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Topic: Parthenopaean Republic

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	CONK! Encyclopedia: Parthenopaean_Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The flag of the Parthenopaen Republic was the French tricolor, with the a yellow stripe in the place of the white one
		The Parthenopaean Republic (Italian: Repubblica Napolitana) formed a brief interlude in the history of the Kingdom of Naples, the result of activities of France in the aftermath of Jacobinism to "export revolution ".
		On 23 January 1799 the Parthenopaean Republic was proclaimed.
	conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Parthenopaean_Republic (819 words)

	Parthenopaean Republic -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Parthenopaean Republic (Italian: Repubblica Napolitana) formed a brief interlude in the history of the (Click link for more info and facts about Kingdom of Naples) Kingdom of Naples, the result of activities of (A republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe) France in the aftermath of Jacobinism to "export revolution ".
		Nelson himself arrived in (A port and tourist center in southwestern Italy; capital of the Campania region) Naples in September 1798, where he was enthusiastically received.
		scientist Cirillo, Manthonè, the minister of war under the republic, Massa, the defender of Castel dell’ Uovo, and Ettore Caraffa, the defender of Pescara, who had been captured by treachery, while thousands of others were immured in horrible dungeons or exiled.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/parthenopaean_republic.htm (875 words)

	French Directory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1797 Bonaparte finished the conquest of northern Italy and forced Austria to make the treaty of Campo Formio (October), whereby the emperor ceded Lombardy and the Austrian Netherlands to the French Republic in exchange for Venice and undertook to urge upon the Diet the surrender of the lands beyond the Rhine.
		Notwithstanding the victory of Cape St Vincent, the United Kingdom was brought into such extreme peril by the mutinies in the fleet that she offered to acknowledge the French conquest of the Netherlands and to restore the French colonies.
		The puppet republics established by the French in Italy collapsed, and Suvorov defeated the French army on the as it retreated from Naples.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/French_Directory (3457 words)

	FERDINAND IV. - LoveToKnow Article on FERDINAND IV. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He marched with his army against the French and entered Rome (29th of November), but on the defeat of some of his columns he hurried back to Naples, and on the approach of the French, fled on board Nelsons ship the Vanguard to Sicily, leaving his capital in a state of anarchy.
		The French entered the city in spite of the fierce resistance of the lazzaroni, who were devoted to the king, and with the aid of the nobles and bourgeois established the Parthenopaean Republic (January 1799).
		Ruffo was completely successful, and reached Naples in May. His army and the lazzaroni committed nameless atrocities, which he honestly tried to prevent, and the Parthenopaean Republic collapsed.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FE/FERDINAND_IV_.htm (1297 words)

	Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		On January 23, 1799, the Kingdom of Naples was declared to be abolished and replaced by the Parthenopaean Republic which only lasted until June 13, 1799.
		When a few weeks later the French troops were recalled to the north of Italy, Ferdinand sent an expedition composed of Calabrians, brigands and gaol-birds, under Cardinal Ruffo, a man of real ability, great devotion to the king, and by no means so bad as he has been painted, to reconquer the mainland kingdom.
		The king, and above all the queen, were particularly anxious that no mercy should be shown to the rebels, and Maria Carolina made use of Lady Hamilton, Nelson's mistress, to induce the latter to carry out her own spiteful vengeance.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies (1876 words)

	Marie Caroline of Austria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They proclaimed the Parthenopaean Republic and ended the Kingdom of Naples.
		However, a few months later, an army under Cardinal Ruffo and destroyed the republic.
		The queen wanted to show no mercy to the rebels, and used Lady Hamilton, the mistress of the Lord Nelson, to persuade the latter to carry out her revenge.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marie_Caroline_of_Austria (527 words)

	Taranto -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Taranto is a coastal city in (A region in southeastern Italy on the Adriatic) Apulia, southern (A republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD) Italy.
		It is the capital of Province of Taranto and is an important military and commercial port.
		His ultimate goal was to conquer (Landlocked republic on the Balkan Peninsula; achieved independence from Yugoslavia in 1991) Macedonia, but did not have enough money to recruit soldiers.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/T/Ta/Taranto.htm (5001 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Historical states of Italy
		Bishoprics of Trento and Brixen (House of Austria)
		Ligurian Republic (1796 - 1805), annexed to France
		Republic of Alba (1796 - 1801), annexed to France
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Historical_states_of_Italy (314 words)

	French Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The III of Savoy"> king of Sardinia made peace in May 1796, ceding Nice and Savoy to the French Republic and consenting to receive French garrisons in his Piedmontese fortresses.
		Coveting the treasures of Bern, the Directors sent Brune to invade Switzerland and remodel its constitution; in revenge for the murder of General Duphot[?] (28 December 1797), they sent Berthier[?] to invade the Papal States and erect the Roman Republic; they occupied and virtually annexed Piedmont.
		The republics established by the French in Italy were overthrown, and the French army retreating from Naples was defeated by Suvorov on the Trebbia[?].
	www.city-search.org /fr/french-directory.html (3665 words)

	January 18, Every-Day Book
		He had accompanied the court to Sicily; but when the revolutionary government, or Parthenopæan republic, as it was called, issued an edict, ordering all absent Neapolitans to return, on pain of confiscation of their property, he solicited and obtained permission of the king to return, his estates being very great.
		It is said that the king, when he granted him this permission, warned him not to take any part in politics; expressing, at the same time, his own persuasion that he should recover his kingdom.
		The sailors reported that he was forced to act thus: and this was believed, till it was seen that he directed ably the offensive operations of the revolutionists, and did not avail himself of opportunities for escaping when they offered.
	www.uab.edu /english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/018-january18.html (2968 words)

	Taranto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 38 BC Mark Antony, Octavianus and Lepidus signed the Treaty of Tarentum, extending the second triumvirate until 33 BC.
		During the late Republic and all the Roman Empire, Taranto was a simple provincial city (Prefecture of Italy, Diocese of Italia suburbicaria, province).
		Emperor Trajan tried to counter the reduction of the population giving the Tarantine lands to his veterans, but this initiative failed.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Taranto (4259 words)

	Footnotes; Edmund Burke, Select Works of Edmund Burke, Vol. 3, Payne's Notes to Letters on a Regicide Peace: Library of ...
		The Ligurian republic was constituted in the next year, and the French policy thus completed.
		The establishment of the Parthenopaean Republic confirmed Burke's augury.
		The alarm of invasion naturally began to be felt as England was gradually deserted by the Allies, as a consequence of the great development of France, and her bitterness against England.
	www.econlib.org /library/LFBooks/Burke/brkSWNotes7.html (9195 words)

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