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Topic: Parthenon Elgin

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	The Parthenon (or Elgin) Marbles
		The debate over the Parthenon Marbles has been going on for two centuries and seems to be coming to a head.
		(el´gin) (KEY), ancient sculptures taken from Athens to England in 1806 by Thomas Bruce, 7th earl of Elgin; other fragments exist in numerous European museums.
		The Parthenon frieze by Phidias, a caryatid, and a column from the Erechtheum were sold to the British government in 1816 and are now on view in the British Museum, in a gallery donated by Lord Duveen.
	www.athensguide.com /elginmarbles (159 words)

	Parthenon - MSN Encarta
		Parthenon, ancient Greek temple dedicated to the goddess Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin), on the Acropolis in Athens.
		The Parthenon was a large, rectangular marble temple with 17 columns along each of its sides and 8 columns on each end.
		The centerpiece of his plan was the rebuilding of the Acropolis; the Parthenon was the showpiece, the chief temple on the Acropolis.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563987/Parthenon.html (831 words)

	Elgin Marbles - ninemsn Encarta
		Elgin Marbles, collection of Greek marble sculptures taken from Athens to London in 1806 by the British diplomat Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin.
		One portion of the Elgin Marbles, from the decorative frieze above the Parthenon’s exterior columns, represents figures taking part in a procession held annually in honour of the mythical goddess Athena, protector of Athens and to whom the Parthenon was dedicated.
		As the only remaining hard evidence of Elgin’s agreement with the powers of the day is an Italian translation of the permit he received, the legality of the sculptures removal is uncertain and continues to be disputed.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572120/Elgin_Marbles.html (664 words)

	Elgin Marbles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Elgin Marbles, sometimes called the Parthenon Marbles, are a large collection of marble sculptures brought to Britain in 1806 by Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1803.
		Elgin's acquisitions also included objects from other buildings on the Athenian Acropolis: the Erechtheion, reduced to ruin during the Greek War of Independence (1821–33); the Propylaia, and the Temple of Athena Nike.
		The procession on the frieze culminates at the east end of the Parthenon in a depiction of the Greek gods who are seated mainly on stools, either side of temple servants in their midst.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elgin_Marbles (1472 words)

	Dr. J's Illustrated Parthenon Marbles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The traditional interpretation of the Parthenon frieze is that it is a re-enactment in stone of the Panathenaic Procession, the conclusion of which is the draping of a new peplos (garment) over the cult statue of Athena kept in the Erechtheum on the Acropolis.
		The Parthenon frieze plays out its tale across all four of its sides: preparations (west) and then a double-pronged procession (north and south) towards the all-important east side of the building (the entrance to the temple is here) where is carved the family of Olympian gods.
		Elgin served as the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Court and systematically removed sculpture, architectural fragments and inscriptions from the Athenian acropolis while Athens was under Turkish rule.
	people2.hsc.edu /drjclassics/lectures/ParthenonMarbles/marbles.shtm (1087 words)

	The importance of the Elgin Marbles Parthenon Frieze and its symbolism
		One enters the Parthenon beneath the Frieze upon which Zeus holds the future of mankind in his vote, to see the glorious statue of Athena inside, potent with the creation symbolism of the snake and standing upon a podium with a frieze depicting the birth of Pandora.
		The Parthenon Frieze therefore achieves pre-eminent status in the legendary history of mankind and in the biblical story from differing traditions, the similarity of which was the powder keg behind the original Renaissance scholars in Toledo.
		The symbolism of the Parthenon with the Athena statue on the Acropolis of Athens suggests that stories told by Plato were (1) common knowledge among the Athenian intelligensia (2) universally held to be true and (3) resulted in the building of the greatest temple ever built.
	www.hammerwood.mistral.co.uk /elgin.htm (5509 words)

	Did Elgin Cheat at Marbles? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Elgin told the committee that the original Ottoman document was given to Ottoman officials in Athens in 1801.
		Lord Elgin was in Constantinople at the time and had no idea that Hunt had secured permission from the Voivode in Athens to remove marbles from the Parthenon walls; nor did he know that metopes were lowered from the Parthenon in his name on July 31 or August 1.
		Elgin's glee in response to the news is captured in a letter he wrote to Lusieri dated October 8, 1801.
	www.cardozo.yu.edu /life/summer2000/elgin (2795 words)

	To Reunify the Parthenon (April 2005) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin
		The British Museum in London should return the Elgin Marbles to the Parthenon from which they were taken by a British ambassador 200 years ago, according to Anthony Snodgrass, chairman of the British Committee for the Restitution of the Parthenon Marbles.
		In a March Library lecture titled "The Parthenon Divided," Snodgrass presented a strong case in favor of returning the marbles to Greece, where they would be reunited with the remaining marbles of the Parthenon, one of the best-known monuments of the world.
		The Elgin Marbles include slabs from a horizontal frieze that ran in a band at the top of the outside of the inner building of the Parthenon and several metopes, square panels that ran horizontally at the top of the outer colonnade of the Parthenon.
	www.loc.gov /loc/lcib/0504/marble.html (1049 words)

	Dr. J's Illustrated Athenian Acropolis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Now as soon as we leave through the east portico, we are struck by the full magnificence of the Parthenon (pictured is my mother at the moment of her first viewing), minus the huge number of statues and smaller structures that would have positively cluttered the sacred rock in antiquity.
		The Parthenon as it has survived is much like the skeletal remains of a dinosaur - we can only glimpse the full magnificence of what it once was, and yet we are still awed by its shattered glory.
		Proof of entasis is that the Parthenon fails the "hat test": a hat left on one end of the stylobate cannot be seen from the other end if you crouch down and view it from ground level.
	people2.hsc.edu /drjclassics/sites/acropolis/parthenon.shtm (1242 words)

	Case Study
		Elgin's men took down the sculptures from the temple where they had been standing for some 2,250 years, destroying in the process the surrounding parts of the structure.
		Of the 97 surviving blocks of the Parthenon frieze, 56 are in the British Museum and 40 are in Athens.
		Considering the age of the Parthenon and increasing levels of air pollution in Athens, the condition of the Marbles is extraordinary.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/monument.htm (2734 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Parthenon
		Parthenon Temple to the goddess Athena erected (447–432 bc) by Pericles on the Acropolis in Athens.
		Elgin Marbles Group of sculptures from the Acropolis of Athens, including sculptures of the Parthenon.
		They were removed from the Parthenon in Athens and other buildings by Thomas Bruce, Lord Elgin (1766–1841), ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, and shipped to England between 1802 and 1811.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Parthenon (780 words)

	The Parthenon Marbles (or Elgin Marbles) Restoration to Athens, Greece - History of the Marbles
		Elgin had been engaged for some years building a grand country house, to be called Broomhall.
		To start with, Lord Elgin's aims were modest: As Britain's ambassador he used his considerable influence with the Sultan to be allowed to draw and make casts of the Parthenon sculptures.
		In the spring of 1802 Elgin came over to Athens himself, congratulated his team and oversaw personally the removal of the stunning horse's head from the chariot of the waning moon (Selene) in the east pediment.
	www.parthenonuk.com /history_of_the_marbles.php (3568 words)

	Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Furthermore, the sculptures left by Elgin have greatly deteriorated since the early 19th century and this destruction was noticed to have accelerated as early as the 1920s, with the immense growth of Athens, accompanied by industrial pollution and increasing motor traffic.
		Finally, the stability of the Parthenon itself and the condition of all its parts were greatly endangered by the restoration work carried out by Nikolaos Balanos in the 1920s and 1930s, especially through his use of iron bars that have now corroded and swollen, causing the marble to split and shatter.
		In reply to the attacks on Lord Elgin, it cannot be stressed too much that without Lord Elgin's intervention the sculptures of the Parthenon would be in a very sorry state and that the modern removal of the west pediment figures and the west frieze demonstrate this absolutely.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /gr/debate.html (5001 words)

	G. Wood: Lord Elgin's Nose
		Rather, it is Elgin's ill-health, specifically, a degenerative condition of the face concentrated in the nose, that appears to have determined the course of Lady Elgin's disaffection.
		Beyond inspiring a pathological interest in the defaced statues of the Parthenon, the loss of his nose is a misfortune continuous with Elgin's emasculation and the loss of his wife, the bankrupting of his estate, and the ruin of a once-promising political career.
		Elgin's salvaging his own emaciated image from the ruins of the Acropolis dramatizes for us a similar pathology wherein the structural contradiction of the imperial project, conceived by the select parliamentary committee on the marbles as a problem of Elgin's authority, of a power exercised without authority, is exposed like a skull beneath corrupted flesh:
	prometheus.cc.emory.edu /panels/5E/G.Wood.html (2302 words)

	Olympic Watch 2004
		That Elgin initially intended simply to abide by Harrison’s proposal is clear from the composition of the workforce dispatched to Athens in the summer of 1800 under the supervision of William Richard Hamilton, Elgin’s private secretary, and the Reverend Philip Hunt, a chaplain.
		The firman that Elgin sought was not unprecedented.
		Elgin’s courageous decision to place his reputation and the fate of his collection in the hands of the nation is beyond reproach.
	www.bib-arch.org /olympicwatch/bswbOWSubPage.asp?PubID=BSAO&Volume=1&Issue=2&ArticleID=8 (4995 words)

	The Elgin Marbles
		In 1801, Lord Elgin a British diplomat from Scotland, (hence the common phrasing of the Parthenon marbles, as the Elgin Marbles) obtained Turkish permission to remove the marbles from the Parthenon when he was ambassador to the Ottomon Empire, which Greece was then a part of.
		The 'Elgin' collection is composed of almost all the statutes of the pediments of the Parthenon, the largest metopes and most of the frieze slabs.
		Nevertheless, the case that has incurred the greatest publicity, and which has given rise to massive debate is the fate and future of the Elgin or Parthenon marbles, as the struggle for their identity and ownership continues.
	www.student.city.ac.uk /~ra829/elginmarbles.html (1473 words)

	TED Case Study Template -- Elgin Marbles
		The Parthenon was built after the Athenian government voted to use its surplus revenue to rebuild the temple of the warrior goddess Athena on highest point in the city, the Acropolis.
		Even if the marbles were never restored to the Parthenon, but rather displayed in the museum on the Acropolis, the location and the artifacts could resonate their meaning and history to visitors in a more powerful way than the marbles ca n currently in the British Museum.
		The Parthenon has come to symbolize the democratic ideals founded by the ancient Greeks, and is therefore a structure that is not only close to the heritage of a nation, but that of all democratic societies throughout the world.
	www.american.edu /TED/greekmarbles.htm (3575 words)

	Elgin Marbles: fact or fiction? \| comment \| EducationGuardian.co.uk
		The Parthenon was important to the Byzantine Greeks not because of its' past, but because it had been converted into their cathedral.
		In fact the Parthenon Elgin saw, was not as well preserved as the Parthenon visitors see in Athens today; the latter is a result of several reconstructions of the building by the Greek Archaeological Service.
		A conference on the condition of the Parthenon Marbles was held in December 1999; most agreed that the cleaning was harsh, but a method popular at the time, a method which the Greek Archaeological Service continued to use for several decades, and which the Italians still consider acceptable.
	education.guardian.co.uk /higher/comment/story/0,,1265267,00.html (2434 words)

	Tenth metope from the south façade of the Parthenon \| Musée du Louvre
		The Parthenon Temple was built to glorify Athens (led by the Athenian-born Pericles) and the goddess Athena, between 447 and 432 BC.
		The enormous Parthenon temple was built on the Acropolis at Athens during the Classical period, between 447 and 432 BC.
		The Parthenon, built to glorify Athens and the goddess Athena, was intended as a manifestation of Athenian superiority, particularly after the heavy defeat inflicted by the Persians in 480 BC.
	www.louvre.fr /llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT<>cnt_id=10134198673225850&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE<>cnt_id=10134198673225850&FOLDER<>folder_id=9852723696500785&bmUID=1139778084840&bmLocale=en (854 words)

	The Parthenon : History, Reconstruction, Technology and Interesting Facts (2/2)
		A British ambassador at Constantinople, Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin, removed one caryatid from the Erechtheion and approximately half of all surviving sculptures from the Parthenon, with the permission of the Sultan (who probably was not very intelligent!).
		Parthenon’s conversion to a Christian church had serious negative effects; many of the metopes on the west, east and north sides were chiseled off.
		The restoration (of the Parthenon), one of the greatest monuments of humanity, has been on for years and it is not yet close to completion.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Arts/Parthenon2.htm (1872 words)

	Elgin Marbles: fact or fiction? \| Arts special reports \| Guardian Unlimited
		The general consensus is that the Parthenon and its sculptures were designed by Pheidias, and funded by the city-state of Athens in the fifth century BC.
		In fact the Parthenon Elgin saw, was not as well preserved as the Parthenon visitors see in Athens today; the latter is a result of several reconstructions of the building by the Greek Archaeological Service.
		Elgin gave the Sultan and his circle lavish gifts, and the Sultan and his circle gave the Elgins and their embassy lavish gifts in return.
	www.guardian.co.uk /parthenon/article/0,,1265897,00.html (2435 words)

	rogueclassicism: Parthenon/Elgin Marbles
		Fragments of the Parthenon's elaborate pediment sculptures, which once sat inside the triangular roof spaces at both ends of the temple, will be placed at the east and west ends of the new gallery, arrayed just as they were 2,500 years ago.
		The Elgin marbles, which represent roughly 60 percent of the surviving sculpture that was originally on the Parthenon, will be represented by plaster casts made from the originals now in the British Museum.
		Elgin had sound reasons to believe he was acting in the best interests of the art.
	www.atrium-media.com /rogueclassicism/Posts/00006930.html (2007 words)

	__/ Hellenic Republic - Ministry of Foreign Affairs \__
		The Parthenon Marbles are among the most beautiful works of art to have emerged from ancient Greece, and are made up of sculptures and friezes which were originally a part of the Parthenon.
		What is vital is that the missing parts of the Parthenon should be returned to take their place under the brilliant Attic skies, where they were created nearly two and a half thousand years ago.
		The Parthenon Marbles were an integral part of this monument, and should be reintegrated with their original historical and cultural environment in Athens.
	old.mfa.gr /english/satelites/parthenon_marbles (1056 words)

	BBC - History - Lord Elgin - Saviour or Vandal?
		A marble sculpture of Dionysus from the Parthenon ©
		The pride of this collection was a large amount of fifth-century BC sculpture taken from the Parthenon, the temple to the goddess Athena, which stood on the Acropolis hill in the centre of the city.
		John Keats penned a sonnet to celebrate 'Seeing the Elgin Marbles' in the British Museum, and from Germany, JW Goethe hailed their acquisition as 'the beginning of a new age for Great Art'.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/ancient/greeks/parthenon_debate_01.shtml (300 words)

	The Greek government
		In his statement MacGregor said that the Parthenon Marbles were among a "select group of key objects which are indispensable to the museum's core function to tell the story of human civilisation, the sculptures cannot be lent to any museum, in Greece or elsewhere".
		Returning the Parthenon sculptures to Greece need not and should not create a precedent, leading to claims for the general restitution of cuItural property to the countries of origin and thus depleting the great museums of valuable exhibits.
		A discussion on the Parthenon Marbles on Monday 5 June was organised by the 'Culture, Media and Sport Committee' in the context of its inquiry on 'Cultural Property: Return and Illicit Trade' at the House of Commons.
	www.greece.org /parthenon/marbles/greece.htm (2248 words)

	Elginism » Restitution of the Elgin Marbles (Parthenon Marbles) to Athens, Greece
		Elginism » Restitution of the Elgin Marbles (Parthenon Marbles) to Athens, Greece
		According to Liapis, the transfer of the sculptures currently held in the old museum on the Acropolis citadel to the new Acropolis Museum created a new hopeful, prospect regarding the return of the sculptures now held by the British Museum in London, while stressing that this was “a lasting historic debt”.
		Preparations are now almost complete for the move of the Parthenon Sculptures from the existing Acropolis Museum to the New Acropolis Museum.
	www.elginism.com (1887 words)

	CNN.com - Elgin marbles fight intensifies - Nov. 12, 2002
		Greece is continuing its diplomatic efforts to see the Elgin Marbles in Athens in time for the 2004 Olympics -- despite a firm "no" from their British owner.
		Greek Culture Minister Evangelos Venizelos is in London on Tuesday to campaign for the return of the marbles, which once adorned the Parthenon.
		The British Museum acquired the marbles from Lord Elgin in 1811 and owns about half of the sculpture that once adorned the Parthenon.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/europe/11/12/elgin.marbles/index.html (444 words)

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