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Topic: Parthian Kingdom

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	Parthia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Parthians were a member of the Parni tribe (a name whose relation to the word Parthian is much debated, or according to Armenian sources, of White Hun origins), nomadic Persians who are thought to have spoken an Iranian language, and who arrived at the Iranian plateau from Central Asia.
		By 129 BCE the Parthians were in control of all the lands right to the Tigris River, and established their winter encampment at Ctesiphon on the banks of the Tigris downstream from modern Baghdad.
		The Parthians were apparently very intent on maintaining good relations with China and also sent their own embassies, starting around 110 BC: "When the Han envoy first visited the kingdom of Anxi (Parthia), the king of Anxi dispatched a party of 20,000 horsemen to meet them on the eastern border of the kingdom...
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Parthian (2929 words)

	Parthia - Wikipedia
		The Parthian empire occupied all of modern Iran, Iraq and Armenia, parts of Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and, for brief periods, territories in Pakistan and Syria.
		Little is known of the Parthians; they had no literature of their own and consequently their written history consists of biased descriptions of conflicts with Romans, Greeks, Jews and — at the far end of the Silk Road — the Chinese empire.
		This was a very apt title, as the Parthian monarch was the ruler of his own empire plus some eighteen vassal kings, such as the rulers of the city state Hatra, the port of Characene and the ancient kingdom of Armenia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parthia (2953 words)

	Parthians, A History Of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Parthian rule was not firm over all Mesopotamia; thus, for example, during the reign of Artabanus III (AD 12-38) the Jewish brigands Asinaeus and Anilaeus set up a free state north of Ctesiphon that lasted 15 years before it was overcome by the Parthians.
		The end of the Parthian kingdom was near, and the advent of the Sasanians brought a new phase in the history of Mesopotamia.
		Another new feature of Parthian art is the frequent portrayal of the "flying gallop" in sculpture and painting, not unexpected in view of the importance of cavalry and mounted archers in the Parthian armies.
	history-world.org /parthians.htm (3958 words)

	India Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was established during the 1st century CE, by a Parthian leader named Gondophares, in an area covering today's Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India.
		The Parthians ended up controlling all of Bactria and extensive territories in Northern India, after fighting many local rulers such as the Kushan Empire ruler Kujula Kadphises,in the Gandhara region.
		The northern Indian part of the kingdom was retaken by the Kushans around 75.
	www.indiaencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Indo-parthian (190 words)

	Parthia
		The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BC and AD The Parthians were an illiterate nomadic people, thought to have spoken an Indo-Iranian languages, who arrived at the Iranian plateau from Central Asia.
		It was not until the second century BC that the Parthians profited from the increasing Seleucid weakness and gradually captured all of their territories east of Syria.
		Once the Parthians had captured Herat, the movement of trade along the Silk Road to China was effectively choked off, and the post-Alexandrian Hellenistic kingdom in Bactria was doomed.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/parthia.html (656 words)

	The Parthian period ( (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The coming of the Parthians changed Mesopotamia even less than the establishment of the Seleucid kingdom had, for as early as the middle of the 2nd century BC local dynasts had proclaimed their independence.
		Hellenism continued to flourish, for many Parthian kings had the epithet "Philhellene" placed on their coins, but during the last two centuries of Parthian rule Greek influences declined in favour of Iranian ones, while central authority suffered from the usurpations of powerful nobles and local kings.
		Conflict between two claimants to the Parthian throne, Vologeses IV or V and Artabanus V, gave the Roman emperor Caracalla an excuse to invade Adiabene, but in 217 he was assassinated on the road from Edessa to Carrhae(Harran), and the Romans made peace.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/parthian.html (2485 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia
		The Parthian Dynasty (250 B.C.-A.D. The Sassanian Dynasty (A.D. The Mohammedan period (A.D. 651 to the present).
		Numbers of Parthian coins are still found in northern Persia and have been of great value to the historian who, thousands of years later, has tried to put together the disjointed history of this dynasty.
		Early ecclesiastical traditions, furthermore, both foreign and local, tenaciously maintain that Peter and Thomas preached the Gospel to the Parthians; that Thaddæus, Bartholomew, and Addeus, of the Seventy, evangelized the races of Mesopotamia and Persia, and that Mari, a noble Persian convert, succeeded Addai (Addeus) in the government of the Persian Christian communities.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11712a.htm (14934 words)

	Parthians (250 BC - 225 AD) - DBA 51
		Parthian defeat often came when the ratio of cataphracts to horse archers was too high or when the charge came before the enemy was sufficiently disordered.
		Dan Hazelwood on Parthian Tactics: First it is suggested that "some enemies, such as those heavy in Bd (unless and until Kn are given a quick-kill against them) or El, a strategy of delaying the enemy while a group of LH swarms the enemy camp may be a consideration." I disagree.
		Parthian cataphracts wore iron or bronze armour from head to foot and their horses were covered all around by scale armour of iron, bronze or leather.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/dba51.html (1361 words)

	Parthia biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Parthians were an illiterate nomadic people, thought to have spoken an Indo-Iranian languages, who arrived at the Iranian plateau from Central Asia.
		Vassal kingdoms seem to have made up a large part of their territory (see Tigranes II of Armenia), and Hellenistic cities enjoyed a certain autonomy.
		In 139 BCE, the Parthian king Mithridates I captured the Seleucid monarch, Demetrius Nicator, and held him captive for ten years, while the Parthians overwhelmed Mesopotamia and Media.
	parthia.biography.ms (704 words)

	History of Iran: Parthian Empire
		The Parthian kings -Arsaces I, Arsaces II, Phriapathus, Phraates I- recognized the Seleucid king as their superiors, especially after the campaign of Antiochus III the Great, who reconquered the lost eastern territories between 209 and 204 BCE.
		Metalic Parthian Statue, 100 CE Another source of inspiration was the Achaemenid dynasty that had once ruled the Persian Empire.
		The Seleucid empire was assaulted from two sides: the Parthians attacked from the east, the Romans from the west.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/parthians/parthians.php (1968 words)

	Parthian Ruler List
		Introduced the Parthian tiara, which became a standard symbol of kingship in many eastern kingdoms and initiated the depiction of the golden throne of the Arsacids on the reverse.
		Despite all of this, the Parthian economy seems to have thrived, as witnessed by the numerous coins of this reign.
		His drachmas are among the most common of Parthian coins and show a progression from a short beard to a long beard.
	americanhistory.si.edu /collections/numismatics/parthia/frames/prulfm.htm (1456 words)

	Parthian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		One of Western Iranian languages, Parthian used to be a state language in Parthia, together with Persian and Greek.
		Before the Parthian Kingdom was ruled by Arshakides dynasty, Parthian was only a tongue spoken in the small region, but later it spread to all Iran, Armenia, was used in Central Asia.
		Parthian script was a descendant of Aramaic alphabets.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/iran/parthian.html (197 words)

	Parthian Empire - History and Coins of Ancient Parthia
		The Parthian Empire is a fascinating period of Persian history closely connected to Greece and Rome.
		The Parthian empire revived the greatness of the Achaemenid empire and counterbalanced Rome's hegemony in the West.
		Because limited written historical sources have survived, much of what we know about the Parthians and their sub-kingdoms of Characene, Elymais and Persis must be deduced from coins.
	www.parthia.com (311 words)

	The Indo-Parthian Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Indo-Parthian kingdom was based on the power of the Sacaraucae, also known as Scythians, who were distant relatives of the Parthians, who had been forced south-westwards by the Yueh Chi into Parthian lands during the mid to late 2nd century BC.
		The Indo-Parthian kingdom was founded by the first of several kings named Gondophares in the late first century BC.
		Gondophares, as well as being a Saka king, was probably a member of the Suren family, one of the seven major noble houses of the Parthians, whose feifdom was in Seistan, by now known as Sakastan, on the eastern borders of the Parthian empire.
	americanhistory.si.edu /collections/numismatics/parthia/frames/indopar.htm (254 words)

	Parthians (250 BC - 225 AD) - DBA II/37
		The Parthians were able to breakaway again in 189 BCE after the Roman defeat of Antiochus III in 189 BCE.
		Parthian horse archers were minor nobles and slave soldiers who were mounted on unarmored horses and armed primarily with bow.
		Missing from the DBA list are the cataphract camels used by Parthians after 216 AD and the Indian levies and elephants found in the armies of the Suren Indo-Parthian.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/II37 (1510 words)

	Parthia (2): the empire
		The first king of the Parthians (as the Parni were called from now on) was Tiridates' brother Arsaces I. His capital was Hecatompylos.
		The Parthian kings -Arsaces I, Arsaces II, Phriapathus, Phraates I- recognized the Seleucid king as their superiors, especially after the campaign of Antiochus III the Great, who reconquered the lost eastern territories between 209 and 204.
		One of the Parthian leaders was named Gondophares, king of Taxila (pictures); according to an old and wide-spread Christian tradition, he was baptized by the apostle Thomas.
	www.livius.org /pan-paz/parthia/parthia02.html (1920 words)

	Parthian City Index
		As the seat of a Parthian governor, it was given new temples and palace structures, notably the Parthian palace in the southeast.
		East of Characene in the foothills of the Zagros beyond Susa, whcih city was governed by a satrap of the Parthian king.
		It was occupied during the Parthian period as described by archaeologist Murray Eiland in a special Nineveh section of this web site.
	www.parthia.com /parthia_cities.htm (2064 words)

	Section 10 â“ The Kingdom of Anxi 安息 (the Parthian Empire) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hecatompylos is mentioned as the royal city of the Parthians by Strabo, Pliny, Ptolemy and other classical authors, but we do not know when it became the capital.
		Koomes or Saddarvazeh (a city with 100 gates) used to be the capital of the Parthian Empire.
		Situated in the shadow of Parthia, this kingdom enjoyed commercial success and attendant fame out of all proportion to its size, since Spasinou Charax was the most important Babylonian port of call for ships arriving laden with luxury goods from the East during the first century BC and the first two centuries AD.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes10.html (6208 words)

	SOME COMMENTS ON PARTHIAN HISTORY by Robert M. Harlick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Arsakes I (238-211), the first Parthian king, was the leader of the Parni, which were of Scythian origin from what is now Russian Turkestan.
		Nonetheless, inroads were made on the Parthian kingdom until Mithradates II (123-88) reconquered all and assumed the title King of Kings.
		Nature of the Parthians-- The Parthians had a feudal system, although central control, which they did not have, would have been of great advantage.
	ancient-coins.com /articles/parthia/parthia2.htm (851 words)

	Adiabene, Jewish Kingdom of Mesototamia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Nearly two thousand miles away east of the Tigris in the foothills of the Adibenan Empire, vassals of the unpredictable Parthians, a kingdom stood on the verge of a historic series of changes.
		Upon the death of Monozabus, Izates' mother Helena sent for all of the governors, rulers and oligarchs of the kingdom of Adiabene for Izates' coronation.
		Izates ruled the kingdom for twenty hour years and died in the fifty-fifth year of his life, circa 58 CE, leaving twenty-four sons and twenty-four daughters.
	www.kulanu.org /links/adiabene.html (3297 words)

	Adiabene, Jewish Kingdom of Mesopotamia
		Upon the death of Monobazus, Izates' mother Helena sent for all of the governors, rulers, and oligarchs of the kingdom of Adiabene for Izates' coronation.
		Izates ruled the kingdom for twenty-four years and died in the fifty-fifth year of his life, circa 58 CE, leaving twenty-four sons and twenty-four daughters.
		The Parthian Empire may be considered a part of Persian history, closely connected to Greece and Rome through trade and conquest.
	www.khazaria.com /adiabene/lissner1.html (3446 words)

	Indo
		Indo-Gangetic plain The Indo-Gangetic Plain is a rich, fertile and ancient land encompassing most of northern and easter...
		Indo-Greek Kingdom (205-171 BC), wearing the scalp of an elephant, symbol of his conquest of India.]] The Indo-Greeks (o...
		Indo-Parthian Kingdom (20-50 AD), first king of the Indo-Parthians kingdom.]] The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was established...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/indo.html (321 words)

	Parthian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		One of Western Iranian languages, Parthian used to be one of the official languages of Parthia, together with Persian and Greek.
		Before the Parthian Kingdom was ruled by Arshakides dynasty, Parthian was only a tongue spoken in the small region of Central Asia, but later it spread to all Iran, Armenia, was used in Central Asia.
		The oldest inscriptions are usually written with additions of ideograms, as well as rock inscriptions dating back to the 3rd century AD.
	www.geocities.com /indoeurop/tree/iran/parthian.html (235 words)

	Guy Clark Ancient Coins and Antiquities- Eastern Coinages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Parthamaspates was quickly defeated by the Parthians, fled west, and was granted the kingdom of Osrhoene by Hadrian.
		His kingdom included the SE Afghan plateau and the plains of central Pakistan and north to Taxila, carving his new kingdom largely from areas formerly controlled by the Indo-Scythians.
		Kingdom of Choresmia, in imitation of the coinage of Heliocles, ca 100/80BC-AD45/50, AE Drachm.
	www.ancient-art.com /east.htm (12372 words)

	The Armenian Church \| Our Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Artashir, a Sassanian prince from the province of Stahr, put an end to the Parthian kingdom when he murdered the Parthian ruler Artavan.
		Even though the Parthians refused to help him, having attached themselves to Artashir, Khosrov was able to inflict devastating losses on the Persians.
		He called together all the governors, princes, generals, and nobles of his kingdom, and said to them: "If a man can be found to take vengeance against this bloody Khosrov, I will elevate him to the second rank in the kingdom.
	www.armenianchurch.org /church/history/agathangelos3.html (1820 words)

	1.4.2.2 The Middle Parthian Kingdom
		This period began with an invasion of Parthian Persia by Mark Antony which was heavily defeated.
		Thereafter Augustus negotiated a modus vivendi and for the rest of this period the Romans and Parthians were at peace.
		the Parthian Kingdom became more Persian in its culture, as the coin portraits witness.
	www.classicalcoins.com /page14b.html (309 words)

	Persia Genealogy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		His reign was the high point of the Parthian Empire.
		The Romans who destroyed the Parthian capital, Ctesiphon.
		"King" of "Fars" but overthrew the Parthian dynasty to create the Sassanid Empire with Zoroastrianism as it's religion.
	www.aoti76.dsl.pipex.com /iran_gen.htm (1076 words)

	OGC - Summer '04 Catalog of Classical Greek, Hellenistic & Greek Imperial Coins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Seleukid Kingdom, Demetrius I 162-150 B.C. Dated AR drachm of 134 BC.
		Portrait is in high relief with nice sharp detail, with a die break on the rev. A very rare issue in the Seleukid series.
		Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Ptolemy Xll, Neos Dionysos (Auletes) 80-58 & 55-51 B.C. Dated AR Tetradrachm of 51 BC, his last year of reign before succession of CleopatraVII & Ptolemy XIII.
	www.oldglorycoins.com /greek.html (1795 words)

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