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Topic: Particle in a ring

	Particle in a ring - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box.
		The case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is an instructive example when studying the quantization of angular momentum for, say, an electron orbiting the nucleus.
		The azimuthal wave functions in that case are identical to the energy eigenfunctions of the particle on a ring.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Particle_in_a_ring (292 words)

	Particle in a box - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, the particle in a box is a very simple problem consisting of a single particle bouncing around inside of an immovable box, from which it cannot escape, and which loses no energy when it collides with the walls of the box.
		It is the situation of a particle confined within a finite region of space (the box) by an infinite potential that exists at the walls of the box.
		See also the Particle in a spherically symmetric potential where the case is treated of a particle in a spherical box, or the particle in a ring which shows the case for a particle in a 1D ring.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Particle_in_a_box (2311 words)

	particle physics - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about particle physics
		Subatomic particles include the elementary particles (quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons), which are indivisible, so far as is known, and so may be considered the fundamental units of matter; and the hadrons (baryons, such as the proton and neutron, and mesons), which are composite particles, made up of two or three quarks.
		The electromagnetic force (1) acts between all particles with electric charge, and is related to the exchange between these particles of gauge bosons called photons, packets of electromagnetic radiation.
		The unknown particle, which the researchers classified as X(3872), was detected in the decay products of beauty meson particles; it weighed as much as a single atom of helium and lasted a billionth of a trillionth of a second, an unusually long lifetime for a subatomic particle of this size.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /particle+physics (882 words)

	Ring Current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It circles the Earth in the equatorial plane and is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic (10 to 200 keV) charged particles trapped on field lines between L ~ 2 and 7.
		During geomagnetic storms, ring current particle fluxes are dramatically increased, with the peak enhancements occurring in the inner ring current (at L
		The growth and recovery of the ring current are indicated by changes in the Dst (disturbance storm time) index, the geomagnetic index that serves as the standard measure of ring current activity.
	pluto.space.swri.edu /IMAGE/glossary/ring_current.html (339 words)

	Particle in a box -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The statistical mechanics of many particles in a box is developed in the (additional info and facts about gas in a box) gas in a box article.
		This means that when the particle reaches one border of the well, it instantaneously disappears from this side to reappear on the opposite side, as if the well was some kind of (Commonly the lowest molding at the base of a column) torus.
		Also, when describing for instance a particle propagating in a solid, one does not expect spatially localized states but instead completely delocalized states (within the solid), meaning that the particles propagates inside it (since it can be everywhere with the same probability, conversely to the sine solutions we encountered where the particle has favored locations).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/particle_in_a_box.htm (1819 words)

	Accelerators and Nobel Laureates
		Particle accelerators are not only unique as tools for the exploration of the subatomic world, but are also used in many different applications such as material analysis and modification and spectrometry especially in environmental science.
		Electromagnetic radiation, photons, are emitted by circulating particles due to their continuous radial acceleration, and this emission, "steeling" energy from the circulating particles, combined with the acceleration which keeps their average energy constant, has a cooling effect on them; the circulating particles may be regarded as small antennas.
		A signal that is proportional to the displacement of the particle with respect to the central orbit, is generated and this signal is sent to another point of the periphery where a correcting pulsed voltage is applied over an electrode, forcing the particles to approach the central orbit.
	www.nobel.se /physics/articles/kullander (11523 words)

	Particle accelerator Article, Particleaccelerator Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Consequently particle physicists are increasingly using heavierparticles such as protons in their accelerators to get to higher energies.
		The earliest circular accelerators were cyclotrons, invented in 1929 by Ernest O. Lawrence.Cyclotrons have a single pair of hollow 'D'-shaped plates to accelerate the particles and a single dipole magnet to curve the track of the particles.
		Once the particles have been accelerated to the desired energy, a fast actingdipole magnet is used to switch the particles out of the circular synchrotron tube and towards the target.
	www.anoca.org /particles/accelerators/particle_accelerator.html (1244 words)

	D
		Depending on the particle species, its energy, and the magnetic field configuration, the dynamically significant electric field may be the quasi-steady electric field(varying over periods of hours) or substorm related electric fields (lasting for minutes and re-occurring episodically every 1-3 hours) or the large amplitude electric fields driven by especially strong interplanetary shocks preceding CMEs.
		Simulated particle data in the same format as "observed" at the position of the spacecraft with "particle detectors" and (right,bottom) the imposed wave electric field and magnetic fields calculated for the position of the spacecraft.
		Ring current ion composition, energy, and pitch-angle information are provided by a magnetic-spectrograph that uses an array of ion-implanted silicon detectors and satellite spin to make a 2-D measurement of the ions.
	ham.space.umn.edu /spacephys/IMEXwebsci.html (12841 words)

	Particle in a box (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		See also the Particle in a spherically symmetric potential where the case is treated of aparticle in a spherical box, or the particle in a ring whichshows the case for a particle in a 1D ring.
		This means that when the particle reaches one border of the well, itinstantaneously disappears from this side to reappear on the opposite side, as if the well was some kind of torus.
		Also, when describing forinstance a particle propagating in a solid, one does not expect spatially localized states but instead completely delocalizedstates (within the solid), meaning that the particles propagates inside it (since it can be everywhere with the same probability,conversely to the sine solutions we encountered where the particle has favored locations).
	www.therfcc.org /particle-in-a-box-39346.html (1699 words)

	particle in a box (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In physics, the particle in a box (or the square well) is a simple idealized system that can be completely solved within quantum mechanics.
		It neatly demonstrates that quantum behaviour is a natural outcome of any wave-like system, contrary to the common concept of a "quantum leap" where the behavior is almost magicalal.
		where h is Planck's constant, m is the mass of the particle, ψ is the (complex valued) wavefunction that we want to find, V(x) is a function describing the potential at each point x and E is the energy, a real number.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /particle_in_a_box.html (1839 words)

	Encyclopedia: SchrÃ¶dinger equation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian of a particle can be expressed as the sum of two operators, one corresponding to kinetic energy and the other to potential energy.
		For a single particle of mass m with no electric charge and no spin, the kinetic energy operator is Albert Einsteins theory of relativity is a set of two theories in physics: special relativity and general relativity.
		The particle in a spherically symmetric potential describes the dynamics of a particle in a central force field, i.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Schr%F6dinger-equation (2703 words)

	Encyclopedia: Particle in a ring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The SchrÃ¶dinger equation for a free particle which is restricted to a ring (technically, whose configuration space is the circle
		Using polar coordinates on the 1 dimensional ring, the wave function depends only on the angular coordinate, and so This article describes some of the common coordinate systems that appear in elementary mathematics.
		In the most restricted usage in quantum mechanics, the wavefunction associated with a particle such as an electron, is a complex-valued square integrable function ψ defined over a portion of space normalized in such a way that In Max Borns probabilistic interpretation of the wavefunction, the amplitude squared...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Particle-in-a-ring (987 words)

	New observations show dynamic particle clumps in Saturn's A ring
		New observations from the Cassini spacecraft now at Saturn indicate the particles comprising one of its most prominent rings are trapped in ever-changing clusters of debris that are regularly torn apart and reassembled by gravitational forces from the planet.
		According to University of Colorado at Boulder Professor Larry Esposito of the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, particle clusters in the outermost main ring, the A ring, range from the size of sedans to moving vans and are far too small to be photographed by the spacecraft cameras.
		The new observations of the particle clusters indicate the A ring is primarily empty space.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-09/uoca-nos090405.php (812 words)

	Gravity of a Torus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Consider a very thin ring of mass treated as a circle of radius R in the plane, and a particle inside this ring at a distance r from the center.
		If we rotate this line about the particle through an incremental angle h, it will sweep out sections of the ring proportional to uhcos(a) and vhcos(a), where "a" is the angle the chord makes with the normals to the circle at the points of intersection.
		As a result, I think the net force along this ray (and every ray) is positive in the direction of the closer point on the ring, which suggests that a particle in the equatorial plane inside the ring would move outward toward the ring (along a radial line).
	www.mathpages.com /home/kmath402.htm (519 words)

	Particle in a box (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		See also the Particle in a spherically symmetric potential where the case is treated of particle in a spherical box or the particle in a ring which shows the case for a in a 1D ring.
		This means that when the particle one border of the well it instantaneously from this side to reappear on the side as if the well was some of torus.
		Also when describing for a particle propagating in a solid one not expect spatially localized states but instead delocalized states (within the solid) meaning that particles propagates inside it (since it can everywhere with the same probability conversely to sine solutions we encountered where the particle favored locations).
	www.freeglossary.com /The_particle_in_a_box (2197 words)

	Particle in a ring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in aone-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in abox.
		The Schrödinger equation for a free particlewhich is restricted to a ring (technically, whose configurationspace is the circle S
		The azimuthal wave functions in thatcase are identical to the energy eigenfunctions of the particle on aring.
	www.therfcc.org /particle-in-a-ring-164239.html (258 words)

	[48.07] Saturn's F ring: Kinematics and Particle Sizes from Stellar Occultation Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We observed the 1995 occultation of GSC5249-01240 by Saturn's rings with the Faint Object Spectrometer on the Hubble Space Telescope.
		The F ring's equivalent depth is found to have no significant dependence on wavelength, indicating the presence of a population of ring particles larger in size than approximately 10 microns.
		Our inclined F ring orbit model explains an abrupt decrease in flux at the west ansa of the ring that was observed during the November 1995 ring-plane crossing (Nicholson et al.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v32n3/dps2000/426.htm (290 words)

	APOD: 2005 May 25 - Particle Sizes in Saturns Rings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		above image, the color purple indicates regions populated predominantly by ring particles larger than 5 centimeters, while the color green indicates regions with a significant population of small ring particles less than even 1 centimeter.
		The white center of Saturn's B-ring indicates that the density of ring particles was too high to make a good determination.
		ring particles can be as large as several meters across.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap050525.html (168 words)

	Experimental Facilities: SPEAR
		The first was the 1974 discovery of a particle called the J/psi that is made up of a combination of a quark and an antiquark of an entirely new kind.
		The particles are fed to SPEAR at the desired energy from an accelerator
		) given off by the particles as they moved around the curves in the storage ring were considered to be both a waste of energy and a practical nuisance by high energy physicists interested in particle physics.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/experiments/spear.html (653 words)

	Voyager - Mission - Did You Know?
		The rings of Saturn appeared to the Voyagers as a dazzling necklace of 10,000 strands.
		The rings of Saturn are so thin in proportion to their 171,000 km (106,000 mi) width that, if a full-scale model were to be built with the thickness of a phonograph record the model would have to measure four miles from its inner edge to its outer rim.
		The rings of Uranus are so dark that Voyager's challenge of taking their picture was comparable to the task of photographing a pile of charcoal briquettes at the foot of a Christmas tree, illuminated only by a 1 watt bulb at the top of the tree, using ASA-64 film.
	voyager.jpl.nasa.gov /mission/didyouknow.html (1904 words)

	[No title]
		A large disturbance of the magnetic field near the equator signals the injection of a newly accelerated particle population (a 'ring current') into the magnetosphere.
		As mentioned above, particles of 'cosmic-ray-like' energies are accelerated by the interplanetary shock preceding a fast coronal mass ejection and possibly in the vicinity of a solar flare site.
		Sometimes solar particles also find their way into the deeper magnetosphere by means of other transport processes.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /~jgluhman/spwin4.html (636 words)

	Catalog Page for PIA06349
		Evidence from the visual and infrared mapping spectrometer on the Cassini spacecraft indicates that the grain sizes in Saturn's rings grade from smaller to larger, related to distance from Saturn.
		By looking at the rings with the visual and infrared mapping spectrometer, the size of the ice crystals, or grains, on the surfaces of those boulders can be determined.
		Saturn's rings are made mostly of water in the form of ice.
	photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov /catalog/PIA06349 (352 words)

	HE ELECTRONIC SPECTRUM OF HYDROGEN - THE BOHR ATOM - Part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		where h is Planck's constant, m is the mass of the particle, and v is its velocity.
		This part of the computer experiment has to do with the general properties of a particle moving in a circle: the so called "particle on a ring".
		In keeping with the theory, you cannot see both the particle and the wave at the same time: there are no laboratory experiments which can simultaneously show both properties.
	mutuslab.cs.uwindsor.ca /schurko/molspec/animations/bird_concordia/HydrogenSpectrum_2.htm (468 words)

	[16.01] Evolution of Ring Particle Size Distribution Due to Accretion in the Roche Zone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Understanding the evolution of the size distribution would constrain the origin and evolution of the rings, and it can also let us estimate abundance of unseen large moonlets, which would be responsible for many observed features in ring systems, such as those observed in Saturn's F ring (Barbara and Esposito, submitted to Icarus).
		We study two cases: in one case, particles are assumed to accrete whenever they collide, while we use the three-body capture criteria in the Roche zone (Ohtsuki 1993) in the other case.
		In the case of perfect accretion, the growth of particles proceeds as an orderly growth afterwards.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v33n3/dps2001/213.htm (294 words)

	Actionscript.org Macromedia Flash Resources and Tutorials
		A 'particle system' is a method for modeling fuzzy objects, such as fire and smoke.
		The now classic example of a 'particle system' is the transformation of the planet from the film "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan," i.e., the "Genesis Effect." Essentially, that special effect is just a collection of many minute particles that together represent a "fuzzy" object.
		Only two classes are essential for creating and controlling the animation: a "Ring" class that extends the functionality of the "Ring clip" movie clip, and a "Container" class that extends the functionality of the "Container clip" movie clip.
	www.actionscripts.org /tutorials/advanced/Object_Oriented_Class_Design/index.shtml (598 words)

	ipedia.com: Superconducting Super Collider Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Superconducting Super Collider was a ring particle accelerator which was planned to be built in the area around Waxahachie, Texas.
		The Superconducting Super Collider (often abbreviated as SSC) was a ring particle accelerator which was planned to be built in the area around Waxahachie, Texas.
		It was planned to have a ring circumference of 87 km (54 mi) and an energy of 20 TeV per beam, potentially enough energy to create a Higgs boson, a particle predicted by the Standard Model, but not yet detected.
	www.ipedia.com /superconducting_super_collider.html (260 words)

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