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Topic: Partial Test Ban Treaty

	Limited Test Ban Treaty
		The initial Soviet proposal of a test ban on May 10, 1955, was part of a comprehensive plan to reduce conventional forces and armaments and to eliminate nuclear weapons.
		Throughout the various conferences and exchanges on a test ban, the complexity of the central problem brought successive deadlocks, break-offs, and renewals of discussion, shifts in position, searches for compromise and new approaches, and for new techniques of verifications, and successive suspensions and resumptions of tests.
		The parties to the Treaty undertake "not to carry out any nuclear weapon test explosion, or any other nuclear explosion," in the atmosphere, under water, or in outer space, or in any other environment if the explosion would cause radioactive debris to be present outside the borders of the state conducting the explosion.
	www.state.gov /t/ac/trt/4797.htm (3898 words)

	Nuclear Files: Library: Treaties: Partial Test Ban Treaty, October 10, 1963
		It is understood in this connection that the provisions of this subparagraph are without prejudice to the conclusion of a treaty resulting in the permanent banning of all nuclear test explosions, including all such explosions underground, the conclusion of which, as the Parties have stated in the Preamble to this Treaty, they seek to achieve.
		Any amendment to this Treaty must be approved by a majority of the votes of all the Parties to this Treaty, including the votes of all of the Original Parties.
		This Treaty, of which the English and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Depositary Governments.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/library/treaties/partial-test-ban/trty_partial-test-ban_1963-10-10.htm (726 words)

	Background Issues — The Test Ban Regime - Advancing the Comprehensive (Nuclear) Test Ban Treaty:Capabilities, ...
		A truly comprehensive nuclear test ban (a total ban of any nuclear weapon test explosion in any environment) has long been considered by the international community to be a crucial stage towards the ultimate goal of nuclear disarmament.
		The NPT outlined the test ban goal, as well: “to achieve the discontinuance of all test explosions of nuclear weapons for all time and to continue negotiations to this end.”
		Whereas the test ban regime has been around for the better part of four decades, it is not yet comprehensive, which affects other aspects of nuclear concerns, such as limiting and reducing warhead stockpiles, or dealing with fissile material.
	www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca /arms/isrop/research/MacLean_2002/section04-en.asp (1322 words)

	NPT Documents
		The Treaty, which is of unlimited duration, affirmed in its preamble that the three original parties to the Treaty, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were seeking to achieve the discontinuance of all test explosions of nuclear weapons for all time and were determined to continue negotiations to that end.
		That statement was reiterated five years later, in 1968, in the tenth preambular paragraph of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, which recalled the determination expressed by the parties to the Partial Test-Ban Treaty to bring the testing of nuclear weapons to an end.
		The Treaty established a limit on the amount of energy that might be released by underground explosions, i.e., their explosive yield, which had been set at 150 kilotons, with effect as of 31 March 1976.
	www.un.org /Depts/ddar/nptconf/21a6.htm (4652 words)

	NTI: WMD 411
		The 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty banned nuclear tests in the atmosphere, underwater, and in outer space.
		Testing would also be necessary for a new nuclear country to develop small warheads for ballistic missiles.
		A third issue concerned the treaty's rules for entry into force — whether the treaty should become legally binding after a certain number of states had ratified it or whether ratification by specific states would be required.
	www.nti.org /f_wmd411/f2i.html (665 words)

	Disarmament Treaties
		This treaty prohibits the placement of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction on the seabed and ocean floor beyond a 12 mile coastal zone.
		The failure of the treaty body to ban landmines (although it did ban laser weapons at the 1996 meeting) encouraged NGOs and governments to call for a special treaty banning landmines.
		This treaty is in force and most reduction in Russi are due to the removal of warheads from Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
	www.reachingcriticalwill.org /legal/treaties.html (1488 words)

	QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON FRENCH NUCLEAR TESTING AND THE NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY
		During the Cold War, nuclear testing was a symbol of the nuclear arms race and a technical necessity to develop new nuclear weapons.
		The 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) had ended nuclear tests in the atmosphere, and the non-nuclear states party to the NPT saw a comprehensive test ban outlawing all tests in all environments as the next step to halt, or impede, the development of new nuclear weapons.
		In spite of President Mitterrand's commitment to a testing moratorium, observers say France played an obstructive role in negotiations at the Geneva Conference on Disarmament in 1994, calling for some tests to be excluded from the treaty, on the spurious grounds of 'safety' testing.
	archive.greenpeace.org /comms/rw/pkq&a.html (1620 words)

	Nuclear Files: Library: Treaties: Comprehensive Test Ban Treat, Documents
		Arms control advocates had campaigned for the adoption of a treaty banning all nuclear explosions since the early 1950s, when public concern was aroused as a result of radioactive fall-out from atmospheric nuclear tests and the escalating arms race.
		Limited success was achieved with the signing of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963, which banned nuclear tests in the atmosphere, underwater and in space.
		The CTBT, which prohibits all nuclear test explosions in all environments, was opened for signature in New York on 24 September 1996, when it was signed by 71 States, including the five nuclear-weapon States.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/library/treaties/comprehensive-test-ban/trty_comprehensive-test-ban_docs.htm (405 words)

	Evolution of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
		A test ban would not have stopped the development of ballistic missiles, but without the warheads to go on top missile development would have had less impetus.
		This treaty banned nuclear testing in the atmosphere, in space, and under water.
		Other than limiting the yield of nuclear tests to 150 kilotons under the 1974 Threshold Test Ban Treaty and the 1976 Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty, the United States and the Soviet Union did not reach formal agreements on nuclear testing until nuclear proliferation became a more widespread concern in the 1990s.
	www.ucsusa.org /global_security/nuclear_weapons/evolution-of-the-comprehensive-test-ban-treaty.html (946 words)

	Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT): CTBT Article XIV Conference, November 11-13, 2001
		In November 2000, the Independent Commission on the Verifiability of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, consisting of 14 experts from 11 countries, produced a scientific consensus on the Treaty's verifiability, concluding that it is verifiable with high probability.
		People throughout the world understood that ending nuclear testing was essential for two reasons: to halt the spiralling arms race, and to prevent the further devastation of human health and the global environment.
		Test ban verification is enhanced by the substantial national technical monitoring capabilities and by the thousands of other high-quality civilian seismic stations around the world that provide further detection capabilities.
	www.acronym.org.uk /ctbt/2001ngo.htm (2186 words)

	CTBTO Preparatory Commission - History of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Parties to the PTBT held an amendment conference that year to discuss a proposal to convert the Treaty into an instrument banning all nuclear-weapon tests; with strong support from the UN General Assembly, negotiations for a comprehensive test-ban treaty began in 1993.
		Intensive efforts were made over the next three years to draft the Treaty text and its two annexes, culminating in the adoption of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) on 10 September 1996 by the United Nations General Assembly in New York.
		The CTBT, which prohibits all nuclear test explosions, was opened for signature in New York on 24 September 1996, when it was signed by 71 States, including the five nuclear-weapon States.
	www.ctbto.org /treaty/history.html (373 words)

	China
		While not banning tests underground, the PTBT does prohibit underground nuclear explosions that cause "radioactive debris to be present outside the territorial limits of the State under whose jurisdiction or control" the explosions were conducted.
		China was preparing for its first nuclear explosion when the PTBT was signed, and alleged that a US representative to the Moscow signing of the Treaty admitted that one of the primary purposes of the Treaty was to prevent China from acquiring a nuclear capability.
		This material is produced independently for NTI by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents.
	www.nti.org /db/china/ptbtorg.htm (409 words)

	Nuclear Testing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		However, the PTBT did not prevent underground testing, nor the development of new types of nuclear weapons and an increase in stockpiles.
		In anticipation that there would be some required states that would be slow in ratifying, the treaty includes a provision calling for conferences of states parties to be held to consider ways to facilitate entry into force.
		Although the CTBT has not entered into force, States which have signed are generally obliged to adhere to their commitments under the treaty not to violate the principle provisions.
	www.gsinstitute.org /pnnd/nuclearTesting.htm (804 words)

	Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Fails to Ban Nuclear Tests, by Alice Slater, April 1998
		The testing of a new post-cold war nuclear weapon, the B61-11 earth penetrating "bunker buster" in Alaska has been revealed, and a replacement for nuclear warheads on Trident submarines is in design, with plans for missile flight tests in 2002 and 2003.
		Kidder argues that the underground tests will raise international distrust of our good faith intentions to comply with the CTB and both Garwin and Kidder propose that the better option would be to maintain the capability to re-manufacture existing weapons, without the need for new designs which could create the need for ever more tests.
		The foes of the test ban in Congress, who were ready to do battle with Kennedy and expected to gain momentum from military testimony, were disappointed.
	www.wagingpeace.org /articles/1998/04/00_slater_ctbt-fails.htm (908 words)

	Existing Legal Constraints on Space Weaponry - The Defense Monitor - Center For Defense Information
		Commonly called the Partial Test Ban Treaty, it seeks to inhibit nuclear proliferation and a nuclear arms race and to protect the environment.
		States Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner.
		Each Party undertakes not to deploy ABM systems for a defense of the territory of its country and not to provide a base for such a defense, and not to deploy ABM systems for defense of an individual region except as provided for in Article III of this Treaty.
	www.cdi.org /dm/2001/issue2/legal.html (828 words)

	Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Ratification is Vital, by David Krieger and Jane Olson, November 1999
		In 1963 president Kennedy made a major breakthrough in negotiating the Partial Test Ban Treaty that eventually ended atmospheric testing and resultant fallout now known to have caused major health and environmental damage.
		While testing continued underground, justified as necessary to improve weapons systems and build arsenals, parties to the Partial Test Ban Treaty promised to work towards ending all testing.
		In releasing the treaty for a Senate vote with no time for public debate, the Republican majority seems to be putting partisan politics ahead of national security.
	www.wagingpeace.org /articles/1999/11/00_krieger_ctbt-vital.htm (671 words)

	Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT): Russian Ratification of the CTBT
		On April 21, the lower house of the Russian parliament, the Duma, voted by 298 votes to 74 to approve the ratification of the Comprehensive Test ban Treaty (CTBT).
		The road from the Moscow Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Tests in Three Environments [the Partial Test Ban Treaty, PTBT] of 1963 to CNTBT took almost 40 years.
		In conditions of a comprehensive ban on nuclear tests and the accession to it of all states with a potential to develop nuclear weapons, an insurmountable barrier will be erected to any attempts to spread or qualitatively improve nuclear weapons.
	www.acronym.org.uk /ctbt/ctbduma.htm (1500 words)

	NATO Review No. 6, Nov. 1996, p. 26-30
		Notwithstanding the multilateral Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) of 1963 or the bilateral US-Soviet Threshold Test Ban Treaty of 1974 and the Peaceful Nuclear Explosion Treaty of 1976, the world community retained its aspirations for a comprehensive test ban treaty.
		A comprehensive test ban was therefore seen as a long-term objective in the context of nuclear arms control.
		While regrettable that the CD could not reach agreement on the treaty, support for the draft CTBT as it emerged after 21/2 years of negotiations in the Conference was so solid that increasingly states considered it justified to let the world community itself pass judgement on it.
	www.nato.int /docu/review/1996/9606-7.htm (2529 words)

	Partial Test Ban Treaty - Demopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The negotiations went badly and, when the Soviet government resumed atmospheric nuclear testing in the fall of 1961, most members of the Kennedy administration were ready to follow its example.
		In November 1962, Kennedy met with Norman Cousins, the founder and co-chair of SANE, and implored him to assure Nikita Khrushchev of his commitment to such a measure.
		Delivered that June, this American University address -- partially written by Cousins -- emphasized the administration's desire to ban nuclear testing and announced new test ban talks.
	demopedia.democraticunderground.com /index.php/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty (315 words)

	Address by the Prime Minister of India at the XII NAM Summit at Durban on 3 September 1998
		The so called Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty of 1996 is also nothing but another partial test ban treaty, which allows states possessing nuclear weapon to continue to refine and improve their nuclear weapons.
		It is a discriminatory treaty and has not served the purpose of non-proliferation, but has given the right to five countries to proliferate vertically in disregard of universal opinion against the very existence of nuclear weapons.
		Perhaps this is because we do not accept partial and self-serving approaches that ignore the international obligations and co-operation that are necessary for their full enjoyment, in particular for the realisation of economic, social and cultural rights.
	www.fas.org /news/india/1998/09/980903-pmdurban.htm (2802 words)

	History News Network
		On September 24, 1963, the U.S. Senate ratified the Partial Test Ban Treaty.
		their reaction each time a test was reported, and their extreme nervousness over the prospective consequences of any nuclear war." In 1957, after government weapons scientists made a sales pitch for continued nuclear testing, the president retorted that "we are.
		Testing was "not evil," Eisenhower remarked in frustration, but "people have been brought to believe that it is." The result was a voluntary moratorium on nuclear testing and the opening of test ban negotiations by the U.S., British, and Soviet governments.
	hnn.us /articles/printfriendly/1716.html (1013 words)

	Moving beyond the CTBT towards nuclear stability & legitimacy
		After all we signed and ratified the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) - of which the CTBT is an extension - yet we have not succumbed on the issue of the NPT.
		So when India tested its nuclear device in 1974 it was asked to accede to Protocol II by the member states since they felt that for all practical purposes India was a nuclear weapon state.
		The CTBT plugs the gap in the PTBT by banning nuclear explosive testing in all environments (Article-I) - including underground (which was the loophole in the PTBT).
	www.defencejournal.com /2000/feb/beyond-ctbt.htm (2077 words)

	Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
		At the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons a commitment was made to complete these negotiations "no later than 1996".
		The purpose of the CTBT is to ensure that the international community would rid the world of the testing of nuclear weapons.
		The CTBT will enter into force 180 days after ratification by the 44 States that participated at the primary negotiations of the Treaty, and that are identified in Annex II of the Treaty as having a nuclear capacity whether civil or military.
	www.dfa.gov.za /foreign/Multilateral/inter/ctbt.htm (549 words)

	Glossary [Los Alamos to MX Missile] \| atomicarchive.com
		The protocol was opened for signature in 1992 by Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine, it made these states parties to the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty as successors to the former Soviet Union.
		The first Chinese-made atom bomb (a fission device) was tested there on October 16, 1964; the first guided missile on October 27, 1966; and the first thermonuclear (fusion) device on December 28, 1966.
		The Minuteman III is susceptible to reduction under the terms of the 1991 START treaty, although the treaty does not specify the actual weapons by name.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Glossary/Glossary6.shtml (1432 words)

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