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Topic: Particle beam

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	Beam Weapons
		The focusing array for lasers is similar to a telescope using the same wavelength as the beam; both varieties of particle beams are focused by magnetic lenses.
		Particle beam weapons thus have a shorter effective range than lasers, but the use of heavy ion beams at high currents means that they inflict much greater damage from a successful hit.
		For this reason, particle beam weapons are of greatest effectiveness when used against targets whose surface shielding is inferior to the power output of the attacking beam weapon, such as fighters and smaller capital ships.
	www.orionsarm.com /tech/beam_weapons.html (500 words)

	Neutral Particle Beam
		Charged particle beams (CPB) can be produced in a similar fashion, but they are easily deflected by the earth's magnetic field and their strong electrical charge causes the CPB to diffuse and break apart uncontrollably.
		Particle beams are an outgrowth of conventional atomic accelerator technology.
		When the beam penetrates a target, the target's atomic and subatomic structure produce characteristic emissions that could be used to determine the target's mass or assess the extent of damage to the target.
	www.fas.org /spp/starwars/program/npb.htm (833 words)

	Particle beam weapon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A particle beam weapon is a type of directed-energy weapon which directs energy in a particular direction by a means of particle projectiles with mass.
		The speed of a beam approaching the speed of light (186,000 miles per second) in combination with the energy created by the weapon would negate any realistic means of defending a target against the beam.
		Several modern experimental particle beam weapons were tested at scientific laboratories such as the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico by both the United States and the USSR from the 1950s to the 1980s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Particle_beam_weapon (665 words)

	Charged-particle beam exposure method and apparatus - Patent 5130547
		A charged-particle beam exposure method which has a stencil mask formed with a several mask patterns, deflects a beam of charged particles to a mask pattern selected from among the several mask patterns and shapes the beam, and performs wafer exposure by deflecting the shaped beam and illuminating the same onto a wafer.
		A charged-particle beam exposure apparatus as set forth in claim 8, wherein said mask information data that are held in said mask memory and said pattern exposure data that are held in said data memory are transmitted from an external storage medium.
		A charged-particle beam exposure apparatus as set forth in claim 8, wherein the output of data from said data memory, output of data from said mask memory, and operations of said mask part deflection controller and wafer part deflection controller are performed by a pipeline processing.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5130547.html (3387 words)

	Particle Beam Weapons - THR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In assessing the unique value of a particle beam as a potential weapon system, it is important to consider six characteristics that would give the beam weapon a high degree of lethality.
		Particle beams would be quite effective in damaging internal components or might even explode a target by transferring a massive amount of energy into it (the catastrophic kill mechanism).
		A particle beam would, for one, have many times the destructive power of a laser, would penetrate targets with ease, and would not be affected by particulate matter in the air to a significant degree, given enough power.
	www.thehighroad.org /showthread.php?t=79385 (1695 words)

	Activity Six, Student Page
		There is an electron beam in the oscilloscope that moves in a nearly straight line from back to front, as a result of a potential difference of tens of thousands of volts.
		In particle accelerators, unfocused beams are undesirable because they result in low rates of collisions between beam particles.
		By using two quadrupole arrangements with the right spacing along the beam path -- and one set rotated 90 relative to the other -- it is possible to improve the overall focus of a particle beam.
	particleadventure.org /particleadventure/other/education/six_s.html (436 words)

	Accelerator Particle Beam Simulation
		Some of the diagnostics are perturbing or even destructive; it is, therefore, very useful to generate a picture of the beam in the vacuum chamber by numerical simulation and to calculate the effect on the beam intensity of additional measurement or control operations.
		In particular, this article shows how to calculate the position, size, and distribution of the beam in the presence of a scraper or absorber: a device that eliminates unwanted particles which are too far away from the central line of the vacuum chamber.
		The normal distribution of the radial positions of the particles in the beam is given by its density; to find the density, calculate the rms (root-mean-square) horizontal and vertical dimensions of the beam.
	www.mathcad.com /Library/LibraryContent/MathML/accelrtr.htm (1409 words)

	Particle beam accelerators - Patent 4570103
		As particles accelerate, those of the proper phase relative to the RF always reach an accelerating gap when the field in the gap is at a peak and thus receive the maximum acceleration possible.
		The particles are accelerated by the electric vector of the polarized traveling wave, which is transverse to the laser beam axis and the direction of major acceleration.
		As soon as the particles achieve significant transverse velocity, they interact with the magnetic vector of the laser beam and are thus deflected in the direction of the beam by this ponderomotive force.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4570103.html (3599 words)

	Glossary : SLAC Virtual Visitor Center
		The particles in the jet are chiefly hadrons.
		A polarized particle beam is a beam of particles whose spins are aligned in a particular direction.
		The polarization of the beam is the fraction of the particles with the desired alignment.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/glossary.html (5645 words)

	Metroid Galaxy Guide - Wave Beam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The wave beam is characterized by the visible portion of the beam having a course that follows a sinusoidal wave pattern.
		Unlike normal charged particle beam cannons it fires the beam at subsonic velocities, as opposed to the near light speed of normal particle beams.
		The beam is attracted to things with unusual electrical properties, usually life-forms (due to electricity in their nerves and muscles) and machines (due to the electricity powering them).
	www.metroidguide.com /html/wave.htm (1037 words)

	PBPL Home Page
		The Particle Beam Physics Laboratory (PBPL) is a state-of-the-art center for research into beam physics and accelerator technologies.
		Relativistic particle beams and the accelerators which produce them have served as cutting edge tools in scientific research for three-quarters of a century.
		In the present time, beam physics is a vibrant, cross-disciplinary enterprise, which intersects heavily with high-energy density science, plasma physics, ultra-fast lasers, nonlinear dynamics and various high-field/high-power technologies.
	pbpl.physics.ucla.edu (178 words)

	Scaling for Faster Macroparticle Simulation
		The particles cross the cavity when the phase of the rf field is such that it imparts a specific energy to the particles.
		This synchronous particle is a reference particle that has exactly the specific energy to arrive at the rf gap synchronized with the rf period turn after turn.
		All the particles oscillate relative to the synchronous particle.
	sist.fnal.gov /archive/2000-topics/Nazario/Scaling1.htm (2441 words)

	Gorilla Alien Future Primate Particle Beam Molecular Reconstructer
		The Particle Beam Molecular Reconstructor is an advanced form of transportation utilizing the gamma ray.
		The laser beam was destroyed during teleporting which is achieved using a process known as quantum entanglement.
		So if the properties of quantum particles making up an object are reproduced in another particle group, there would be a precise duplication of the object, so only information about the particles' properties need be transmitted, not the particles.
	www.aliensurgeon.com /goralien.htm (2528 words)

	Particle beam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Particle beams could possibly be used from fixed locations, or in space, for example as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative (dubbed "Star Wars") or similar initiatives, but the problems related to power source still stand at present, pending future development in that field.
		Because the particle beam is in fact millions of atomic-scale projectiles, there will be different issues regarding protection of targets (some particles, especially those without charge are hard to deflect or absorb).
		As a variant of a particle beam weapon, the PPC fires a short burst of particles instead of a steady stream.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Particle_beam (740 words)

	TFCBooks -- Tesla Site Glossary
		Every charged particle is surrounded by an electric field of force such that it attracts any charge of opposite sign brought near it and repels any charge of like sign, the magnitude of this force being described by Coulomb's law.
		When the velocities of the charged particles under consideration become comparable with the speed of light, corrections involving the theory of relativity must be made; this branch of the theory is called relativistic electrodynamics.
		The advantage of a particle beam weapon is that target penetration is so high that it is virtually impossible to shield against it.
	www.tfcbooks.com /mainpage/glossary.htm (12260 words)

	JYI: Analysis of Electron Cloud Build-Up in High Energy Particle Accelerators Using the Java Programming Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The particle beam is not actually a continuous beam; rather, the particles (positrons or electrons) are distributed throughout the ring in a number of "bunches," each of which interacts separately with cloud electrons.
		It is assumed that the interaction between the beam and electron cloud occurs in a two-dimension cross-section of the vacuum chamber, as shown in Figure 3.
		The attractive force exerted by the beam on the electron is directed opposite to the velocity of the electron in Case 2, which was toward the wall.
	www.jyi.org /volumes/volume9/issue1/articles/loiacono.html (3737 words)

	Optics Simulation and Charged Particle Beams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		CyberRay is a particle beam simulator operating in the regime of geometric optics.
		The state of a beam at various times is determined by calculating the path of every particle in the beam through some set of objects in three-dimensional space.
		Beam monitors can be used to interactively monitor the progress of a beam in any two dimensions of phase space.
	www.sarkomand.com /aboutCR.html (1296 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Atom Smashers Work"
		The CRT takes particles (electrons) from the cathode, speeds them up and changes their direction using electromagnets in a vacuum and then smashes them into phosphor molecules on the screen.
		A particle accelerator works the same way, except that they are much bigger, the particles move much faster (near the speed of light) and the collision results in more subatomic particles and various types of nuclear radiation.
		When the particles are at their highest or desired energy, a target is placed in the path of the beam, in or near the detectors.
	science.howstuffworks.com /atom-smasher2.htm (653 words)

	Laser and Charged Particle Beam Weapons
		The particles so produced would be beamed at or near the sp.eed of light against a target quickly causing destruction of the target.
		Laser vs. Charged Particle Beam Weapons There are many unanswered problems in the physics and engineering of.laser and charged particle beam weapon systems currently under intensive study in the defense establishments of both the United States and the Soviet Union.
		The charged particle beam weapon could be rapidly pointed at the incoming warhead, and an infinite number of "shots" could be fired at the speed of light at the target until it was destroyed.
	www.heritage.org /Research/NationalSecurity/bg13.cfm (1925 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Space Wars Will Work"
		If a functional particle beam weapon could be built, it would use its power source to accelerate electrons, protons or hydrogen atoms through the tunnel, which would focus these charged particles into a beam that would be fired at the target.
		The "bolts" of energy fired from the particle beam weapon would enter into the target's materials, passing the energy onto the atoms that compose the target.
		The major obstacle in developing a functional particle beam weapon has been creating a power source that is light enough to put into space, but that can produce millions of electron volts of power and tens of megawatts of beam power.
	people.howstuffworks.com /space-war2.htm (1280 words)

	Particle beams and saucer dreams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The surprising thing about it is that if you give the particle enough energy, it will pass through the initial part of the target with relatively little effect, and release most of its energy at the very end of its travel, going out with a bang, so to speak.
		Then, when the energy of the beam dropped to a critical value, it would dump its remaining energy in a very short distance, ionizing the oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the atmosphere, causing one damn fine glowing ball of plasma.
		The beam could quickly be moved laterally, giving the plasma the appearance of instantly moving across the sky, much as a searchlight can jump "instantly" across the bottom of a cloud.
	www.serve.com /mahood/probeams.htm (3184 words)

	Nikola Tesla: The Particle Beam Weapon
		According to the article, the invention "will send concentrated beams of particles through the free air, of such tremendous energy that they will bring down a fleet of 10,000 enemy airplanes at a distance of 250 miles from a defending nation's border and will cause armies of millions to drop dead in their tracks.
		Meanwhile, the Soviet Union became very interested in the particle beam weapon and began a large research and development program to try to unleash the power of the great device.
		Rumors exist that a modified Tesla coil can be used as a short-range particle beam weapon, but this claim has yet to be recognized by a valid source.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /dept/Courses/E-24/E-24Projects/Learned/index.htm (1036 words)

	Earth Alliance Particle Beam Cannon: Babylon 5 Tech-Manual.
		Earth Alliance Particle Beam Cannon: Babylon 5 Tech-Manual.
		The composition of the Particle Beam and its role in the weapon is unclear; the role can be anything from polluting the target area with radiation to enhancing the way the energy is delivered.
		CONCLUSION: Assuming that the Particle Beam Cannon can melt Earth's crust over an area of 400,000 square kilometers, down to the depth of 4 centimeters, in 30 seconds, it means that the power output of the Particle Beam Cannon is 2.4 million Terawatts.
	www.b5tech.com /science/weapons/particlebeam/particlebeam.html (1331 words)

	Introduction to the particle physics, different tpyes of collisions and accelerations: Etacude.com
		The construction of particle accelrators are complex and have to be very precise, yet the machinary and devices involved are very large.
		For example, in the case of one of the major accelerator, CERN, is 27 kilometers around and the detectors are the size of four-storey houses.
		For example, the charged particles such as electron or proton can be accelerated in the presence of electric field and the beam starts at one end and exits at the other end, in a straight line.
	sciencepark.etacude.com /particle/introduction3.php (434 words)

	Particle beam - Annihilation Wiki
		The Particle Beam is the most powerful sniper weapon in the game.
		Standard - The standard Particle Beam fire mode is a beam of energy that emits from the weapon at the moment that the trigger is pulled.
		This mode is extremely useful for taking down shielded turrets such as Plasma turrets, which normally would take three standard shots to kill.
	www.annihilation.info /wiki/index.php?title=Particle_beam (169 words)

	PBS: Tesla - Master of Lightning: A Weapon to End War
		Frustrated in his attempts to generate interest and financing for his "peace beam," he sent an elaborate technical paper, including diagrams, to a number of Allied nations including the United States, Canada, England, France, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia.
		Since the beam was projected in a straight line, it was only effective for about 200 miles — the distance of the curvature of the earth.
		Though, his death beam bears an uncanny resemblance to the charged-particle beam weapon developed by both the United States and the Soviet Union during the cold war.
	www.pbs.org /tesla/ll/ll_wendwar.html (544 words)

	particle beam definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		particle beam definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		stream of elementary particles: a very narrow concentrated stream of charged particles such as electrons or protons, produced by a particle accelerator or a particle-beam weapon.
		Lenses are used to focus the beam and magnets change its direction.
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861723969/particle_beam.html (93 words)

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