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Topic: Participant observation

In the News (Tue 2 Dec 08)

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	Focus Groups in Ethnography of Communication: Expanding Topics of Inquiry Beyond Participant Observation
		Participant observation, long known as the backbone of ethnography of communication (Hymes, 1962), is unfortunately limited or impossible for projects where access to observation is restricted.
		Participant observation is natural for topics of inquiry that occur naturally within everyday interaction and conversation.
		One advantage of participant observation is that, in theory, the key points of the study emerge through the process of observation rather than from the researcher's agenda.
	www.nova.edu /ssss/QR/QR5-1/suter.html (6099 words)

	Using participant or non-participant observation to explain information behaviour. Participant observation, ...
		Observation of the interrelationships of the clients and their care workers was complemented by in-depth interviews with the care workers, managers and policymakers.
		The initial period of fieldwork for the participant observation took place over a period of several months, and only when it was considered by the researcher that trust and rapport were well established were clients and their families asked to join the study.
		In the participant observation study in the social care setting, cognitive and affective trust had to be developed from the outset, with gatekeepers to the research subjects, with the clients' families, the clients themselves, and with the other care workers.
	www.informationr.net /ir/9-4/paper184.html (6619 words)

	PA 765: Participant Observation and Action Research
		Ostensibly, participant observation is a straightforward technique: by immersing him- or herself in the subject being studied, usually over a long period of time, the researcher is presumed to gain understanding, perhaps more deeply than could be obtained, for examply, by questionnaire items.
		The downside of participant observation as a data-gathering technique is increased threat to the objectivity of the researcher, unsystematic gathering of data, reliance on subjective measurement, and possible observer effects (observation may distort the observed behavior).
		Action research is a subset of participant observation, where the participants (typically practitioners, such as teachers in a school setting) in some focused change effort (ex., to improve some organizational function) self-reflect on their experiences in order to improve practice for themselves or the organization.
	www2.chass.ncsu.edu /garson/pa765/particip.htm (1133 words)

	Participant observation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Such research usually involves a range of methods: informal interviews, direct observation, participation in the life of the group, collective discussions, analyses of the personal documents produced within the group, self-analysis, and life-histories.
		Participant observation is usually undertaken over an extended period of time, ranging from several months to many years.
		It emerged as the principal approach to ethnographic research by anthropologists and relied on the cultivation of personal relationships with local informants as a way of learning about a culture, involving both observing and participating in the social life of a group.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Participant_observation (338 words)

	Using participant or non-participant observation to explain information behaviour. Participant observation, ...
		Observation of the interrelationships of the clients and their care workers was complemented by in-depth interviews with the care workers, managers and policymakers.
		The initial period of fieldwork for the participant observation took place over a period of several months, and only when it was considered by the researcher that trust and rapport were well established were clients and their families asked to join the study.
		In the participant observation study in the social care setting, cognitive and affective trust had to be developed from the outset, with gatekeepers to the research subjects, with the clients' families, the clients themselves, and with the other care workers.
	informationr.net /ir/9-4/paper184.html (6619 words)

	Gerard Keegan's Psychology Site: Research Methods and the Correlation
		The observational method of research concerns the planned watching, recording, and analysis of observed behaviour as it occurs in a natural setting.
		We have participant observation, non-participant observation, structured observation, unstructured observation and naturalistic observation.
		If the researcher plans, structures, and conducts their observation appropriately, the observational method can be seen as a most valid and reliable form of non-experimental research in psychology mainly due to the observational method's high ecological validity.
	www.gerardkeegan.co.uk /resource/observationalmeth1.htm (387 words)

	Qualitative Research Methods: Participant Observation
		It is important to participate in the social relations and seek to understand actions within the context of an observed setting, as people act and make sense of their world by taking meanings from their environment.
		In contrast, participant observation is defined as a process in which a researcher establishes a many-sided and long-term relationship with individuals and groups in their natural setting, for the purposes of developing a scientific understanding of those individuals and groups.
		In recording their observations, researcher use exercise books with wide margins on the left-hand side to enable to highlight particular observations of interest, to make analytic notes, and to remind themselves to investigate an event or relationship in more depth or to read other literature on a topic which relates to an observation.
	uk.geocities.com /balihar_sanghera/qrmparticipantobservation.html (2785 words)

	Pathology as "Personal Growth": A Participant-Observation Study of Lifespring Training (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Participants who offered critical comments or who suggested a different way of conceptualizing a problem had their statements dismissed were subjected to ridicule or were confused with paradoxical logic.
		Hostility was deflected from the trainer, who received the uncontaminated affection of the group, onto one of the participants who had remained outside the "circle of love." This participant, one of the researchers, had been a symbol of resistance throughout the training by asking questions and at times disagreeing with the trainer.
		Participants whose opinions deviated from the trainer's were seen as a threat to the feelings of elation and well-being enjoyed by participants.
	www.rickross.com /reference/lifespring/lifespring4.html (5925 words)

	Chapter 3 ...cntd2: Our People, Our Resources
		Participant observation consists of taking part in social situations with the aim of discovering issues, events and interactions which may be obvious for the local actors but unknown to the external observer.
		As with participant observation, open-ended questions aim at discovering elements of the insiders' perceptions of the topic under investigation, which are likely to be almost unknown to the interviewer.
		All members of the society participate in providing this effective health transport in a mountainous area poorly served with roads, e.g., by carrying the stretcher, providing food to the carriers, etc. Paid-up members of the society are carried for free; others may be charged a fee.
	www.iucn.org /themes/spg/Files/opor/opor3_2.html (5491 words)

	Participant observation and individual interviews
		The "participant observer" field technique is well established in anthropology and has been adopted by other disciplines.
		But the participant observation and involvement with the community as a whole had been on-going for some years, an involvement that provided much of the fundamental data for the project report.
		Participant observation is an excellent method if there is the time, and it can be justified particularly where individual researchers already have prior exposure in the selected community.
	www.iisd.org /casl/CASLGuide/ParticipantObserver.htm (269 words)

	Participant observation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Participant observation is a major research strategy which aims to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious, occupational, or deviant group) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their natural environment.
		Thus, although the method is generally characterized as qualitative research, it can (and often does) include quantitative dimensions.
		An extended research time period means that the researcher will be able to obtain more detailed and accurate information about the people he/she is studying.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/participant_observation (338 words)

	Definition and Epistemology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Observations of research subjects may be done by non-participant observers, those who spend time among research subjects only to collect observations but do not significantly interact with subjects.
		On the other hand, some observations are enhanced by participating in the daily lives of those being observed-"participant observation." This is often done as a part of long-term ethnography (usually considered its sine qua non).
		But participant observation may be done as part of shorter, more directed ethnography, such as that of a fishing boat by Gatewood (1985).
	www.npi.ucla.edu /qualquant/observation.htm (346 words)

	Participant Observation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The data comprised three interviews per couple and participant observation.
		It is this observation that makes him cling to the language of his forefathers...
		Harry Stack Sullivan referred to psychotherapy as "participant observation" (9).
	www.wikiverse.org /participant-observation (186 words)

	Day 6: Ethnographic Research Design
		Fieldwork, undertaken as participant observation and ethnographic interview, is the process by which the ethnographer comes to know a culture; the collection of artifact is how culture is portrayed.
		The process of participant observation is like a funnel, progressively narrowing and directing researchers' attention deeper into the elements of the setting that has emerged as theoretically and/or empirically essential.
		Closing observation: observation data gathering continues until researchers achieve theoretical saturation--that is, when the generic features of their new data consistently replicate earlier ones.
	www.upei.ca /~xliu/ed611/day6.htm (459 words)

	Participant observation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Participant observation emerged as the principal approach to ethnographic research by anthropologists in the twentieth century.
		It relies on the cultivation of personal relationships with local informants as a way of learning about a culture, and involves both observing and participating in the social life of a group.
		It uses material from the Wiktionary page "Observation".
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Participant_observation.html (139 words)

	[No title]
		Observation is useful for generating in-depth descriptions of organizations or events, for obtaining information that is otherwise inaccessible, and for conducting research when other methods are inadequate.
		Participant observation is a period of intensive social interaction between the researcher and the subjects, in the latter's environment.
		Participant observation is founded on the theory of symbolic interactionism.
	www.csulb.edu /~msaintg/ppa696/696quali.htm (1109 words)

	Participant observation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		'''Participant observation'''is a major research strategy which aims to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given area of study (such as a religious, occupational, or deviant group) through an intensive involvement with people in their natural environment.
		Such research usually involves a range of methods: informal interviews, direct observation, participation in the life of the group, collective discussions, analyses of the personal documents produced within the group, self-analysis, and life-histories.
		It emerged as the principal approach to ethnographic research by anthropologists in the twentieth century.
	participant-observation.area51.ipupdater.com (267 words)

	Participant Observation - Documenting Maritime Folklife: An Introductory Guide (The American Folklife Center, Library ...
		The premise underlying participant- observation, as this approach is called, is that the researcher becomes a more effective observer by taking an active role in the performance of regular activities.
		As with all initial contacts, the researcher should provide a clear explanation of why he or she is conducting research, what topics are being investigated, how information is being collected, and what will be done with the collected data.
		Because most types of fishing involve the repetition of a particular sequence of actions, it is likely that the researcher will have several opportunities to observe the performance of the "core technique" characteristic of the fishery.
	www.loc.gov /folklife/maritime/twopo.html (1234 words)

	SAGE Publications - Participant Observation
		Danny L. Jorgensen takes a stance without being overly polemical, and he is to be congratulated for his clear writing, excellent use of examples, and comprehensive treatment of this complex process." --Contemporary Sociology "A highly readable and impressive handbook on a research methodology that is attracting greater interest in foreign language education.
		After defining participant observation and introducing the reader to its basic principles, methodologies, and strategies, this highly readable volume provides step by step guidelines for defining the research problem, identifying objects and subjects of study, outlining data collection problems, recording and processing data, data analysis and interpretation, and communicating findings.
		Participant Observation is appropriate for students and professionals without previous experience with or training in this form of research who desire to utilize this method (or certain aspects of it) for applied research.
	www.sagepub.com /booksProdDesc.nav?level1=200&currTree=Subjects&level2=210&level3=212&prodId=Book2667 (562 words)

	Qualitative Methods
		The literature on participant observation discusses how to enter the context, the role of the researcher as a participant, the collection and storage of field notes, and the analysis of field data.
		Participant observation often requires months or years of intensive work because the researcher needs to become accepted as a natural part of the culture in order to assure that the observations are of the natural phenomenon.
		Direct observation is distinguished from participant observation in a number of ways.
	www.socialresearchmethods.net /kb/qualmeth.htm (492 words)

	Participant observation - TheBestLinks.com - Anthropology, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Participant observation - TheBestLinks.com - Anthropology, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, TheBestLinks.com:Perfect stub article, Ethnography,...
		Participant observation, Anthropology, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub...
		ja:参与観察 Participant observation emerged as the principal approach to ethnographic research by anthropologists in the twentieth century.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Participant_observation.html (127 words)

	Participant Observation.
		The observer may also find it difficult when they have to participate in immoral or unethical behaviour.
		This is most common in gang situations for example when anthropologist James Patrick conducted his study 'A Glasgow gang observed' he eventually had to abandon his research as he found out he would have to fight another gang member to stay in the gang.
		Participant Observation gives ethnographers great social experience and knowledge of diverse societies and is an extremely valuable researchmethod.
	www.studentcentral.co.uk /participant_observation_12092 (270 words)

	Observation - European Spatial Planning Observation Network (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because they are so small, observation hives do not usually survive major There are many different plans available for building observation hives.
		Ostensibly, participant observation is a straightforward technique: by The downside of participant observation as a data-gathering technique is
		Observation is used to determine what students know how to do in "real time".
	www.hispider.com /?q=observation (580 words)

	Leadership Anthropology
		It would seem that the potential to marry the science and practice of leadership could be greatly enhanced by applying some of the basic constructs of participant observation found in anthropology.
		Participant observation is a key research method within the field of anthropology.
		A tremendous source of content and delivery innovation can be discovered by applying some basic constructs of participant observation found in anthropology to the science and practice of leadership development.
	www.clomedia.com /content/templates/clo_article.asp?articleid=1018&zoneid=29 (1023 words)

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