 - Stem Cell Research: Stem Cells That become Embryos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Blastomere removal and addition experiments have convincingly demonstrated the regulative nature (i.e., the strong tendency for the system to be restored to wholeness) of early mammalian embryos.
		For example, genetically identical twins are clones who happened to have received exactly the same set of genetic instructions from two donor individuals, a mother and a father.
		Nuclear transfer technology was first employed in embryo cloning, in which the donor cell is derived from an early embryo, and has been long established in the case of amphibia.
	www.all.org /article.php?id=10266 (7702 words)

	Natural Wolbachia Infections in the Drosophila yakuba Species Complex Do Not Induce Cytoplasmic Incompatibility but ...
		Natural Wolbachia Infections in the Drosophila yakuba Species Complex Do Not Induce Cytoplasmic Incompatibility but Fully Rescue the wRi Modification -- Zabalou et al.
		is a property of the Wolbachia strain naturally present or that
		Naturally Wolbachia-infected strains of the three closely related
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/167/2/827 (3481 words)

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