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Topic: Particulates

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	Particulates
		Particulate matter is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances, present in the atmosphere as both liquids and solids.
		Particulate matter is emitted from a wide range of man-made sources, the most significant primary sources being road transport (25%), non-combustion processes (24%), industrial combustion plants and processes (17%), commercial and residential combustion (16%) and public power generation (15%).
		Particulates may be seen as the most critical of all pollutants, and some estimates have suggested that particulates are responsible for up to 10,000 premature deaths in the UK each year.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Air_Quality/Older/Particulates.html (292 words)

	Particulate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM), aerosols or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid (a smoke) or liquid (an aerosol) suspended in a gas.
		The effects of inhaling particulate matter has been widely studied in humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death.
		EPA regulates primary particulate emissions and precursors to secondary emissions (NOx, sulfur, and ammonia).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Particulate (1857 words)

	Particulates, Bureau of Air Quality, Department of Environmental Protection
		Particulates is the term given to the tiny particles of solid or semi-solid material found in the atmosphere.
		The sources of particulates are many: wind-blown dust and sand from roadways, fields, and construction; coal dust, fly ash, and carbon fl from various combustion sources; and automobile exhaust, to name a few.
		Particulates that range in size from less than 0.1 micrometer up to approximately 45 micrometers are called "total suspended particulates".
	www.maine.gov /dep/air/monitoring/particulate.htm (1439 words)

	Method of and apparatus for reducing emitted amount of particulates contained in exhaust gas of diesel engine - Patent ...
		When the particulates in that location generate heat, this combustion heat and the secondary air being continuously supplied are conveyed to the trapping member 14 disposed downstream thereof, and combustion is successively propagated to the particulates which have adhered to the trapping member 14 disposed downstream and are within the range of self-burning temperature thereof.
		When the particulates in that location generate heat, this combustion heat and the secondary air being continuously supplied are conveyed to the trapping member 37A disposed downstream thereof, and combustion is successively propagated to the particulates which have adhered to the trapping member 37A disposed downstream and are within the self-burning temperature thereof.
		When the particulates in that location generates heat, this combustion heat and the secondary air being continuously supplied are conveyed to the trapping member 54 disposed downstream thereof, and combustion is successively propagated to the particulates which have adhered to the trapping member 54 disposed downstream and are within the self-burning temperature thereof.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4404795.html (4866 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Particulate is a general term used for a type of air pollution that consists of various types of particles suspended in the air we breathe.
		Particulates that are small enough to be breathed in come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and levels of toxicity.
		Health problems caused by breathing particulates can either be acute, which occur immediately or within a few days of exposure, or they can be chronic, which are long-term health effects that might not show up for many years.
	www.aerias.org /DesktopModules/ArticleDetail.aspx?articleId=140&spaceid=1&subid=9 (836 words)

	Fine Particulates: What They are and How They Affect Us
		Breathing in fine particulates for a short time is also associated with more lung, and probably heart, disease — and more hospitalizations for treatment.
		Particulates are tiny solid or liquid particles that come in many shapes and sizes, and from many different sources.
		All these particulates are not being emitted from a stack 100 metres high and 100 kilometres away.
	www.env.gov.bc.ca /air/particulates/fpwtaaht.html (2768 words)

	Particulates
		Particulates are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in the atmosphere.
		Some particulates, such as dust from roads or soot from wood combustion, are emitted directly into the atmosphere.
		Particulate pollution contains solids or liquid droplets that are so small that they can get deep into a person’s lungs and make them very sick.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/milagro/air/particulates.html (400 words)

	What are Particulates?
		Particulates are not a single pollutant but a mix of particles of different sizes, origin, and chemical composition.
		Particulates may also be altered or created by chemical and physical reactions with gas or liquid pollutants.
		Particulates are associated with higher rates of circulatory and respiratory diseases.
	www.minesandcommunities.org /Action/press729.htm (1788 words)

	Airborne Particulates - Texas Commission on Environmental Quality - www.tceq.state.tx.us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Fine particulates (PM-2.5) are generally emitted from activities such as industrial and residential combustion and from vehicle exhaust.
		PM-2.5 data is the near real-time measurement of particulate matter 2.5 microns or less in size from the surrounding air.
		PM-10 data is the near real-time measurement of particulate matter 10 microns or less in size from the surrounding air.
	www.tceq.state.tx.us /cgi-bin/compliance/monops/particulates?region_crit=12 (562 words)

	KanCRN \| Particulate Monitoring \| Creating the Context \| Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Fine particulates are linked with all sorts of health problems- from a runny nose and coughing, to bronchitis, asthma and even death.
		And remember: these particulates are not being released from a stack 300 feet high and 50 miles away.They'ree being released on our streets, in our backyards, our living rooms, and are finding their way into our lungs.
		The net effect is that these particulates can blot out the view, making it difficult for residents and tourists alike to "enjoy the scenery" or even to travel by road or air.
	pathfinderscience.net /pm10/cbackground.cfm (1525 words)

	Airborne particulates - EPA/QPWS
		Particulate matter is the term used to describe particles that are suspended in the air.
		The concentration of TSP in the air is calculated as the particulate mass divided by the volume of air sampled.
		The particulate matter retained on the filter can be analysed to determine the concentration of other pollutants, such as lead or other metals.
	www.epa.qld.gov.au /environmental_management/air/air_quality_monitoring/air_pollutants/airborne_particulates (1455 words)

	Chesapeake Bay Journal: Particulates - January/February 1997
		Particulate matter is the term used for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air.
		The particulate standard regulates particles 10 microns in diameter or less (a human hair is about 70 microns thick), to no more than 150 micrograms per cubic meter of air measured daily and an annual average of no more than 50 micrograms per cubic meter.
		Particulates are thought to be a source of toxics to the Chesapeake, as fine, soft particles readily absorb toxics that are released during fossil fuel combustion.
	www.bayjournal.com /article.cfm?article=425 (414 words)

	Electricity and Ozone (smog) and fine particulates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ozone is formed as a result of chemical reactions of nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere; fine particulates may form either in power plant smokestacks or in the air as a result of the emissions of any of the three primary gasses from fossil generation plants - carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides.
		Particulates have come to be viewed by health experts and environmental regulators as one of the most serious pollution problems.
		Visibility is caused by the absorption of light by certain particulates (such as soot); and the reflection of light by other forms of particulates (such as sulfates and nitrates).
	www.powerscorecard.org /issue_detail.cfm?issue_id=3 (1904 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Metro -- County fails on fine pollutants
		The new standards for Particulate Matter 2.5, first issued in 1997, were tied up in litigation for years.
		Recent studies have shown that the fine particulates actually are more hazardous because they can lodge deeper into the lungs.
		Particulate matter is the term for particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke and liquid droplets, according to the EPA Web site.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/metro/20040630-9999-7m30air.html (618 words)

	Particulates and Air Quality - Vermont Department of Health
		A fairly dense particulate, such as lead dust, is likely to stay in the air for a shorter period of time than other particulates.
		In order for particulates to pose a health risk, a person must be exposed in such a way that the particulates are drawn into the body.
		A high level of particulates may also be characteristic of larger environments where control is more difficult, such as urban areas with heavy traffic or rural areas with dusty roads or tall grass.
	healthvermont.gov /enviro/indoor_air/particulate.aspx (1389 words)

	Particulates Description
		Particulate matter can also be composed of very small particulates of about 0.1 to 0.2 micrometers in diameter, like you'd find in automobile exhaust or fireplace emissions.
		Particulates serve as cloud condensing nuclei (CCN), which means that they attract water in the atmosphere and help form clouds.
		Particulates carry chemicals that disrupt the balance of the atmospheric chemistry and chemicals that can block solar energy from entering or leaving the earth.
	www.e-tulsa.net /resp/EnvChem4.htm (1118 words)

	Particulates
		“Particulates are now among the greatest threats to health in urban areas”, states Dr Martin Lanzendorf of the UFZ Centre for Environmental Research (Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig-Halle) of the importance of the research.
		Particulate values must not exceed the limit of 50 micrograms per cubic metre of air on more than 35 days per year.
		PM stands for particulate matter and 10 denotes the particle size of 10 micrometres, that is one hundred thousandth of a metre.
	www.ufz.de /index.php?en=5419 (1160 words)

	Vision Engineer - Particulates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Particulates are one of several types of pollutants emitted by gasoline and diesel engines.
		This lowers the amount of particulates emitted into the atmoshphere by preventing soot particles from being produced.
		The collected particulates can then be burnt off by ducting it back into the engine or by using an electrical heater.
	www.visionengineer.com /mech/particulates.shtml (294 words)

	Environmental Valuation & Cost-Benefit News - Category: Particulates
		Ostro said that because California has the most fine particulate pollution and a large population, "we would see a large chunk of the benefits" if the standard were set at 14 micrograms.
		Particulates, NOx, and other noxious pollutants were also (rather obviously) reduced, and science-based cost-benefit calculations show the policy would save a number of people from early death with this policy -- in fact, it would save about 300 cumulative life-years.
		The pollutant of concern for young lungs is particulate matter: tiny particles emitted from diesel engines that lodge in the windpipe and lungs and cause inflammation.
	www.envirovaluation.org /index.php?cat=170 (11305 words)

	Total Suspended Particulates
		Over 99% of inhaled particulate matter is either exhaled or trapped in the upper areas of the respiratory system and expelled.
		The balance enter the windpipe and lungs, where some particulates, known as inhalable particulates, cling to protective mucous and are removed.
		Particulates can accumulate in the lungs after repeated, long-term exposure causing respiratory distress and other health problems.
	www.hcdoes.org /airquality/monitoring/tsp.htm (428 words)

	Particulates.net
		Previous studies have shown that long term exposure to air particulates can initiate a chain of events that trigger a heart attack in individuals with cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors.
		The study concluded that there was a 48 percent higher risk of heart attack when PM2.5 concentrations increased by 25 micrograms per cubic meter of air in the two hours before symptoms began.
		Fine particulate air pollution is produced primarily by automobile engines, power plants, refineries, smelters and other industries, Dockery said.
	www.particulates.net (1039 words)

	Atmospheric Composition: Water Vapor and Particulates
		Major natural sources of particulates are volcanoes, fires, wind-blown soil and sand, sea salt, and pollen.
		Particulates are very effective at altering the energy and moisture balances of the Earth system.
		Particulates diffuse sunlight reducing the amount and intensity of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/atmosphere/atmospheric_composition_p3.html (495 words)

	Apparatus for separating particulates from a speaker system patent invention
		To inhibit the particulates 212 from reaching the diaphragm 214C by way of the attraction force produced by the magnet 214B, magnetic elements 216A-B are placed in compartments 215A-B of the enclosure 202.
		To attract the particulates 212 to the magnetic strip 222, said strip 222 is designed with a stronger magnetic force than the magnet 214B.
		These particulates 204 accumulate in the openings 206A-B, which can be easily removed by a cloth or other suitable material when too many particulates accumulate thereby affecting the acoustic quality of the audio device 230.
	www.freshpatents.com /Apparatus-for-separating-particulates-from-a-speaker-system-dt20060907ptan20060198547.php (1784 words)

	NRC Scientists Pinpoint Particulates - National Research Council Canada
		Traditionally, measuring exhaust particulate emissions has been done by trapping the particulates on a filter and weighing them.
		This means that the trucks can't exceed a maximum particulate emission level at any point while on the road, something that can't be measured with filters.
		The goal is to understand the role that atmospheric fl carbon particulates, when heated by sunlight, play in climate change.
	www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca /highlights/2006/0603particulates_e.html (883 words)

	Allergens Inert Particulates
		Particulate matter — PM or particulates meant the many varieties...
		For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications, in part or in toto, application should be made to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
		Particulates is a general term used to describe...
	www.allergies-asthma.info /resources/allergens-inert-particulates.htm (511 words)

	AIR-EIA: Air quality technical data: particulates
		Particulates are very small particles, suspended in air, with diameters in the µm dimension.
		Particulates or total suspended matter, are one of the important air pollutants, specifically the fractions of PM10 (smaller than 10 µm) and, most recently, PM2.5 (smaller than 2.5 µm).
		Depending on to their origin, particulates can also include numerous toxics: pyrogenic particulates, i.e., those generated by combustion processes (in internal combustion engines and Diesel engines in particular, but also in industrial furnaces and waste incinerators) are in this category.
	www.ess.co.at /AIR-EIA/particulates.html (186 words)

	Particulates
		Particulates are made up of a number of things, including unburned carbon, metallic ash and other subtances in the fuel that are not consumed during combustion.
		Particulates can also come from the addition of any material that would add to the ash loading of the fuel, such as inorganic magnesium that a plant may add to the fuel to reduce SO3 corrosion.
		Particulates foul the environment, form deposits and cause fouling throughout the plant.
	www.bycosin.se /TrParticulates.htm (128 words)

	Comparison of Ultrastructural Cytotoxic Effects of Carbon and Carbon/Iron Particulates on Human Monocyte-Derived ...
		Respirable particulates containing transition metals such as iron, vanadium, nickel, and copper are known to catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) such as the highly damaging hydroxyl radical (Smith et al.
		To assess the bioactivity of C and C/Fe particulates, luminescent assays using luminol for oxidative bursts were conducted after exposure of macrophages to the particulates.
		Given that during synthesis of the C/Fe particulates, the material is subjected to extreme acidification procedures, the acidification reached in a lysosome would not be sufficient to decompose the particle.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2004/7389/7389.html (4569 words)

	Air Info Now: What is Particulate Matter
		In fact, particulate matter may be the air pollutant that most commonly affects people's health.
		These particles are called PM2.5 (we say "P M two point five", as in Particulate Matter up to 2.5 micrometers in size).
		Exposure to particulate matter leads to increased use of medication and more visits to the doctor or emergency room.
	www.airinfonow.org /html/ed_particulate.html (823 words)

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