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Topic: Particle number

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	Catalytic Stripper for Solid Particle Number, Size, and Mass Emission Measurement, 08-9293
		Dry soot particles are formed in the combustion chamber of an engine, while most of the volatile material enters the particle phase from the gas phase as the exhaust cools.
		It also would help in identifying solid particle number and size that may be the subject of future PM regulation, particularly in Europe.
		The catalyst and geometry of the substrate were characterized and sized to prevent solid particle losses, in the size range typical of diesel exhaust, and yet achieve near 100-percent removal of volatile materials.
	www.swri.org /3pubs/IRD2002/08-9293.htm (0 words)

	Ultrafine Particle Number Concentrations from Hybrid Urban Transit Buses: Onboard Single-Diameter Scanning Mobility ...
		This study examines the ultrafine particle (particle mobility diameters of <100 nm) number concentrations and size distributions for conventional diesel and hybrid electric diesel transit buses by the use of onboard exhaust measurements with a scanning mobility particle sizer from TSI, Inc., operated in single-diameter mode.
		Particle number concentrations were higher, on average, for high-load routes (freeway 65-mph commuter and steep-grade routes).
		There were no significant differences in particle number distributions between the 2003 parallel hybrid electric and the 2002 conventional diesel bus types, likely because of the similar diesel engine specifications and a hybrid control strategy that was not optimized for particulate emissions benefits.
	pubsindex.trb.org /document/view/default.asp?lbid=777349 (342 words)

	Particle number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The particle number, N, is the number of so called 'elementary particles' (or elementary constituents) in a thermodynamical system.
		The particle number is a fundamental parameter in thermodynamics and it is conjugate to the chemical potential.
		By calling a constituent element, we state that it cannot be broken into smaller pieces at the scale of energy k·T involved in the process.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Particle_number (113 words)

	Particle Measuring Systems - (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because of this, particle counters must be used to provide a statistically valid sample of the air in a cleanroom (or the liquid in a tank, or the gas in a cylinder.) A statistically valid air sample is a sample that is representative of the average air in the rest of the room.
		Liquid particle counters are used to count particles in almost every kind of liquid, from water to hydrofluoric acid to petrochemicals to injectible drugs.
		Particle Counters for Gas are used to determine the purity of various gases, both inert and corrosive.
	www.pmeasuring.com /support/papers/particlemonitoring/pharmaceutical/basicguide/viewHtml (7365 words)

	Observations of elevated particle number concentration events at a rural site in New England
		Particle number (PN) concentrations collected over a 4-year period at the Thompson Farm atmospheric observatory in New Hampshire in conjunction with the Atmospheric Investigation, Regional, Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (AIRMAP) program are reported here.
		PN events characterized by air masses enriched in sulfur dioxide and originating southeast of Thompson Farm contributed 20% of the total PN events.
		Index Terms: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801, 4906); 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry; 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2006/2006JD007607.shtml (395 words)

	565 Environcheck
		It is not obvious if the particle number or the particle mass has a greater effect on the human health.
		The larger particles (> 0.5 µm), which determine the total mass of aerosol particles, are counted as well as the smaller particles (< 0.5 µm), which determine the total number of the aerosol particles.
		Particles and vapor next flow into the cooling condenser unit (10°C) where the supersaturated vapor condenses on all the particles as they pass through.
	www.dustmonitor.com /Environmental/565_environcheck.htm (656 words)

	Toner for developing electrostatic image and process of preparing same - Patent 6395443
		Using an aperture of 100.mu.m in the above particle size distribution measuring device, the particle size distribution is measured on the basis of the number with the Coulter counter for particles having a diameter in the range of 2-40.mu.m.
		In the production of a toner containing particles having a particle diameter of 5.04.mu.m or less in an amount of 15% or less based on the total particle number N of the toner, it is preferred that the kneading be carried out while applying a specific energy of at least 0.10 kW.multidot.h/kg to the mixture.
		Background is observed with a magnifying glass to count the number (n) of toner particles present in a circular area of a diameter of 2 mm.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6395443.html (4805 words)

	Two-component type developer, developing method and image forming method - Patent 5712069 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A smaller particle size of magnetic carrier is preferred from the viewpoint of a higher image quality but is liable to increase the carrier attachment based on a relation between the magnetic force and the particle size.
		If the particles having sizes in the range of at most a half of the number-average particle size exceed 20% by number as an accumulative amount, the magnetic carrier is liable to cause an increased carrier attachment and have a poor charging ability to a toner.
		The particle size of the toner used in the present invention is closely associated with the particle size of the magnetic carrier.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5712069.html (15425 words)

	Gaseous Particle Simulator
		Particle Physics Simulator is a simulation of the motion of gas particles in a 3 dimensional container.
		Particle Physics Simulator is designed to illustrate the motion of a variable number of particles within a small container, indirectly accounting for thermal energy contained in the gas.
		The third is simulating collisions between particles and the walls of the container, and the final problem is calculating pressure on the container walls based upon the data recorded by the collisions between particles and the walls of the container.
	www.aspire.cs.uah.edu /aspire/particlesimulator.html (3572 words)

	Gaseous Particle Simulator
		Particle Physics Simulator is designed to illustrate the motion of a variable number of particles within a small container, indirectly accounting for thermal energy contained in the gas.
		Gasesous particle physics is a difficult science to investigate because it is difficult to observe gas particles.
		The third is simulating collisions between particles and the walls of the container, and the final problem is calculating pressure on the container walls based upon the data recorded by the collisions between particles and the walls of the container.
	aspire.cs.uah.edu /aspire/particlesimulator.html (3572 words)

	Nanoparticles Technology,nanopowder,Pacific Nanotechnology,Nanotechnology,probe microscopy
		Measuring particle sizes with all microscopy techniques, such as SEM, is relatively straightforward as long the particles are large in comparison to the size of the probe.
		This assumes that the particles are separated and not in a cluster.
		Particle sizes of cluster with long-range correlation can be discerned from FFT analysis of topographical data.
	nanoparticles.pacificnano.com /applications-quantitative-analysis.html (1580 words)

	C&EN: COVER STORY - TAKING A CLOSE LOOK AT LDL CHOLESTEROL
		At present, LDL particle number is accessible only through an immunoassay of apolipoprotein B. According to Otvos, one molecule of this protein is present on every LDL particle, as well as on every very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle.
		The NMR signal is the sum of all the contributions from all the different-size lipoprotein particles.
		Those amplitudes are directly proportional to the numbers of particles, irrespective of the exact amount of any particular lipid--such as cholesterol--in those particles.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/coverstory/8247/print/8247metabolic2.html (0 words)

	Directory of open access journals
		In a street canyon, the number concentration of particles smaller than 300 nm in diameter, which can be inhaled and cause serious health effects, is dominated by particles originating from this source.
		In this study we measured both, particle number size distribution and traffic density continuously in a characteristic street canyon in Germany for a time period of 6 months.
		Correlation coefficients between particle number concentration for integrated size ranges and traffic counts of 0.5 were determined.
	www.doaj.org /doaj?func=abstract&id=176304&recNo=14&toc=1 (0 words)

	the bit-101 Particle class
		Can be set to "wrap", "bounce", or "remove" wrap causes the particle to disappear and appear on the opposite edge of the space bounce causes the particle to bounce off the edge at a speed determined by the bounce property remove causes the particle to be permanently deleted if it leaves the space.
		default is 1000 springToMouse(bSpring:Boolean [, force:Number]) - causes the particle to spring to the mouse - arguments: bSpring.
		any number of points can be added, but the result will be that the particle will spring to an point which is the average of all points.
	www.bit-101.com /Particles (1113 words)

	Physics::Particles - Simulate particle dynamics - search.cpan.org
		Physics::Particles is a facility to simulate movements of a small number of particles under a small number of forces that every particle excerts on the others.
		Complexity increases with particles X particles X forces, so that is why the number of particles should be low.
		Second is the particle that excerts the force, and the third argument will be an array reference of parameters passed to the iterate_step method at run time.
	search.cpan.org /~smueller/Physics-Particles-1.02/lib/Physics/Particles.pm (776 words)

	Aerosol particle number concentration measurements in five European cities using TSI-3022 condensation particle counter ...
		Elevated concentrations of aerosol particles have been associated with increases in all-cause mortality, mortality for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, hospital admissions, and exacerbation of respiratory symptoms in chronically ill patients.
		Several long-term datasets on aerosol particle number concentrations and size distributions have been published recently, reflecting the paucity of data on long-term particle number concentrations and difficulty in establishing meaningful standards for the concentration of total particle number.
		These particles are formed in the atmosphere close to the tail pipe of the vehicle, and their rate of formation has been shown to depend on both the type of the vehicle and the meteorological conditions.
	www.accessmylibrary.com /coms2/summary_0286-9622437_ITM (1286 words)

	Baryon Number Generation in the Early Universe (1980)
		Several collision times are then necessary for the actual number distributions of the massive particles to relax into their equilibrium forms; if the rate of expansion is much larger than the rate of interactions, then significant deviations from equilibrium may result.
		When massive particles are present, therefore, the expansion of the universe is no longer reversible; deviations from thermal equilibrium may occur, and in their relaxation, the entropy of the universe may increase slightly (7).
		One example of this effect is in the survival of massive stable particles from the early universe [13].
	www.stephenwolfram.com /publications/articles/particle/80-baryon/3/text.html (4824 words)

	Particle Size Analysis Products - Micromeritics
		Accurate measurement of particle size is essential for the determination of the consistency, quality, and overall usefulness and performance characteristics of a material.
		The instrument selected for a particle sizing application must be appropriate for the material to be measured and for the environment in which the instrument is to be used.
		It determines particle size by the highly accurate and reproducible X-ray/sedimentation method, which measures the gravity-induced settling rates of different size particles in a liquid with known properties.
	www.micromeritics.com /products/particle_size.aspx (395 words)

	[No title]
		Despite LDL cholesterol levels at ATP III goal, elevated LDL particle numbers were found in 64% of CHD risk equivalent patients, such as patients with type II diabetes.
		When lipoprotein particles are small, there must be more of them to carry equivalent amounts of cholesterol, up to 70% more lipoprotein particles.
		By the same logic, to the right, when particles carry varying amounts of cholesterol per lipoprotein particle, regardless of particle size, there must be more compositionally abnormal particles to carry equivalent amounts of cholesterol.
	www.lifescore.com /nmr_lipoProfile_test.htm (0 words)

	Quantum Gravity Concept Map - Particles and Fields
		Here "identifiable" means that the characteristics of one type of particle allow it to be distinguished from another type of particle which differs in at least one of those characteristics.
		In fact, by defining a field (often called the "vacuum") which has all possible particle characteristics, one can describe the entire universe of matter and energy with a single field (which is of course useless for computational purposes, but absolutely necessary when we consider that any two timelike separated particles are interacting).
		Note that the definition of the vacuum quantum numbers depends on the spacetime frame of reference, since one of the symmetry groups of the vacuum is shared by the spacetime manifold.
	www.rwc.uc.edu /koehler/qg/pf.html (464 words)

	Nanoparticle Characterization,graphs,advantages of AFM,SPM,TEM,SEM,particle volume,nanoparticle analysis
		A procedure for detecting, outlining and measuring particles avoiding the impediments of the most glaring artifacts is discussed.
		The particles may be visualized in a 2-D format, or a three dimensional format, Figure2.
		Besides being able to analyze a singe particle, graphs may be created that show the distribution of particles as a function of any of the measured variables.
	nanoparticles.pacificnano.com /nanoparticle-characterization.html (1064 words)

	Particle Gap Number
		The conductance of the Aether appears to be responsible for maintaining the strong charge and angular momentum of all subatomic particles.
		Further work on the particle gap number may reveal a more precise view of the cause of the Big Bang.
		The particle gap number showed on this page began as pure speculation since Phi was not known to be relevant to quantum existence.
	www.16pi2.com /particle_gap_number.htm (561 words)

	QUT \| ePrints Archive - Particle Number Emissions and Source Signatures of an Industrial Facility
		The average of all the particle size distributions recorded within the plant sector at a site located 4.5 km from the plant, over the sampling period when the plant was operating also showed a bimodal distribution.
		The average contribution of the plant (for plant sector winds) was estimated to be (10.0 ± 3.8)x102 particles cm-3 and constituted approximately a 50% increase over the local particle ambient concentration for plant sector winds.
		This increase in particle number concentration compared to the local background, while high compared to the clean environments, is not significant when compared to concentrations generally encountered in the urban environment of Brisbane.
	eprints.qut.edu.au /archive/00002481 (379 words)

	Particle Gap Number
		The conductance of the Aether appears to be responsible for maintaining the strong charge and angular momentum of all subatomic particles.
		Further work on the particle gap number may reveal a more precise view of the cause of the Big Bang.
		The particle gap number showed on this page began as pure speculation since Phi was not known to be relevant to quantum existence.
	16pi2.com /particle_gap_number.htm (561 words)

	Clinician FAQs NMR LipoProfile Test: ldl hdl vldl lipoprotein particle number cardiovascular diagnositic test heart ...
		Lipoprotein movement is a gradient driven process and an excessive number of LDL particles sets the stage for large amounts of cholesterol to enter the subendothelial space.
		Particle size modulates the level of risk only when excessive numbers are present.
		Risk categories for LDL particle number correspond to NCEP risk categories for LDL cholesterol at the 20th, 50th, 80th, and 95th percentile cutpoints.
	www.lipoprofile.com /control.cfm?ID=61 (1369 words)

	Particle Technology Labs - Particle Size - Distribution Anaylsis
		Measures particle size of liquids or powders using a wet or dry suspension on a volume basis.
		Particle size of nano-sized particles measured on an intensity basis.
		Measures particle size of dry powders on a weight basis by passing through a stack of sieves.
	www.particletechlabs.com /Services/size.htm (0 words)

	Particle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		All methods and properties of the Particle class will then be available to that movie clip.
		- causes the particle to spring to the mouse
		but the result will be that the particle will spring to an point which is the average of all points.
	www.ericd.net /Classes/Particle.html (704 words)

	Le Magazine, May 2006 - Report: New Blood Test Better Predicts Heart Attack Risk
		LDL particle number is among the most powerful tools we have to predict the risk of heart attack.
		High LDL particle number responds to the same treatments as high LDL level, but this method of assessment provides greater confidence in determining who to treat and how intensively to do so.
		LDL particle number provides much more powerful feedback on the adequacy of treatment and is therefore a tool for further reduction of risk.
	www.lef.org /magazine/mag2006/may2006_report_heart_02.htm (1517 words)

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