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	Parthia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Parthian relief from the eastern stairs of the Apadana at Persepolis.
		The Parthians were a member of the Parni tribe (a name whose relation to the word Parthian is much debated, or according to Armenian sources, of White Hun origins), a nomadic people who are thought to have spoken an Iranian language, and who arrived at the Iranian plateau from Central Asia.
		By 129 BCE the Parthians were in control of all the lands right to the Tigris River, and established their winter encampment at Ctesiphon on the banks of the Tigris downstream from modern Baghdad.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parthian (2934 words)

	Parthians, A History Of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The end of the Parthian kingdom was near, and the advent of the Sasanians brought a new phase in the history of Mesopotamia.
		Parthian Zoroastrianism reinforced local Zoroastrian communities in Mesopotamia left from the time of the Achaemenians, and one of the Gnostic baptismal religions, Mandaeanism, which is still in existence, had its beginning at this time.
		Another new feature of Parthian art is the frequent portrayal of the "flying gallop" in sculpture and painting, not unexpected in view of the importance of cavalry and mounted archers in the Parthian armies.
	history-world.org /parthians.htm (3958 words)

	Parthia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The Parthians were a member of the Parni tribe (a name whose relation to the word Parthian is much debated, or according to Armenian sources, of White Hun origins), nomadic Persians who are thought to have spoken an Iranian language, and who arrived at the Iranian plateau from Central Asia.
		Little is known of the Parthians; they had no literature of their own and consequently their written history consists of biased descriptions of conflicts with Romans, Greeks, Jews and — at the far end of the Silk Road — the Chinese empire.
		This was a very apt title, as the Parthian monarch was the ruler of his own empire plus some eighteen vassal kings, such as the rulers of the city state Hatra, the port of Characene and the ancient kingdom of Armenia.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/P/Parthia.htm (2851 words)

	The Parthian period (
		The coming of the Parthians changed Mesopotamia even less than the establishment of the Seleucid kingdom had, for as early as the middle of the 2nd century BC local dynasts had proclaimed their independence.
		Parthian rule was not firm over all Mesopotamia; thus, for example, during the reign of Artabanus III (AD 12-38) the Jewish brigands Asinaeus and Anilaeus set up a free state north of Ctesiphon that lasted 15 years before it was overcome by the Parthians.
		Parthian rule brought little change in the administration and institutions of Mesopotamia as it had existed under the Seleucids, except for a general weakening of central authority under the feudal Parthians.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/parthian.html (2485 words)

	Parthian Coins
		Parthian kings sat at the top of an extensive feudal system that allowed considerable freedom to sub-kings and satraps as well as to 'foreign' people who lived in their domains.
		Parthians were known for being men of their word and their coins continued to be issued with fair weight of good silver long after Roman silver coins were being debased.
		Parthian drachms are usually off center to the bottom and rarely found showing all of the design on the die.
	dougsmith.ancients.info /parthar.html (1342 words)

	parthians.html
		The Parthian Empire existed in the period of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire.
		Parthian rule began in time of the Seleucids in eastern Iran; they took over and continued the imperial and cultural traditions of the Achaemenids.
		The last century of Parthian rule tended to favor native as opposed to foreign beliefs and traditions —a reaction to the almost constant warfare with the Romans on their western flank and the Greeks and Bactrians on their eastern flank, as well as the religious inroads being made by Christian and Buddhist missionaries.
	www.loyno.edu /~seduffy/parthians.html (833 words)

	Visual Arts: The Art of Parthians
		Instead the Parthians built opposite her on the left bank of the Tigris a large military camp which was later called Ctesiphon and became the residence of the Parthian court.
		Lack of a strong central power prevented the Parthian empire from achieving a position of enduring strength in relation to Rome, although wars of greater of less importance were carried on between the two powers until the end of Parthian rule in 244 CE, after which the Sasanians inherited the hostility toward the Roman West.
		The Parthian palace at Ashur could be reconstructed and may be discussed in some detail because its façade without doubt influenced that of the later Sasanian palace of Ctesiphon, perhaps indirectly through an earlier Parthian structure which may have been erected at that site.
	www.iranchamber.com /art/articles/art_of_parthians.php (3429 words)

	Parthia (2): the empire
		The Parthian monarch was the ruler of his own empire plus some eighteen vassal kings, such as the rulers of the city state Hatra, the port Characene and the ancient kingdom Armenia.
		One of the Parthian leaders was named Gondophares, king of Taxila (pictures); according to an old and wide-spread Christian tradition, he was baptized by the apostle Thomas.
		After 110, the Parthian king Vologases III was forced to dethrone an Armenian leader, and the Roman emperor Trajan -a former general- decided to invade Parthia.
	www.livius.org /pan-paz/parthia/parthia02.html (1920 words)

	IRANIAN HISTORY: PARTHIANS: Dynasty of Arsacid Empire - (CAIS at SOAS) ©
		It is likely that the term Parthians was applied to the Parni during this period after their occupation of the satrapy of Parthava and subsequently, no doubt, they came to use the designation themselves.
		One must also not view Parthian history solely in terms of the struggles against the Seleucids and the Romans, for the Parthian empire was not only aligned against the West, but also occupied a position between the Greco-Roman world to the west and that of Central Asia to the east.
		Parthian society from the third century B.C. to the third century A.D. As a result of archeological research, particularly the work carried out by the Russians in Turkmenistan and Chorasmia, it must now be accepted that political entities of some considerable size existed in Parthia and Margiane, i.e.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/ashkanian/arsacid_dynasty.htm (7142 words)

	Fabricius Flavius/Parthia
		According to tradition, the first ruler of the Parthians and founder of the Parthian empire was Arsaces I,who had been a governor under Diodotus, king of the Bactrian Greeks, and who revolted and fled westward to establish his own kingdom.
		The Parthians fought on the side of the Achaemenids against Alexander at Arbela and Darius' satrap of Parthia, Phrataphernes, surrendered to Alexander in Hyrcania.
		During the second century B.C., the Parthians were able to extend their rule to Bactria, Babylonia, Susiana, and Media, and under Mithradates II (123-88 B.C.), Parthian conquests stretched from Armenia to India.
	magellannarfe.com /Parthia (1574 words)

	Parthians (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) :: Bible Tools
		The Parthians are not mentioned in the Old Testament, but are frequently in Josephus, and they had an important connection with the history of the Jews, on account of the large colonies of the latter in Mesopotamia, and the interference of the Parthians in the affairs of Judea, once making it a vassal state.
		The origin of the Parthians is rather uncertain, though the prevailing opinion is that they were of Scythic stock or of the great Tartar race.
		The Parthians were not a cultured people, but displayed a rude magnificence, making use, to some extent, of remains of Greek culture which they found within the regions they seized from the empire of Alexander.
	bibletools.org /index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/ISBE/ID/6706 (1646 words)

	Iransaga - Persian Art, The Parthians
		In 250 BC a new Iranian people, the Parthians, proclaimed their independence from the Seleucids, and went on to re-establish an Oriental Empire which extended to the Euphrates.
		Unfortunately, practically nothing that the Parthians may have written has survived, apart from some inscriptions on coins and accounts from Greek and Latin authors; however these accounts were far from objective.
		Parthian coins are helpful in establishing the succession of kings, they referred to themselves on these coins as "Hellenophiles", but this was only true in that they were anti Roman.
	www.artarena.force9.co.uk /part1.htm (444 words)

	Parthia biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The Parthians were an illiterate nomadic people, thought to have spoken an Indo-Iranian languages, who arrived at the Iranian plateau from Central Asia.
		Later, at the height of their power, Parthian influences reached as far as Ubar in Arabia, the nexus of the frankincense route, where Parthian-inspired ceramics have been found.
		It was not until the second century BC that the Parthians profited from the increasing Seleucid weakness and gradually captured all of their territories east of Syria.
	parthians.biography.ms (704 words)

	Parthian Empire - History and Coins of Ancient Parthia
		The Parthian Empire is a fascinating period of Persian history closely connected to Greece and Rome.
		The Parthian empire revived the greatness of the Achaemenid empire and counterbalanced Rome's hegemony in the West.
		Because limited written historical sources have survived, much of what we know about the Parthians and their sub-kingdoms of Characene, Elymais and Persis must be deduced from coins.
	www.parthia.com (311 words)

	Parthians (250 BC - 225 AD) - DBA 51
		Parthian defeat often came when the ratio of cataphracts to horse archers was too high or when the charge came before the enemy was sufficiently disordered.
		Dan Hazelwood on Parthian Tactics: First it is suggested that "some enemies, such as those heavy in Bd (unless and until Kn are given a quick-kill against them) or El, a strategy of delaying the enemy while a group of LH swarms the enemy camp may be a consideration." I disagree.
		Parthian cataphracts wore iron or bronze armour from head to foot and their horses were covered all around by scale armour of iron, bronze or leather.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/dba51.html (1361 words)

	Parthian empire
		The Parphians, however, were troubled by nomad attacks on their northeastern borders, as well as attacks by the Scythians.
		The confusion came to an end about 76/75 BC, when the octogenarian king Sanatruces was set on the Parthian throne by the central Asian tribe of the Sacaraucae.Yet it was not untill Sanatruces son and successor, Phraates III (r.70-58 BC), that the empire was again in a fairly settled state.
		Parthian language is a Middle Iranian language originated in Parthia (mainly the northeastern corner of modern,Iran and central-western south of Turkmenistan),and became the oficial language of Arsacid period.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/5246/Parthia.html (105 words)

	Battle Reports February 2004
		With both Parthian heavy brigades on hold in the centre the battle was to open with the HA brigades forward to their left and right.
		Fortunately the Parthian commander saw what was happening, and ordered their retirement: leaving only one hapless shaken base in the path of the Sassanians (the command point rolls were 6 for the Parthian chief, and 5 and 3 for the Leaders).
		However the Parthians had their sole camel base in the line, and the disorder it caused and the impetus of the charge (better dice for a change) caused the Parthians to win every melee but one, drawn.
	www.visbellica.com /BatRep/battle_reports_february_2004.htm (3909 words)

	Histroy of Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		In reality the Parthians sought to establish themselves as the direct heirs of the Achaemenian Empire, and Mithridates II (123-87 B.C.) was the first Parthian ruler to use the old Achaemenian title "King of Kings" on his coins.
		The Parthians however, made it the rule for most figures, and from them it passed into Byzantine art.
		Iran was unfamiliar with stucco decoration before the Parthians, among whom it was in vogue for interior decoration together with mural painting.
	www.farhangsara.com /history_parthian.htm (594 words)

	Knowledge Base: Parthians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The Parthians are nomadic people who conquered and settled in the area near the Caspian Sea in the 4th Century BC as part of the Dahae confederation.
		The Parthians have the potential to be a great power - perhaps a great Empire - as they sit close to or astride the main trade routes of the Mediterranean.
		In conclusion, the Parthians are a very interesting faction to play with, with an interesting mix of cavalry units and tactics that can adapt and beat many opposing armies if used correctly.
	www.twcenter.net /articles/link.php?id=48 (3753 words)

	The Splendor of Persia IV
		Worse still, the Parthian King saw that the baggage-waggons were left behind and attacked the baggage trains, taking prisoners, killing 10,000 men and breaking up all the engines which were being brought across the desert.
		From the walls of Phraata the Parthians taunted the Romans with their failure; and one by one the allies of the Romans slipped away.
		He marched his troops as though they were on parade, while the Parthians, who had gradually formed into a semicircle, watched in silence as the Romans advanced in long disciplined columns, rank after rank passing at exactly equal distances, every foot soldier holding his pike in exactly the same way, every officer stern and expressionless.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/5646/splendor4.html (2696 words)

	Parthians (250 BC - 225 AD) - DBA II/37 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The Parthians were able to breakaway again in 189 BCE after the Roman defeat of Antiochus III in 189 BCE.
		Parthian horse archers were minor nobles and slave soldiers who were mounted on unarmored horses and armed primarily with bow.
		Missing from the DBA list are the cataphract camels used by Parthians after 216 AD and the Indian levies and elephants found in the armies of the Suren Indo-Parthian.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/II37 (1510 words)

	Rome Unleashed - The Parthian Wars
		This conquest gave the Parthians a distinct advantage in the ongoing struggle between themselves and the Romans.
		Trajan took control of Mesopotamis from the Parthians in 114 A.D. He then lost control, but fifty years later, the Romans (under Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, then ruling jointly) invaded again, sacking Ctesiphon (the Parthian capital of Mesoptamia).
		The Parthians supported Pescennius Niger, who was the sworn enemy of Septimius Severus.
	www.classicsunveiled.com /romeh/html/parthianwars.html (225 words)

	[No title]
		Origin and growth of the power of the Parthians, I.-Their manners, mode of fighting, and religion, II., III.-Their history to the death of Alexander the Great, IV.-Nature of their country; reign of Arsaces, his successors, v.-State of the Bactrians under Eucratides: victories of the Parthians.
		THE Parthians in whose hands the empire of the east now is, having divided the world, as it were, with the Romans, were originally exiles from Scythia.
		The third king of the Parthians was Priapatius; but he was also called Arsaces, for, as has just been observed, they distinguished all their kings by that name, as the Romans use the titles of Caesar and Augustus.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Parthian.html (2690 words)

	The Parthian Empire (Arsacid Dynasty) of Iran
		The Parthian empire revived the greatness of the Achaemenid empire and counter balanced Rome's hegemony in the West.
		The Parthians were a subgroup of the nomadic steppe culture known to us as the Scythians.
		Under Arsaces I and most of Arsaces II's reign the Parthians managed to maintain their independence, as demonstrated by the existence of coins for these kings, despite repeated attempts by their neighbors, particularly the Seleucid monarchs who had once ruled the area, to conquer them...
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /Parthia.html (183 words)

	Persia: Parthians and Hellenes: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Parthian Empire in Persia : The Parthians NB: all Parthian and Sassanian regnal dates and names need to be reconfigured- Lord Odinmank sibi
		The Suren, a noble Parthian family, reconquered the eastern provinces from the Sakae, and subsequently conquered various Bactrian and Indian territories.
		A force was dispatched and Pacorus I, allied with Quintus Labienus, invaded Judaea, captured Hyrcanus and placed his nephew, Antigonus, on throne of Judaea.
	www.juyayay.com /outline/persia/politics01.html (1252 words)

	Iran Alexander the Great, the Seleucids, and the Parthians - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural ...
		Arsaces (of the seminomadic Parni tribe), whose name was used by all subsequent Parthian kings, revolted against the Seleucid governor in 247 B.C. and established a dynasty, the Arsacids, or Parthians.
		During the second century, the Parthians were able to extend their rule to Bactria, Babylonia, Susiana, and Media, and, under Mithradates II (123-87 B.C.), Parthian conquests stretched from India to Armenia.
		In A.D. 224 he overthrew the last Parthian king and established the Sassanid dynasty, which was to last 400 years.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/iran/iran_history_alexander_the_great_the_seleucids_and_the_parthians.html (454 words)

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