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Topic: 1947 Partition of Bengal

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	India, Indian States, India States, Indian hotels, Indian News and Indian Tourism, India Travel
		Bengal, known as BÃ´ngo (Bengali: à¦¬à¦à§à¦—), Bangla (à¦¬à¦¾à¦à¦²à¦¾), BÃ´ngodesh (à¦¬à¦à§à¦—à¦¦à§à¦¶), or Bangladesh (à¦¬à¦¾à¦à¦²à¦¾à¦¦à§à¦¶) in the Bengali language, is a region in the northeast of South Asia.
		The muslim conquest of Bengal came under the leadership of Ikhtiar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji,who defeated the Sena king Laxmansena at his capital, Nabadwip in 1203 (1204?) The Deva family — the last Hindu dynasty to rule in Bengal — ruled briefly in eastern Bengal, although they were suppressed by the mid-fourteenth century.
		As partition of British India into Hindu and Muslim dominions approached in 1947, Bengal again split into the state of West Bengal of secular India and a Muslim region of East Bengal under Pakistan (renamed East Pakistan in 1958)(1947 Partition of Bengal).
	www.westbengalin.com /wiki-Bengal (2216 words)

	West Bengal travel guide,west bengal travel,west bengal India tour operators,travel guide west bengal,west bengal ...
		East Bengal became the eastern wing of Pakistan and later, with the disintegration of that country, Bangladesh.
		The state is ling and narrow, running from the delta of the Ganges River system at the Bay of Bengal in the south to the heights of the Himalaya at Darjeeling in the north.
		After 1947, the merger of native settlement began which ended with its final reorganization in 1956 when some Bengali speaking areas of a neighbouring state were transferred to west Bengal.
	www.tourmyindia.com /states/west_bengal (567 words)

	About Bengal
		Neighbouring regions are Nepal to the northwest, Sikkim and Bhutan to the north, Assam to the northeast, Bangladesh to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the south, Orissa to the southwest and Jharkhand and Bihar to the west.
		The rise of the Chandra dynasty in southern Bengal expedited the decline of the Palas, and the last Pala king, Madanpala, died in 1161.
		While Hindu Indians disagreed with the partition saying it was a way of dividing a Bengal which is united by language and history, Muslims supported it by saying it was a big step forward for Muslim society where Muslims will be majority and they can freely practice their religion as well as their culture.
	www.nyu.edu /clubs/bengali/Bengal.htm (1827 words)

	History of Bangladesh
		The British rule in Bengal contributed to the emergence of a vernacular elite from among locally converted Muslims in the second half of the nineteenth century.
		The communal politics of confrontation and violence which erupted during the partition of Bengal was interrupted by a brief honeymoon during the non-cooperation movement led by the Indian National Congress and the Khilafat movement of the Indian Muslims in the second decade of 20th century.
		Bengal witnessed in the twenties the emergence of the charismatic; leadership of Chitta Ranjan Das who had the foresight to appreciate the alienation of the Muslim middle classes.
	www.orgs.ttu.edu /saofbangladesh/history.htm (2574 words)

	In pursuit of little histories
		The first partition was signalled by the Lahore Resolution of 1940 when an important section of the Muslim political leadership demanded a state of their own - a demand that over the next seven years was taken up and articulated more widely and fiercely by Muslims across the subcontinent.
		Recounting the violence that accompanied Partition of British India that made it what it was - a "critical (traumatic and repeatedly re-cited)" moment in the establishment of two nation-states and the life of their newly constituted peoples - does not automatically amount to telling stories of violence.
		Partition constituted a moment in history when whole communities became refugees and the members of an entire population were rendered faceless, undifferentiated, suspect and hunted.
	www.flonnet.com /fl2002/stories/20030131001707300.htm (2043 words)

	BANGLAPEDIA: Partition of Bengal, 1947
		Within 36 years from the annulment of the first partition of Bengal, in the year 1947 the province came to be divided into two halves along the same geographical lines mainly on communal consideration.
		At the 2 June (1947) Leaders' Conference, the partition plan as presented by Lord Mountbatten was agreed on by the 'seven big', namely Nehru, Patel and Kripalani (Congress), Jinnah, Liaquat and Abdur Rob Nishtar (Muslim League) and Baldev Singh (Sikh).
		As per the plan, on 20 June the issue of Bengal partition was decided upon by the members of the Assembly.
	banglapedia.search.com.bd /HT/P_0101.htm (769 words)

	Amazon.com: The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947: Contour of Freedom (Routledgecurzon Studies in South Asia): ...
		The fragmentation of Bengal and Assam in 1947 was a crucial moment in India's socio-political history as a nation state.
		Attributing partition largely to Hindu communalists is, therefore, historically inaccurate and factually misleading.
		The 1947 Great Divide is the most significant signpost in the evolution of South Asia as a socio-political unit.
	www.amazon.com /Partition-Bengal-Assam-1932-1947-Routledgecurzon/dp/0415328896 (587 words)

	Films of Ritwik Ghatak by Erin O'Donnell 1
		Bengal was physically rent apart—by the 1947 Partition, engendered by the departing British colonizers, and by the Bangladeshi War of Independenc
		Twice during his lifetime Bengal was physically rent apart—in 1947 by the Partition engendered by the departing British colonizers and in 1971 by the Bangladeshi War of Independence.[10] In his work, Ghatak critically addresses and questions—from the personal to the national level—the identity of post-Independence Bengal.
		Ghatak spent his entire artistic life wrestling with the consequences of Partition: particularly the insecurity and anxiety engendered by the homelessness of the refugees of Bengal.[13] In his films, he tries to convey how Partition struck at the roots of Bengali culture.
	www.ejumpcut.org /archive/jc47.2005/ghatak/index.html (1628 words)

	History Partition Of India - History Of Ancient, Medieval And Modern India.
		The partition of India refers to the creation in August 1947 of two sovereign states of India and Pakistan when Britain granted independence to the former British Raj including treaty states.
		It also refers to the partition of Bengal and Punjab, the two main provinces of the would be Pakistan.
		The seeds of partition were sown long before independence, in the struggle between various factions of the Indian nationalist movement, and especially of the Indian National Congress, for control of the movement.
	www.bharatadesam.com /history/partition_of_india.php (1787 words)

	Partition of Bengal, 1947 : Banglapedia Article:Boi-Mela
		Within 36 years from the annulment of the first partition of Bengal, in the year 1947 the province came to be divided into two halves along the same geographical lines mainly on communal consideration.
		It may be noted that the Hindus by and large opposed the 1905-partition and most Muslims rendered their support to it; but it was the Hindus, especially the Hindu Mahasabha, who proposed the partition of Bengal in 1947 and Muslim leadership first opposed and later accepted the proposal sullenly.
		As per the plan, on 20 June the issue of Bengal partition was decided upon by the members of the Assembly.
	www.boi-mela.com /Banglapedia/ViewArticle.asp?TopicRef=4082 (737 words)

	BANGLAPEDIA: Population, Spatial Distribution (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The extent of population concentration in East Bengal during the present century is to be understood in its geopolitical context.
		With the Partition of Bengal in 1947, East Bengal within the framework of Pakistan with a population of 42 million, was separated from relatively less densely populated area of high economic potentials (some having overall Muslim predominance), such as the brahmaputra valley, the northern tea plantation areas and part of the Calcutta-Hughli industrial complex.
		Accompanying the partition was a wave of religious rioting, murder and arson together with mass displacement of population across the newly established borders of India and the two wings of Pakistan (West and East Pakistan) separated from each other by about 2000 km.
	banglapedia.org /HT/P_0229.HTM (2371 words)

	Sikh History:
		The Partition Of The Punjab was the result of the overwhelming support the Muslim demand for the creation of Pakistan, an independent and sovereign Muslim State, had gathered in India.
		On 31 January 1947 the Working Committee of the League declined to recommend to the League Council reconsideration of its Bombay Resolution and called on the British government to dissolve the Constituent Assembly, which had met in December without the League representatives, and to declare that the Cabinet Mission plan had failed.
		Even the Sikhs, who would suffer most from a partition of the Punjab, as this would divide them and leave about two million of them on the Pakistan side of the line, were prepared to accept it rather than that the whole community should be engulfed in Pakistan,agreed to the partition.
	www.allaboutsikhs.com /events/partition1.htm (3592 words)

	Bengal information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bengal, known as Bôngo (Bengali: বঙ্গ), Bangla (বাংলা), Bôngodesh (বঙ্গদেশ), or Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) in Bangla, is a region in the northeast of South Asia.
		Today it is mainly divided between the independent nation of Bangladesh (eastern Bengal), and the Indian federal republic's constitutive state of West Bengal, although some regions of the previous kingdom of Bengal (during local monarchial regimes and British rule) are now part of the neighbouring Indian states of Bihar, Tripura and Orissa.
		As partition of British India into Hindu and Muslim dominions approached in 1947, Bengal again split into the state of West Bengal of secular India and a Muslim region of East Bengal under Pakistan (renamed East Pakistan in 1958)(1947 Partition of Bengal).
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Bengal (1728 words)

	West Bengal,West Bengal Tourism,West Bengal India,West Bengal Travel,West Bengal Tours,Westbengal Tourism
		West Bengal, is bounded on the north by Bhutan and the state of Sikkim, on the east by Bangladesh and the state of Assam, on the south by the Bay of Bengal, on the southwest by the state of Orissa, and on the west by Nepal and the state of Bihar.
		West Bengal's early and intellectually productive contact with the West and with other parts of India is one of the most significant factors affecting the state's history.
		Bengal, the cultural centre of India has produced 4 Nobel Laureates: Tagore, Mother Teresa, Satyajit Ray and Amartya Sen. The theatre is popular, and both amateur and professional performances are quite sophisticated., traditional open-air performances, are popular in the countryside, along with kavigan an impromptu duel in musical verse between village poets.
	www.indiantravelportal.com /west-bengal (752 words)

	South Asia Sessions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since 1947, the post-colonial states sought to approximate the interests in the monopoly of violence and the "bracketing" of inter-national wars that are presupposed in the modern concept of the state.
		Both the narratives of the partition and their critical reception are mired in what Thomas Hansen and Richard Fox have rightly identified as a discourse of "pathology." It is partly a symptom of the trauma caused by the partition.
		Studies of the Bengal partition has revealed that while the division may have begun in 1947 (or indeed earlier), it was not in any sense ‘completed' in 1947: it continued to unfold over several decades, with complex - and often unexpected - consequences.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2006abst/South/s-143.htm (1012 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, Partitioned Selves, Partitioned Pasts
		Partition came, moreover, in the aftermath of the most immense bloodbath in European history, and the emaciated women and men liberated from concentration camps were so palpable a testimony to the holocaust unleashed within Europe that many other holocausts would be all but invisible to European eyes and ears.
		Here, too, the ironies are compelling: three million people died in Bengal on account of the famine of the 1942, but people who found themselves incapable of protesting before food stores and ration shops suddenly found themselves equipped to kill in the name of religion.
		The first partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British, ostensibly on the grounds of facilitating administration but clearly attempted with the intention of separating predominantly Muslim eastern Bengal from largely Hindu west Bengal, evoked such opposition that the British had to rescind the partition.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/Independent/Partitionselves.html (1241 words)

	The Partition of India
		Whether the partition of these countries was wise and whether it was done too soon is still under debate.
		The partition of India and its freedom from colonial rule set a precedent for nations such as Israel, which demanded a separate homeland because of the irreconcilable differences between the Arabs and the Jews.
		Many years after the partition, the two nations are still trying to heal the wounds left behind by this incision to once-whole body of India.
	www.english.emory.edu /Bahri/Part.html (1943 words)

	The Spoils of Partition - Cambridge University Press
		The partition of India in 1947 was a seminal event of the twentieth century.
		Partition and migration: refugees in West Bengal, 1947–67; 4.
		The revenge of the periphery: the rise of the opposition in West Bengal; Conclusion; Appendix; Bibliography.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521875363 (293 words)

	Indian Odysseys.com -Calcutta History Page Five
		Insistent agitation led to the annulment of this partition, but in 1912 the capital of British India was removed from Calcutta to Delhi, where the government could enjoy relative calm.
		The partition of Bengal in 1947 was a final blow.
		In 1947 the partition of Bengal between India and Pakistan constituted a serious setback for Calcutta, which became the capital of West Bengal only, losing the trade of a part of its former hinterland.
	www.indianodysseys.com /wb/calcutta/calh5.asp (287 words)

	Bengal, the divided land of Bangladesh and West Bengal
		Bengal was a province of the undivided British India.
		It was not until 1947 that the partition was effected under the supervision of the British rulers.
		In its hay day Bengal not only provided India with leadership in the field of social reform, in fabricating its moral, philosphical and religious superstructure and in literature and fine arts, Bengalees played a major role in the Indian independence movement.
	www.bengalonline.sitemarvel.com /bengal.asp?action=history (478 words)

	Asian Studies Institute - Other published material
		So far as Bengal is concerned, there are strong indications suggesting that, at a general level, the Namasudra and Rajbansi masses at this stage were developing a greater identification with the Hindu community, and that this Hinduisation was gradually overshadowing their caste identity.
		The articulation of the Hindu identity of the lower caste peasantry in Bengal during the last phase of colonial rule was to a large extent the result of deliberate endeavours of the various Hindu religious organisations.
		But what the partition movement indicated, and the post-partition behaviour of the Scheduled Caste peasants in West Bengal confirmed, was their integration into the mainstream of Bengali Hindu society, of which they have remained part and parcel ever since.
	www.vuw.ac.nz /asianstudies/publications/working/changingBorders.html (5881 words)

	Chester \| The 1947 Partition: Drawing the Indo-Pakistani Boundary
		Mountbatten hastened to add that although the Governor of Bengal shared these economic concerns, he "had not expressed any view on this matter to Sir Cyril Radcliffe, so he could not be said to have influenced the decision." TP XII 487.
		The 1947 partition was shaped not only by decades of Indian nationalist pressure on the British Government and by the rise of civil unrest in the subcontinent after World War Two, but also by Britain’s precarious economic position in the aftermath of the war.
		Although estimates of partition casualties remain controversial, it is clear that great suffering, on a scale rarely seen in human history, accompanied the partition.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2002_01-03/chester_partition/chester_partition.html (6548 words)

	Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Narratives of the 1947 Partition and its outcome are bound to be multi-angular.
		Although she is not a refugee herself, Chakravartty’s parents belonged to East Bengal and she spent her childhood in the 1950s on the peripheries of a refugee settlement (known as ‘colony’) in Calcutta.
		In West Bengal, as the leadership of the refugee movement was in the hands of the Left, mainly the communists, the Hindu Mahasabha failed to communalise refugee politics, in spite of the presence of their formidable leader Shyamaprasad Mukherjee.
	www.epw.org.in /showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=04&filename=8553&filetype=html (2420 words)

	Kamat's Potpourri: The Partition of India
		The partition of Indian subcontinent in 1947, following World War II is perhaps the most tragic of all political events to affect India in its long political history.
		The partition was marred by large scale violence with death of a million (some estimate it up to 1.5 million) citizens and countless others suffering.
		While Gandhi himself was opposed to partition of India, in the end, he could not stop the unfolding of the history and many Hindus blamed his Muslim-appeasement stance.
	www.kamat.com /kalranga/itihas/partition.htm (485 words)

	BANGLAPEDIA: West Bengal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bengal (Vanga) was emerging as a distinct territory socially, economically and politically from the Gupta period.
		The partition of bengal however, had to be annulled in 1912 in the face of stiff resistance from the nationalist Congress.
		The local governance of West Bengal is characterized by panchayet system, an amalgam of ancient and modern ways of local governance.
	www.banglapedia.org /HT/W_0049.HTM (280 words)

	BBC NEWS \| India Pakistan \| Timeline
		The partition of the Subcontinent, however, led to severe rioting and population movement as Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus found themselves on the wrong side of the partitioned provinces of Punjab and Bengal.
		At independence, the rulers were advised to join, by means of an instrument of accession, either of the two new dominions, India or Pakistan, bearing in mind their state's geographical position and the religion of their inhabitants.
		By August 1947, the date of partition, the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir had not decided which dominion to join.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1947.stm (447 words)

	Modern India - Indian History
		The anticolonial struggle became truly a mass movement with the arrival of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869 - 1948) in 1915 who had suffered great humiliation in South Africa due to the policy of racial discrimination and later commited to rid his motherland of the ills of foreign rule.
		Successive campaigns had the effect of driving the British out of India in 1947, but with independence came the independence of the country into Pakistan.
		1772 - Warren Hastings appointed as Governor of Bengal
	www.indhistory.com /modern-india-history.html (726 words)

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