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	Elgin Marbles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Elgin Marbles is the popular term for the Parthenon Marbles, a large collection of marble sculptures brought to Britain between 1801 and 1805 by Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, the official British resident in Ottoman Athens, who had ordered them removed from the Parthenon.
		The Elgin Marbles include some of the statuary from the pediments, the Metope panels depicting battles between the Lapiths and the Centaurs, as well as the Parthenon Frieze which decorated the horizontal course set above the interior architrave of the temple.
		The procession on the frieze culminates at the East end of the Parthenon in a depiction of the Greek gods who are seated mainly on stools, either side of temple servants in their midst.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elgin_Marbles (1184 words)

	The Elgin Marbles
		Apart from mounting pressure for the marbles to be returned for the Olympics, appeals have grown stronger as a new Acropolis museum is being constructed at the foot of the Parthenon monument.
		In 1801, Lord Elgin a British diplomat from Scotland, (hence the common phrasing of the Parthenon marbles, as the Elgin Marbles) obtained Turkish permission to remove the marbles from the Parthenon when he was ambassador to the Ottomon Empire, which Greece was then a part of.
		Finally, the British arguments against returning the marbles are that they were legitimately, bought from the Turks on the basis of a legal document (the Sultans Firman) and that the Greeks were indifferent to the fate of their ancient treasures.
	www.student.city.ac.uk /~ra829/elginmarbles.html (1473 words)

	Dr. J's Illustrated Parthenon Marbles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The traditional interpretation of the Parthenon frieze is that it is a re-enactment in stone of the Panathenaic Procession, the conclusion of which is the draping of a new peplos (garment) over the cult statue of Athena kept in the Erechtheum on the Acropolis.
		The Parthenon frieze plays out its tale across all four of its sides: preparations (west) and then a double-pronged procession (north and south) towards the all-important east side of the building (the entrance to the temple is here) where is carved the family of Olympian gods.
		These fabulous marbles are presently housed in the British Museum in London because they were purchased in 1816 from the Earl of Elgin (aka Lord Elgin, and thus the common reference to these sculptures as the Elgin Marbles).
	lilt.ilstu.edu /drjclassics/lectures/ParthenonMarbles/marbles.shtm (1087 words)

	TED Case Study Template -- Elgin Marbles
		The Parthenon was built after the Athenian government voted to use its surplus revenue to rebuild the temple of the warrior goddess Athena on highest point in the city, the Acropolis.
		Even if the marbles were never restored to the Parthenon, but rather displayed in the museum on the Acropolis, the location and the artifacts could resonate their meaning and history to visitors in a more powerful way than the marbles ca n currently in the British Museum.
		The Parthenon has come to symbolize the democratic ideals founded by the ancient Greeks, and is therefore a structure that is not only close to the heritage of a nation, but that of all democratic societies throughout the world.
	www.american.edu /TED/greekmarbles.htm (3575 words)

	Parthenon 2004 - The Campaign to Return the Parthenon Marbles to Athens, Greece (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We should be concentrating on the future, and restoring the Marbles to their authentic setting.
		The primary objective of the campaign is to persuade the UK Government to make a commitment to enable the Parthenon Marbles (or "Elgin Marbles") to be displayed in Athens.
		The campaign is not specifically asking for the Marbles to be physically returned before the Olympics, though this would be excellent if it were possible.
	www.parthenon2004.com (271 words)

	The Parthenon Marbles
		In September of 1687 a Venetian shell that hit the Parthenon, which was being used by the Turks to store gunpowder, blew the building apart and shattered the remaining statues.
		The Parthenon Frieze went around the entire building and shows a procession which is said to be the Panathaneic Festival which takes place on the birthday of Athena the patron of the city of Athens.
		It has been suggested that the Parthenon frieze could be one of the most significant and profound documents of mankind.
	www.athensguide.com /elginmarbles/photos (501 words)

	What are the Parthenon Marbles? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		When the Parthenon was built between 447BC and 432BC, three sets of sculptures, the metopes, the frieze and the pediments, were created to adorn it.
		Of these, the metopes and the frieze were part of the structure of the Parthenon itself.
		They were not carved first and then put in place, high up on the Parthenon, but were carved on the sides of the Parthenon itself after it had been constructed.
	www.uk.digiserve.com /mentor/marbles/pmarb.htm (478 words)

	Parthenon Lost (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parthenon Lost is a one-act playlet of intelligence and revealing humour, which uses the form of Socratic Dialogue to illuminate the moral and philosophical questions raised by the Parthenon marbles.
		Parthenon Lost Premiere as a rehearsed reading on Sunday 9 May at the Oxford Union as part of the Oxford Greek Festival 2004.
		Parthenon Lost was most recently performed at the XVIth International Symposium of the Olympic Centre for Philosophy and Culture which took place at Pyrgos of Elia and Ancient Olympia, Greece 25-30 July.
	www.sandisproductions.com /parthenonlost.htm (530 words)

	INVgr / The Parthenon Marbles - Missing since 1801
		The primary objective of the British-based Parthenon 2004 campaign is to persuade the UK government to make a commitment to enable the Parthenon Marbles to be displayed in Athens.
		The denuding of the Parthenon by Lord Elgin at the beginning of the 19th century has led to the association of his name with the mutilation of cultural treasures -- the so-called "Elgin Marbles," better know as Parthenon Marbles.
		The Cypriot Committee for the Restitution of the Parthenon Marbles
	www.invgr.com /elginism.htm (838 words)

	Feature Articles
		Furthermore, it was equally fitting that during the convention an International Conference on the Parthenon Marbles was presented by AHEPA and the Committee on the Parthenon because the Parthenon stands for unity and successful resistance to an aggressor.
		The Parthenon Marbles are the sections of the Parthenon temple, frieze and sculptures removed by Lord Elgin (then British emissary to the occupying Ottoman Empire) from the Parthenon Temple in Athens to London in 1801-1816, under circumstances of debatable legality.
		The culmination of the discussion on the Reunification of the Parthenon Marbles was the presentation by Professor Dimitrios Pandermalis, the University of Thessaloniki and President, The Organization for the Construction of the new Acropolis Museum.
	www.helleniccomserve.com /reunification.html (1597 words)

	Post Political Times » Parthenon Marbles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		I have been involved in campaigning for the Parthenon Marbles to be displayed in Athens for some time as chair of the Parthenon 2004 group.
		On the other hand is the argument that the Parthenon sculptures are so attached to place that they must be viewed in a contextual museum, united, and in view of their original home.
		In the Parthenon marble case, Lord Elgin claimed to have been given writen authority by the Turkish oppressors to remove the work from the Parthenon.
	www.richardallan.org.uk /index.php?p=179 (1179 words)

	Case Study
		When the marbles from the Parthenon arrived in England, they were the subject of commercial bargaining between Lord Elgin and the British government.
		Of the 97 surviving blocks of the Parthenon frieze, 56 are in the British Museum and 40 are in Athens.
		Considering the age of the Parthenon and increasing levels of air pollution in Athens, the condition of the Marbles is extraordinary.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/monument.htm (2734 words)

	Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		After the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974, the Parthenon Sculptures began to take on a new role as a symbol of the revived democracy and from 1982 this was championed by the late Melina Mercouri as Greek Minister of Culture.
		Finally, the stability of the Parthenon itself and the condition of all its parts were greatly endangered by the restoration work carried out by Nikolaos Balanos in the 1920s and 1930s, especially through his use of iron bars that have now corroded and swollen, causing the marble to split and shatter.
		What should be stressed is that the acquisition of the Parthenon sculptures in 1816 helped to promote the surge of philhellenism in Britain that led to the involvement of the European powers in the freeing of Greece and the ultimate creation in 1833 of the modern Greek state.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /gr/debate.html (5001 words)

	EducationGuardian.co.uk \| comment \| Elgin Marbles: fact or fiction?
		The general consensus is that the Parthenon and its sculptures were designed by Pheidias, and funded by the city-state of Athens in the fifth century BC.
		The Parthenon was important to the Byzantine Greeks not because of its' past, but because it had been converted into their cathedral.
		A conference on the condition of the Parthenon Marbles was held in December 1999; most agreed that the cleaning was harsh, but a method popular at the time, a method which the Greek Archaeological Service continued to use for several decades, and which the Italians still consider acceptable.
	education.guardian.co.uk /higher/comment/story/0,,1265267,00.html (2426 words)

	Elgin Marbles
		It should be noted that Lord Elgin was neither to first, nor the last, to disperse elements of the marbles from their original location.
		When the marbles were shipped back to Britain, there was criticism of Elgin (who had spent a fortune on the project) but also much admiration of the sculptures.
		No one is at present recommending that they be returned to their places on the Parthenon, exposed to the elements.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/e/el/elgin_marbles.html (874 words)

	Parthenon Marbles
		The marble friezes were removed from the Acropolis two centuries ago by the then British ambassador and are now housed in the British Museum in London.
		In 2001, the Greek Culture Minister Evangelos Venizelos made a plea to the UK to allow the marbles to travel to Greece in time for the Olympics, 108 years after the first modern games were held there.
		"The Parthenon without the marbles is devalued and the marbles are devalued by not being in their rightful place," said Liberal Democrat MP Richard Allen, a former archaeologist.
	www.omogenia.com /news/stars_campaign_to_return_parthen.htm (253 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Arts news \| Virtual intervention in battle over Parthenon marbles
		But with half of the marbles still in Greece, and with a museum being built to house them at the foot of the Acropolis, campaigners for their return said that they found the British Museum's attitude "insulting".
		Richard Allan, the Liberal Democrat MP leading the Parthenon 2004 campaign for their return in time for the Athens Olympics, said the museum had lost all justification for retaining the sculptures, which were torn from the Acropolis by Lord Elgin in 1802.
		Yesterday, an exhibition run by the British Committee for the Restitution of the Parthenon Marbles at the Institute for Contemporary Arts in London showed that, by sharing vital segments, the jigsaw of how the 500BC friezes fitted together could be recreated for the first time in centuries.
	www.guardian.co.uk /arts/news/story/0,11711,1057493,00.html (596 words)

	Parthenon on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1687, in the Venetian attack on Athens, it was used as a powder magazine by the Turks and the entire center portion was destroyed by an explosion.
		The beauty of the Parthenon began to be appreciated in the 18th cent., and in 1762 measured drawings by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett gave strong impetus to the classic revival.
		Section of the Elgin marbles in the Parthenon Galleries of the British Museum.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/Parthnon.asp (871 words)

	e-stet.net :: Parthenon's marbles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The best preseved of the Parthenon's marbles can today be seen in the British Museum in London.
		The sculptures, which became known as the Elgin Marbles, have been on display in the...
		Theseus myth, is often called the Parthenon's sister temple; it was completed in...
	www.e-stet.net /marbles.html (352 words)

	The British Museum: Department of Greek & Roman Antiquities - Room 18 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Here, and in two adjacent slip-rooms, the sculptures from the Parthenon are exhibited, along with other relevant material.
		The temple of Athena Parthenos (the maiden), known as the Parthenon, was built on the Akropolis in Athens probably between 447 and 438 BC, though the sculptures were perhaps not finished until about 432BC.
		The magnificent relief frieze showing the Panathenaic procession decorated the outside of the cella or main room of the temple at a high level, and therefore originally had to be viewed through the colonnade.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /gr/g18/g18.html (235 words)

	Contemporary Review: The Parthenon Marbles — Past And Future
		I first saw the Parthenon in 1954 from the deck of an elderly liner named the Nea Hellas as she approached the dock at Piraeus.
		Less than two decades after the Parthenon was begun, Athens and her empire were plunged into a life-and-death struggle with her rival, Sparta and her allies, and when it was over, Athens had lost her empire, her navy and much of her prestige.
		If all had gone smoothly, the Parthenon Marbles', as the Greeks call them, would not be in the British Museum but in the Louvre, which does, in fact, have a small collection including a slab of the Parthenon frieze.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1629_279/ai_80194454 (1467 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Elgin marbles campaign launches
		Mr Cook has called the removal of the marbles a "dishonourable act of vandalism" but says the history of their move to Britain is not the key issue.
		The Parthenon marbles needed to be reunited and that could only happen by returning those in London to Greece, he argued.
		And the marbles would be well-protected in the new museum being built in Athens.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/uk/3394951.stm (554 words)

	Elgin Marbles -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The objects were removed from the Parthenon at Athens and from other ancient buildings and shipped to England by arrangement of Thomas Bruce, 7th Lord Elgin, who was British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire between 1799 and 1803.
		The objects were removed from the Parthenon at Athens and from other ancient buildings and shipped to England by arrangement of Thomas Bruce, 7th Lord Elgin, who was British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire (1799–1803).
		This northern Italian town is famous for the brilliant white marble that is mined from its quarries.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9322335 (830 words)

	COMMENTARY / Parthenon Marbles deserve repatriation
		Elgin got to purchase and export the Parthenon sculptures only because he was ambassador to Turkey, which ruled Greece at the turn of the 19th century.
		Pericles, who commissioned the Parthenon as a temple to the city's patron deity Athena, supposedly said of it, "All the Old World's culture culminated in Greece, all Greece in Athens, all Athens in its Acropolis, all the Acropolis in the Parthenon."
		No doubt the return of the Parthenon Marbles would touch off a flurry of new demands for repatriating ill-gotten cultural treasures.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/08/20/DDGT58AARG1.DTL&type=printable (574 words)

	Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County-The Parthenon
		Originally built for Tennessee's 1897 Centennial Exposition, this replica of the original Parthenon in Athens serves as a monument to what is considered the pinnacle of classical architecture.
		The plaster replicas of the Parthenon Marbles found in the Naos are direct casts of the original sculptures which adorned the pediments of the Athenian Parthenon, dating back to 438 B.C. The originals of these powerful fragments are housed in the British Museum in London.
		The focus of the Parthenon's permanent collection is a group of 63 paintings by 19th and 20th century American artists donated by James M. Cowan.
	www.nashville.gov /parthenon (248 words)

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