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Topic: Participation (decision making)

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	UNDP \| Papua New Guinea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Following a UNDP-supported initiative to increase women’s participation in national decision making in Papua New Guinea, the women candidates issued an appeal to the Government to urgently address the obstacles that are hindering women’s representation and participation in the National Parliament and national decision making.
		Chief among their demands was action to ensure full participation by women through ensuring an environment that would enable them to vote freely and fairly in elections without facing any forms of violence or the threat of violence, including such acts as intimidation and physical threats.
		By focusing attention on the challenges relating to the representation of women in national decision making in Papua New Guinea, the workshop sought to address a major failing in the country’s past electoral efforts.
	www.undp.org.pg /women_candid_wshop.html (1078 words)

	Decision making - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives.
		Decision making is said to be a psychological construct.
		Structured rational decision making is an important part of all science-based professions, where specialists apply their knowledge in a given area to making informed decisions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Decision_making (1928 words)

	Faculty Participation in Decision Making. ERIC Digest.
		Faculty participation in institutional decision making is accepted as intrinsically good and as having positive effects on institutional functioning, but it is reflected in varying degrees in actual practice.
		The rationale for extensive faculty participation in institutional decision making rests on reasons for employees' participation in any orgnization and on reasons specific to the faculty role in higher education, the former contained in the sizeable literature on generic organzation theory and the latter in the more sparse higher education literature.
		Participation in institutional decision making is associated with increased employee satisfaction and performance in a wide variety of organizations.
	www.ericdigests.org /pre-926/making.htm (1457 words)

	Facts about topic: (Good governance) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The terms governance (The persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something) and good governance are being increasingly used in development (A process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)) literature.
		Participation also means freedom of association (additional info and facts about freedom of association) and expression (Expression without words) on the one hand and an organized civil society (additional info and facts about civil society) on the other hand.
		Decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/go/good_governance.htm (674 words)

	Participatory Decision-Making for Sustainable Consumption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Increasingly, however, engagement is also taken to mean an active participation of the consumer/citizen in public decision-making processes as one of several "stakeholders" or "partners".
		Participation has provided useful data and more information in the formulation of LA21 plans and has influenced the publicsÂ’ general attitudes to the environment.
		Agenda 21 calls for a stronger engagement in participation by OECD governments than is suggested by the small number of cases of participatory decision-making existing today.
	www.oecd.org /LongAbstract/0,2546,fr_2825_201185_2078102_1_1_1_1,00.html (904 words)

	Participation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Participation, in addition to its dictionary definition, has specific meanings in certain areas.
		Participation (decision making), a notion in theory of management, economics and politics.
		Participation (ownership), sharing something in common with others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Participation (111 words)

	EMOTIONAL PARTICIPATION IN DECISION-MAKING
		This increase in processing capacity is accompanied by an increase in the volume and complexity of the cerebral cortex in the course of evolution, which attains considerable proportions in the case of man. The capacities that the evolved cortex confers on the organism are projected in the two directions of the time dimension.
		Damasio's explanation of the way we make decisions is based on what he calls the hypothesis of the somatic marker, which, at a neurobiological level, consists fundamentally in a collaboration between the modern prefrontal structures and the more primitive systems of the amygdala and other limbic areas related to it.
		It is precisely in making personal decisions that they fail, since the fine communication between the prefrontal and limbic structures has broken down, so that they are unable to carry out the delicate task of subjecting the scenarios predicted by their imagination to the consideration and assessment of their own emotional characteristics.
	www.psychologyinspain.com /content/full/1998/12bis.htm (5774 words)

	Political Rights and Women's participation in decision making
		Awareness and empowerment is at the root of such participation, as women should be, “made aware of their responsibilities as citizens and of the problems affecting society and affecting them directly as women”.
		Participation in political life is delineated as also including participation as, “elected representatives, trade unionists and public officials in the various branches of government, including the judiciary”.
		Participation in sustainable development, through the full involvement of women in policy and decision-making processes, and as both participants and beneficiaries.
	bci.org /abw/ABW/forum/gsright.html (3409 words)

	Equality in Political Participation and Decision-Making
		We agree that women must be fully involved at all levels of decision-making, not only because it is just, but because, in the Bahá'í view, the full participation of women will hasten social and political progress and lead to the establishment of world peace.
		The goal of full participation by women is being pursued within Bahá'í communities around the world in several ways: by teaching equality of the sexes as a fundamental spiritual principle; by advocating the education of women and girls; and by employing a decision-making process that welcomes women.
		Participants are asked to consider carefully the views of others, not clinging to their own, and accept the best solution that emerges.
	www.bic-un.bahai.org /90-0227.htm (756 words)

	[No title]
		Pressures for increasing the level of public participation in government decision making at the local, state, and federal levels have led to a wide variety of processes that enable the public to learn about and have input into governmental decisions.
		Even though public participation can slow the decision making process down, it is often legally required, and can avoid costly lawsuits at the other end if unpopular decisions are made without adequate public input.
		Increasing public participation in governmental decision-making is also becoming a large part of democratization processes and the strengthening of civil society in regions trying to recover from violent conflict and/or to make a transition to a more democratic form of government.
	www.beyondintractability.org /m/public_participation.jsp (2560 words)

	Feantsa
		It is a term often used in discussions of citizenship, as participating in the democratic process at national level is a part of fully exercising ones rights as a citizen.
		Participation in decision-making processes affecting the services that they use can be a vector of empowerment by providing groups whose views may often be disregarded or marginalised with a voice.
		It is clear that making possible participation of marginalised groups in structures that might not ordinarily be accessible to them is something that requires investment and the taking of specific enabling measures.
	www.feantsa.org /code/en/theme.asp?ID=34 (731 words)

	Citizen Participation In Community Development, L-700
		It is the intent of this booklet to view citizen participation from the perspective of volunteer community development groups, organized to provide the structure for citizens to become involved in community betterment activities.
		To fill this void in the decision making process, people began to delegate their involvement to a representative, either directly or through a community group.
		In summary, decision making that is delegated by others will not always be in the best interest of an individual and his or her neighbors.
	ohioline.osu.edu /cd-fact/l700.html (4150 words)

	Women's Participation in Decision-Making and Leadership
		Ideally, representatives of groups with specific interests and perspectives should participate directly in decision-making processes and leadership to ensure that both the agenda of issues to be considered and the decisions subsequently made incorporate their views.
		Women are marginalized in decision making and leadership by a variety of processes that begin in infancy.
		In most societies, women lack experience of decision making and leadership in the public arena because girls, in contrast to boys, are socialized to play passive roles and given little opportunity to make decisions or develop leadership skills outside the family context.
	www.unifem-eseasia.org /resources/techpapers/wleaders.htm (3574 words)

	EDOSA: Public Participation in Environmental Decision-Making
		Decisions made by ministers, bureaucrats and members of Statutory Authorities can be literally life or death decisions for the environment.
		If citizens are to have confidence in administrative decisions affecting the environment, then they need to know that these decisions are based on sound information, have canvassed all the relevant issues and have been subjected to a methodical, transparent and accountable decision-making process.
		Whilst this was a Court decision, it was in effect, an administrative decision to the extent that the Court stands in the shoes of the original administrative decision-maker in planning appeals.
	www.edo.org.au /edosa/research/aialpaper.htm (4701 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Be sure that you make the deadline for reserving a table, that you prepare an inviting display, and that your core of active members is mobilized for this important recruitment opportunity.
		Make sure you take neat notes on whether the reaction you get is "no way," "maybe," or "probably." The day of the event, call each media outlet (except weeklies) in their first hour of business for the day (5:30am for radio, 7am for TV, 8am for daily newspapers.
		Make sure that any building you plan to visit will be open, that any people you want to address will be in, and that you have mapped out where all doors, exits and offices are.
	www.empowermentzone.com /campus.txt (10116 words)

	Women's Participation in Decision-Making and Leadership
		Ideally, representatives of groups with specific interests and perspectives should participate directly in decision-making processes and leadership to ensure that both the agenda of issues to be considered and the decisions subsequently made incorporate their views.
		Women are marginalized in decision making and leadership by a variety of processes that begin in infancy.
		In most societies, women lack experience of decision making and leadership in the public arena because girls, in contrast to boys, are socialized to play passive roles and given little opportunity to make decisions or develop leadership skills outside the family context.
	unifem-eseasia.org /resources/techpapers/wleaders.htm (3574 words)

	Participation: Decision Making and Employee Ownership
		The desire to have a degree of input in decision making almost invariably arises when ownership of a company is broadly shared with employees.
		The expectation of a right to participate in decisions is deeply rooted in Western beliefs about ownership, and, by extension, employee-ownership.
		While people may be clear that they expect increased authority to make decisions, they may be less clear about the full meaning and implications of such authority.
	www.ownershipassociates.com /ocr2.shtm (1465 words)

	REC Public Participation Program
		The Public Participation Programme's mission is to support and facilitate access to information, public participation in environmental decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters through capacity building, networking, legal and policy analysis and assistance to various stakeholders.
		Public participation is a prerequisite for successful policy and decision-making and is a precondition for transparent, open and democratic governance.
		Participation helps to create more informed government decision-making by incorporating diverse opinions, values and ideas and by resulting in direct, immediate knowledge of the environmental conditions from the community and citizens.
	www.rec.org /REC/Programs/PublicParticipation.html (458 words)

	Participation in Decision Making
		Increasingly the public is being encouraged to participate directly in decision making.
		The degree to which this is done depends on the legal requirements of the agency, and the agency's willingness to share it's decision making authority.
		The Applegate Partnership in southwester Oregon and the Quincy Library Group in northern California are examples of grassroots community-based organizations who are participating in public land management decision making in their respective regions.
	www.cnr.uidaho.edu /nps_pi/public_participation.htm (233 words)

	Women in Power and Decision-making (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Women's equal participation in decision-making is not only a demand for simple justice or democracy but can also be seen as a necessary condition for women's interests to be taken into account.
		Without the active participation of women and the incorporation of women's perspective at all levels of decision-making, the goals of equality, development and peace cannot be achieved.
		Although women make up at least half of the electorate in almost all countries and have attained the right to vote and hold office in almost all States Members of the United Nations, women continue to be seriously underrepresented as candidates for public office.
	www.un.org /womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/decision.htm (1794 words)

	OA Services: Participation and Decision Making
		The cultural definitions of ownership in the United States suggest a link between ownership and decision making that go beyond the boundaries specified by federal law and most plan documents.
		These expectations are at the root of many of the challenges companies experience with ownership, but company leaders who successfully manage these expectations have found that the investment pays off: three decades of research indicates that companies with employee-participation programs experience tangible benefits to their corporate performance and job satisfaction.
		The tool our clients have found most useful is the Decision Zone Chart, which provides a simple one-page overview of primary responsibility for various types of decisions made in a company.
	ownershipassociates.com /svcs_participation.shtm (372 words)

	Public Participation in Decision Making
		Government agencies, universities, and nonprofit organizations in the United States and other countries have developed a variety of mechanisms to involve the nonexpert public in decisions about the development and use of technology.
		Public participation in decision making is important for several reasons because it can lead to greater technological literacy.
		Participation in Decision Making in the United States
	www.nae.edu /nae/techlithome.nsf/weblinks/KGRG-569PVK?OpenDocument (59 words)

	Princeton University Senior Theses brief display
		Frischer, Steven Lee (1974): Presidential Decision Making: A Background to and a Case Study of the Super Cabinet.
		Giovinazzo, Raife (1995): Decision Making in Perspective: An exploration of the conflict between classical decision research and Decision Making in Action.
		Vaughn, Michael Ladd (1967): The TFX: A Case Study of Decision Making in the Department of Defense.
	libweb5.princeton.edu /theses/thesesvw.asp?Lname=&Fname=&Submit=Search&Title1=decision&Title2=making&department=&Class=&Adviser= (1596 words)

	City Environmental Indicators from CEROI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Citizen participation in local government is an important part of democracy and self-determination.
		To increase citizen participation, transparency and accountability in decision-making.
		One goal is to have an urban governance in which citizens actively participate.
	ceroi.net /ind/display.asp?setID=2&indID=31 (178 words)

	Decision Making (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Experiences from active membership and participation in decision-making processes and age in moral reasoning and goal orientation of referees.
		The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of experiences of active membership and participation in decision-making processes and age on moral reasoning and goal orientations of referees in sport.
		Characteristics, insights, decision making, and preparation of ED triage nurses.
	accelerated-learning-online.com /research/CTG-Decision-Making-36.asp (665 words)

	Women’s participation in decision-making
		The Council of Europe and the European Union have repeatedly affirmed the principle of gender balance in public and private decision-making structures, as well as in legislative and judicial bodies.
		take positive action to contribute towards achieving a more balanced participation of men and women in political life, as this is a prerequisite for a better functioning of politics itself thanks to the complementary nature of men’s and women’s specific qualities;
		consider that women’s participation also within the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe should be regarded as essential.
	assembly.coe.int /Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc03/EDOC9866.htm (265 words)

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