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Topic: Particle filter

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	Patent 5238472: Particle filter that can be regenerated by burning free for the exhaust gases of internal combustion ...
		A particle filter for the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines is described, which can be regenerated by burning free, and in which the filter cartridges (12) include a support tube (16) with a lining of filter material (20).
		This leads to a particle filter in which the flow resistance of the filter cartridges, in the direction of flow through the filter, in the outlet-side area and in the non-loaded state of the filter is lower than in the inlet-side area.
		The filter cartridges 12 are mounted in the mounting plates 5 and 10 with the connection pieces 18/19 and fastened at least on the inlet side (18 in 5), while the outlet-side mounting (19 in 10) may be designed as a sliding fit.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5238472.html (3279 words)

	Particle filter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Particle filter methods, also known as Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC), are sophisticated model estimation techniques based on simulation.
		Particle filters are also an approximation, but with enough particles can be much more accurate.
		This algorithm uses composition of the P particles from k â’ 1 to generate a particle at k and repeats (steps 2-6) until P particles are generated at k.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Particle_filter (814 words)

	Particle filter apparatus - US Patent 5913768 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Because the radius of a particle is raised to the second power in the Stoke's equation, while the density of the particle is not, the size of a cell, rather than its density, greatly influences its sedimentation rate.
		Unlike a conventional porous filter, where the filtered white blood cells are retained in the filter, the present invention allows a substantial fraction of white blood cells to be recovered and returned to the donor.
		Thus, particles separate within chambers 822a, 822b by forming a saturated fluidized particle bed in one of the chambers 822a, 822b and an elutriation boundary in another of the chambers 822a, 822b, or, in the alternative, by forming either a saturated fluidized particle bed or an elutriation boundary in both of the chambers 822a, 822b.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/5913768.html (12620 words)

	Auxiliary Particle Filter in a nutshell (under construction) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Particle Filters are used to represent a probability distribution.
		The particles at point A are higher then the particles at point B because apparently the last observation pointed us more in the direction of A then of B. The likelihood of all particles must sum to one like in all probability distributions.
		The auxiliary particle filter is an improvement of the clasical particle filter.
	carol.wins.uva.nl /~bterwijn/Projects/ParticleFilter/doc/partFilt.html (884 words)

	Patent 5128096: Lower connector of a fuel assembly of a nuclear reactor having a particle filter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the first case, the filter elements can be connected to the lower core plate and arranged thereon in the position of the fuel assemblies before the fueling of the core, as described, for example, in FR-A-2,577,345.
		In the second case, the filter elements are associated with the fuel assemblies and are generally arranged in their lower connector.
		The filter elements fastened in the lower connectors of the fuel assemblies usually consist of sheet-metal or metal-wire structures which make it possible to stop the debris whose size is smaller than the largest dimension of the passage cross-section between a fuel rod and a grid cell.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5128096.html (2323 words)

	Particle filter for diesel-run cars passes long-term test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the meantime, it is known that the smaller the particles are, the graver the consequences for health.
		The particle filter will narrow this gap between diesel and Otto engines in terms of the health effects of their emissions so as to make the difference insignificant.
		Further information on the long-term test of the particle filter is available from the ADAC press office, tel: 089/7676-2632 or fax: -2801, or in the September issue of the "ADAC-Motorwelt" magazine due to appear soon.
	www.umweltbundesamt.de /uba-info-presse-e/presse-informationen-e/p3101e.htm (896 words)

	Stealth technology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since then it has become less effective due to developments in the algorithms used to process the data received by radars, such as Bayesian particle filter methods.
		Increased awareness of stealth vehicles and the technologies behind them is prompting the development of techniques for detecting stealth vehicles, such as passive radar arrays and low-frequency radars.
		Most low rcs radars exploit doppler filter to increase the SNR, knowing the exact location of the radars enables to design a flight path that has zero radial speed, therfore invisible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stealth_technology (1610 words)

	Robot RF Localization - Particle Filter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This data is the same data provided with the Kalman Filter, but in this case we only keep GT and DR positions at the time when a range measurement occurs (So, the X in the variable names is for 'extracted,' since we extract only the pertinent points from GT and DR).
		This particle filter implementation only estimates the robot's position (x,y), not its heading.
		(A full description of the particle filter is available in this document.) Therefore, it is not possible to directly compensate for the offset between the robot reference point and the RF antenna.
	www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu /~dekurth/pf.html (500 words)

	ÃÀ¹ú×¨ÀûÉêÇë¹«¿ªËµÃ÷Êé 20040045889 - High conductivity particle filter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A high conductivity particle filter provides a flow path to subject a fluid stream to a series of turns.
		Traps are positioned in proximity to the turns to capture particles, which have greater inertia than the fluid.
		A cross sectional area of the flow path may be progressively decreased to increase flow velocity and particle inertia.
	cxp.paterra.com /uspregrant20040045889cn.html (80 words)

	Kalman filter toolbox for Matlab
		Consider a particle moving in the plane at constant velocity subject to random perturbations in its trajectory.
		The mean squared error of the filtered estimate is 4.9; for the smoothed estimate it is 3.2.
		The Unscented Particle Filter, by R van der Merwe, A Doucet, JFG de Freitas and E Wan, May 2000.
	www.cs.ubc.ca /~murphyk/Software/Kalman/kalman.html (786 words)

	Statistics Feature-Based Tracking with Particle Filter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Tracking is performed by particle filter [Isard and Blake, 1998], which is extended in two ways: reinitialization density to capture newly appearing object and extension to multiple objects.
		Kalman filtering [Welch and Bishop, 2002] as well as other approaches where pdf is modeled as unimodal Gaussian work relatively poorly in the presence of occlusion or cluttered background resembling the tracked objects and thus with non-Gaussian pdf.
		It is based on sampling the posterior distribution estimated in the previous frame and propagating these samples or particles to form the posterior for the current frame.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /~huangy/html/cs7495/final_project_report.htm (1781 words)

	Diesel-run cars: Retrofitting with particle filter is feasible (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On the same occasion he criticized announcements made by some manufacturers that particle filters would only be fitted in new vehicles at an extra cost of up to EUR 600.
		Troge considers the introduction of particle filters to be overdue, as the UBA has championed the cause for many years.
		Troge also made it clear that the UBA is not counting on the particle filter as the only solution for removing particulates from exhaust gas.
	www.umweltbundesamt.de /uba-info-presse-e/presse-informationen-e/pe08003.htm (511 words)

	Air Filter
		The IQAir HealthPro is one of the most efficient HEPA air cleaner in its class with an H12/13 class certified HEPA air filter.
		IQAir ParticleScan instruments are advanced laser particle counters for the quick and accurate measurement of airborne particle concentrations.
		Advanced laser particle counter with a flow rate of 0.1 cfm for the fast and accurate measurement of airborne particle concentrations...
	www.iqair.us /air-filter.html (640 words)

	Dieter Fox's MCL Animations (particle filters for robotics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Even though particle filters are well suited to represent the highly uncertain beliefs resulting from such noisy and sparse sensor data, they are not the most appropriate representation for this task.
		Real-time particle filters deal with this problem by representing the belief by mixtures of sample sets, thereby avoiding the loss of sensor data under limited computational resources.
		While the contribution of the camera was not essential for the museum project (we mostly relied on laser range-finders), the data collected during the project was used to show the potential benefits of using particle filters in combination with a camera pointed towards the ceiling.
	www.cs.washington.edu /ai/Mobile_Robotics/mcl (1807 words)

	Particle Filter
		The main objective of particle filtering is to track a variable of interest, typically with non- Gaussian and potentially multi-modal probability distribution function pdf.
		Multiple copies (particles) of the variable of interest are used, each one associated with a weight that signifies the quality of that specific particle.
		The next 2 videos illustrate the particle filter algorithm, where the vehicle starts from different places and the initial pose is not known.
	lrm.isr.ist.utl.pt /vale/english/projects/pfilter/pfilter1.html (1226 words)

	Blue air filter Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Blue Air 402 Particle Filter The Blue Air 402 Particle Filter captures 99.97 percent of 0.1 micron particles, including allergy-provoking pollen grains, dust...
		Particle Filter, Blue Air 402 Smokestop Particle Filter Compatible with Blue Air 402 Air Purifiers.
		Filter The Blue Air 501 Smokestop Particle Filter captures 99.97 percent of 0.1 micron particles, including...
	www.air-conditioners.it /web_category_268.html (272 words)

	Variations on a Particle Filter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The particle filter is a popular algorithm for tracking the state of a mobile robot and its environment -- that is, for approximating the robot's posterior belief about the possible states of the world given the evidence from its sensors.
		Another popular algorithm for state tracking is the Kalman filter.
		One might hope that there is a happy medium between the two: an algorithm which can handle a moderate number of posterior modes in a state space of moderate dimensionality.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~reinf/mosaic/talks-2001/01-11-05.ggordon.html (152 words)

	The Unscented Particle Filter - van der Merwe, de Freitas, Doucet, Wan (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The algorithm consists of a particle filter that uses an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to generate the importance proposal distribution.
		The UKF allows the particle filter to incorporate the latest observations into a prior updating routine.
		0.6 : Sigma-Point Kalman Filters for Probabilistic Inference in..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /325754.html (474 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sidenbladh H. Multi-target particle filtering for the probability hypothesis density.
		Storvik G. Particle filters in state space models with the presence of unknown static parameters.
		LeGland F. and Oudjane N. Stability and uniform approximation of nonlinear filters using the Hilbert metric, and application to particle filters.
	www-sigproc.eng.cam.ac.uk /smc/smcpapers.html (4678 words)

	Filtrauto particle cabin air filter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		One essential condition required for an internal combustion engine to operate properly is to constantly lubricate the moving parts of the engine with oils maintained at the necessary level of cleanliness so as to prevent any premature wear.
		For this, the “spin-on” filter has been an essential component for many years, thanks to its easy installation both as standard equipment and as a spare part, its reliability, and its filtering efficiency, whether for full-flow filtration or dual filtration.
		In addition, thanks to constant value analysis, FILTRAUTO is able to produce increasingly compact and lightweight filters thereby producing smaller quantities of used products for collection and recycling, f010905 which in turn favors environmental protection.
	www.filtrauto.com /eairha.html (227 words)

	cvpr,2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'04) - Volume 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Particle filters have recently emerged as a robust method for tracking in the presence of multi-modal distributions.
		To use subspace representations in a particle filter, the number of samples increases exponentially as the state vector includes the subspace coefficients.
		We introduce an efficient method for using subspace representations in a particle filter by applying Rao-Blackwellization to integrate out the subspace coefficients in the state vector.
	csdl.computer.org /comp/proceedings/cvpr/2004/2158/02/215820980abs.htm (246 words)

	Building Services Engineering - Master-thesis - Particle filter testing. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The removal of particles in the outdoor air is usually done with filters made of different filter media, for example, glass or synthetic fiber.
		Another method to remove particles in the air is to use electronic air cleaners, which are devices that impose a charge on the particles, while the particleladen air is passing through them.
		The initial pressure drop of the electrostatic filter is approximately half the value when compared to a bag filter with almost the same initial fractional efficiency.
	www.hvac.chalmers.se /Publications/Masters/E141_1998_e.htm (408 words)

	INDIACAR.NET - Latest auto news - VOLKSWAGEN PRESENTS DIESEL PARTICLE FILTER SYSTEMS AT THE IAA 2003
		The new Golf and Passat with particle filters will be exhibited at the IAA 2003.
		Customers will already be able to buy the Passat TDI with 2.0 litres displacement and 136 horsepower (100 kilowatt) with a diesel particle filter as standard this autumn.
		Vehicles which do not fulfil the Euro 4 emissions standards through internal combustion measures will be equipped successively with diesel particle filters as standard.
	www.indiacar.net /news/n5771.htm (207 words)

	Robotics Institute: Variable Resolution Particle Filter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Particle filters are used extensively for tracking the state of non-linear dynamic systems.
		This paper presents a new particle filter that maintains samples in the state space at dynamically varying resolution for computational efficiency.
		Simmons, "Variable Resolution Particle Filter," In Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI, August, 2003.
	www.ri.cmu.edu /pubs/pub_4565.html (268 words)

	[20040901] BEYOND THE KALMAN FILTER:PARTICLE FILTERS FOR TRACKING APPLICATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		To solve problems beyond this restricted class, particle filters are proving to be dependable methods for stochastic dynamic estimation.
		This cutting-edge book introduces the latest advances in particle filter theory, discusses their relevance to defence surveillance systems, and examines defence-related applications of particle filters to nonlinear and non-Gaussian problems.
		You can also apply particle filters to tracking a ballistic object, detection and tracking of stealthy targets, tracking through the blind Doppler zone, bi-static radar tracking, passive ranging (bearings-only tracking) of manoeuvering targets, range-only tracking, terrain-aided tracking of ground vehicles, and group and extended object tracking.
	merise.ticmundi.com /1-58053-631-X.html (195 words)

	The Kalman Filter
		Here at UNC we are using an Kalman filters and related estimators to track users' heads and limbs in virtual environments.
		The kalman filter has been used extensively for data fusion in navigation, but Joost van Lawick shows an example of scene modeling with an extended Kalman filter.
		For example, he is investigating the use of filters (including the Kalman filter) on short non-stationary econometric data sequences to extract such components as the trends and seasonal fluctuations.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~welch/kalman (1342 words)

	Air Filter Accessories: Bionaire, BIONAIRE CORPORATION, Blueair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		They are easy to change and low maintenance filters and exterior: When the filter needs to be replaced (twice yearly), just open the lid, lift out the old filter and drop the new one in.
		This revolutionary filter media is one of the least harmful plastics, producing only carbon dioxide and water as it decomposes.
		They are easy to change and low maintenance filters and exterior: When the filter needs to be replaced (twice yearly), just open the lid, lift out the old filters and drop the new ones in.
	besttop.ru /cat512202/page-10.html (983 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: HEPA air filter
		A HEPA (High Efficiency Particle Arresting) filter can remove the majority of harmful particles, including mold spores, dust, dust mites, pet dander and other irritating allergens from the air.
		Along with other methods to reduce allergens, such as frequent dusting, the use of a HEPA filtration system can be a helpful aid in controlling the amount of allergens circulating in the air.
		HEPA filters can be found in most air purifiers, which are usually small and portable.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19338.htm (198 words)

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