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	partitions of Poland - Encyclopedia.com
		partitions of Poland The basic causes leading to the three successive partitions (1772, 1793, 1795) that eliminated Poland from the map were the decay and the internal disunity of Poland and the emergence of its neighbors, Russia and Prussia, as leading European powers.
		The partition of 1772 gave Pomerelia and Ermeland to Prussia, Latgale and Belarus E of the Dvina and Dnieper rivers to Russia, and Galicia to Austria.
		The national uprising under Thaddeus Kosciusko (1794) and the conservative rulers' reaction to the French Revolution led to the final partition of 1795; all of Poland was divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Poland-P.html (1119 words)

	History of Poland (1795-1918) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although the majority of the szlachta was reconciled to the end of the Commonwealth in 1795, the possibility of Polish independence was kept alive by events within and without Poland throughout the nineteenth century.
		Poland's location on the Northern European Lowlands became especially significant in a period when its neighbours, Prussia/Germany and Russia were intensely involved in European rivalries and alliances and modern nation states took form over the entire continent.
		High-handed imposition of land reforms in Poland aroused hostility among the landed nobles and a group of young radical intellectuals influenced by Karl Marx and the Russian liberal Alexander Herzen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Partitioned_Poland_(1795-1914) (3095 words)

	History of Poland (1795-1918) - Biocrawler
		Although the majority of the szlachta was reconciled to the end of the Commonwealth in 1795, the possibility of Polish independence was kept alive by events within and without Poland throughout the nineteenth century.
		Poland's location in the very center of Europe became especially significant in a period when both Prussia/Germany and Russia were intensely involved in European rivalries and alliances and modern nation states took form over the entire continent.
		After the last Russian advance into Galicia failed in mid-1917, the Germans went on the offensive again; the army of revolutionary Russia ceased to be a factor, and Russia was forced to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in which she ceded all formerly Polish lands to the Central Powers.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Partitioned_Poland_%281795-1914%29 (3079 words)

	Poland - MSN Encarta
		The name Polska (Poland), applied in the early 11th century, comes from an ancient Slavic tribe known as the Polanie (field or plains dwellers), who settled in the lowlands between the Odra (Oder) and Wisła (Vistula) rivers sometime after the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century.
		When the dynasty came to an end in 1572, Poland entered a long period of decline, culminating in the partition of the country between Russia, Austria, and Prussia in 1772, 1793, and 1795.
		Poland’s borders are marked by the Sudety mountains (Sudetes) in the southwest, the Carpathian Mountains (Karpaty) in the southeast, the Odra and Neisse (Nysa) rivers in the west, and the Bug River in the east.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559758/Poland.html (686 words)

	Partitions of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Partitions of Poland (Polish Rozbiór or Rozbiory Polski, Lithuanian Padalijimas) happened in the 18th century and ended the existence of a sovereign state of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		One could characterise Poland-Lithuania before the partitions as already not a completely sovereign state: in modern terms it would be a Russian satellite state, with Russian Tsars effectively choosing the Polish kings.
		The partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on September 22, 1772.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Partitions_of_Poland (1034 words)

	History of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Some military equipment found in Poland and dated to around Mieszko's time has been claimed to be of Scandinavian appearance, though archaeologists today are generally skeptical, and there is no trace of characteristically Scandinavian architecture among the remains of the Polanian structures, not even in the leaders' quarters.
		During this period Poland became the home to Europe's largest Jewish population, as royal edicts guaranteeing Jewish safety and religious freedom from the 13th century contrasted with bouts of persecution in western Europe, especially following the Black Death of 1348-1349, blamed by some in the West on Jews themselves.
		Polish independence ended in a series of partitions (1772, 1793 and 1795) undertaken by Russia, Prussia and Austria, with Russia gaining most of the Commonwealth's territory including nearly all of the former Lithuania (except Podlasie and lands West from Niemen river), Volhynia and Ukraine.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/History_of_Poland (2224 words)

	Partitioned Poland (1795 1914)
		Although the majority of the szlachta was reconciled to the end of the commonwealth in 1795, the possibility of Polishindependence was kept alive by events within and without Poland throughout the nineteenth century.
		Poland's location in the very center of Europe became especially significant in a periodwhen both Prussia/Germany and Russia were intensely involved in European rivalries and alliancesand modern nation states took form over the entire continent.
		High-handed imposition of land reforms in Poland aroused hostilityamong the landed nobles and a group of young radical intellectuals influenced by KarlMarx and the Russian liberal Alexander Herzen.
	www.therfcc.org /partitioned-poland-1795-1914--163313.html (1994 words)

	Partitioned Poland (1795-1914)
		The intellectual and artistic climate of the early nineteenth century further stimulated the growth of Polish demands for self-government.
		For several decades, the Polish national movement gave priority to the immediate restoration of independence, a drive that found expression in a series of armed rebellionss.
		High-handed imposition of land reforms in Poland aroused hostility among the landed nobles and a group of young radical intellectuals influenced by Karl Marx and the Russian liberal Alexander Herzen.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/p/pa/partitioned_poland__1795_1914_.html (2157 words)

	History of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The people of Poland took pride in their long history, filled with the struggle to get, keep, and regain freedom—the main value for Poles.
		Generations later, his country would become Poland, but there was no unified Polish nation at that time, only an assortment of Slavic tribes speaking different dialects such as the (Pomeranian) of the North.
		Polish independence ended in a series of partitions (1772, 1793 and 1795) undertaken by Russia, Prussia and Austria, with Russia gaining most of the Commonwealth's territory including nearly all of the former Lithuania.
	www.knowallabout.com /h/hi/history_of_poland.html (1964 words)

	Alex Malecki
		There is a period in Poland’s history, from 1795 to 1914, that has come to be known as "the captivity." During these one hundred and twenty years, a united Polish state was nonexistent as Poles were forced to live under the control of three separate alien governments.
		Despite being a nation of approximately 10 million people and possessing the ability to exist as an independent state, the partitioning powers deprived Poland of her independence: "The nineteenth century, the era of the industrial revolution and of the victory of capitalism, was for Poland an age of oppression" (Gieysztor et al, 337).
		Poland’s history from 1648 to 1795 begins to paint a picture of Poland as a nation slowly having its memory erased.
	www.iona.edu /faculty/dwilliams/130/malecki.htm (2610 words)

	History of Poland
		The golden age of Poland was under the rule of Jagiellonians, a Lithuanian dynasty.
		I believe it is the number of collapses: the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania collapsed first, partitioned by neighboring powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia in 1795.
		I should mention that the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania was a truly democratic country, the only of this kind in Europe and elsewhere at that time.
	www.kmm-language.com /poland_000009.htm (1830 words)

	Partitioned Poland (1795-1914)
		Poland's location in the very center of Europe became especially significant in a period when both Prussia/Germany and Russia were intensely involved in European rivalries and alliances and modern nation states took form over the entire continent.
		This conviction was simply expressed in a fighting slogan of the time, "for your freedom and ours." Moreover, the appearance of the Duchy of Warsaw so soon after the partitions proved that the seemingly final historical death sentence delivered in 1795 was not necessarily the end of the Polish nation.
		After the Congress of Vienna, St. Petersburg had organized its Polish lands as the Congress Kingdom of Poland, granting it a quite liberal constitution, its own army, and limited autonomy within the tsarist empire.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/partitioned_poland__1795_1914_ (2216 words)

	Welcome to Polish Christian Ministries Online (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Poland’s borders are marked by the Sudety mountains (Sudetes) in the southwest, the Carpathian Mountains (Karpaty) in the southeast,
		Poland’s varied mineral deposits are concentrated mainly in the southern upland regions and adjacent areas.
		Polish is the official language of Poland and is used by nearly all of the population.
	pcmusa.org /about.htm (822 words)

	Welcome to Polish Christian Ministries Online
		Poland’s borders are marked by the Sudety mountains (Sudetes) in the southwest, the Carpathian Mountains (Karpaty) in the southeast,
		Poland’s varied mineral deposits are concentrated mainly in the southern upland regions and adjacent areas.
		Polish is the official language of Poland and is used by nearly all of the population.
	www.pcmusa.org /about.htm (822 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Poland - Partitions, 1771-1795
		In the TREATY OF ETERNAL PEACE signed between Poland and Russia in 1689, Poland promised not to oppress the GREEK-ORTHODOX population living in it's Belorussian and Ukrainian provinces; this statute permitted the Russian Czar to interfere in Polish affairs whenever it seemed him suitable.
		In the 1780es, Poland saw the rise of a reformist movement (see separate chapter), which was regarded by the partitioning powers with scepticism.
		Poland's parliament had to concede the cession of these territories and to cancel it's reformist constitution.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eceurope/partitions.html (713 words)

	Poland
		Poland was ruled by dukes (c.962-1025, 1032-1076, 1079-1295, 1296-1300 and 1306-1320) and kings (1025-1032, 1076-1079, 1295-1296, 1300-1305 and 1320-1795).
		The shifting of whole Poland was accompanied by shifting the entire population, so at the end of the process, populations fit to the borders.
		Poland is interesting for everyone who wants to visit old cities, pubs, culture and a picturesque landscape varying from sea shores to mountains for an affordable price.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.com /definition/poland (7839 words)

	NTU Info Centre: Partitions of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Partitions of Poland (Polish Rozbiór or Rozbiory Polski) happened in the 18th century and ended the existence of a sovereign state of Poland (or more correctly the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth).
		By this partition Poland lost about 30% of her territory, amounting at that time to about 484,000 square miles, and about four million of her people.
		On September 18, 1773, the Committee formally signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all claims of Poland to the territories taken from her.
	www.nowtryus.com /article:Partitions_of_Poland (934 words)

	Timeline Poland
		Poland was given Pomerelia and West Prussia, and the knights retained East Prussia, with a new capital at Königsberg (Kaliningrad).
		Poland was partitioned along the rivers Narev, Vistula and San.
		Poland’s partition line was moved eastwards from the Vistula line to the line of the Bug.
	timelines.ws /countries/POLAND.HTML (14109 words)

	Partitions of Poland information - Search.com
		The Partitions of Poland (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Padalijimas) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		The partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on September 22, 1772.
		The adoption by the Commonwealth of the May Constitution of Poland prompted aggressive actions on the part of its neighbours, wary of the potential renaissance of the Commonwealth.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Partitions_of_Poland (2042 words)

	The Historical Setting: Partitioned Poland
		Although the majority of the szlachta was reconciled to the end of the commonwealth in 1795, the possibility of Polish independence was kept alive by events within and outside Poland throughout the nineteenth century.
		Large shaded area: Territory of the Austrian partition annexed by the Duchy of Warsaw in 1809.
		In 1809, under Józef Poniatowski, nephew of Stanislaw II Augustus, the duchy reclaimed the land taken by Austria in the second partition.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/longhist4.html (2167 words)

	Part I: to 1914 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Poland receives the most space not only because it is the compiler's primary interest, but also because it enjoys more English language studies than any other country in the whole region.
		Poland, Ukraine and the Cossacks in the 17th century.
		The Historiography of the 1st Partition of Poland, 1772.
	raven.cc.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/bibpt1rev.htm (4432 words)

	-- HIST 557
		In the Kingdom of Poland, the imposition of censorship led to the development of secret societies among students and army officers.
		The former Kingdom of Poland was placed under military rule, headed by General Ivan F.Paskevich (1782-1856) who had defeated the Poles and was made "Prince of Warsaw." At the same time, the Austrian and Prussian governments repressed their Polish subjects too.
		The great emigration was the artistic and political heart of Poland until the failure of the second revolt against Russia, 1863-64 and the Austrian grant of self-rule to Galicia, Austrian Poland, in 1868.
	www.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/lect5b.htm (4343 words)

	Part I: to 1914
		Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, and this region is emphasized in the selection.
		Lerski, 1917-1992, was a member of the Polish Peasant Party, a courier of the Polish Underground Army from Poland to London in World War II, a member of the last Polish government-in-exile, London, and a historian of East Central Europe teaching at the University of San Francisco.
		He was a prominent historian of medieval Poland and Europe, as well as the leading force in restoring the Royal Castle, Warsaw, of which he was the Curator for many years.
	web.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/bibpt1rev.htm (4432 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: God's Playground, Volume 1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Poland's re-establishment as a separate state in 1918 indeed appears to be the result of a `fluke' rather than by design.
		Following the end of WWII in 1945, the Sovietunion succeeded in hanging onto `its bit' of Poland with the country being compensated with German territory in the West.
		However, the emergence of the former rang the bell of the end of communism in Poland, whilst the latter prevented an invasion of the Red Army and set the conditions for Poland to emerge into the 1990s as a free state (for the first time in 300 years).
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0231053517?v=glance (1895 words)

	Polish (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Republic of Poland is a country in Central Europe, bordering Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and Lithuania and Russia (via the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to its north, as well as the Baltic Sea.
		Poland is an ancient nation that was conceived around the middle of the 10th century.
		Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of liberalising the economy and today stands out as one of the most successful and open transition from communism to market economy.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/Po/Polish.html (7827 words)

	St. Joseph's Parish
		Poland was a land of warring tribes when, in the year 966, Prince Mieszko I accepted Catholic baptism.
		By the end of the sixteenth century, Poland was the largest state in Europe.
		Additional factors influencing emigration included the grinding poverty of subsistence farming in rural Poland, over-population) and the conscription of young Poles into the armies of the occupying powers Between 1870 and 1914, some 3.6 million people left Poland for political or economic reasons The emigrants were overwhelmingly Catholics.
	stjoenj.net /fromto.html (677 words)

	East Central Europe in the Nineteenth Century
		Partitioned Poland will be examined in addition to the focus on the sprawling Habsburg Empire, in a survey that begins in medieval times.
		The End of the Revolution and Developments in Poland through the January Rising.
		“Russian Poland and the Industrial Revolution,” selections from “The Rise of Mass Movements” and “From Revolution to World War.” Chapters Ten, Fourteen and Fifteen of his Lands of Partitioned Poland.
	www.columbia.edu /~bfa4/19thc%202005.html (982 words)

	HIS 461H1-S/1288H (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Poland has been challenged repeatedly during the 20th century.
		In the late 1950s, she tried to create a "socialism with a human face." Finally, since the revolution of 1989, Poland has been reconstructing free market economy and democratic order.
		Eastern Poland on the Eve of the Holocaust (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990)
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /history/courses/461 (2616 words)

	AllRefer.com - Poland - The 1989 Elections and Their Aftermath \| Polish Information Resource
		Suddenly, the history of Poland, and of its entire region, had entered the postcommunist era.
		The list of English-language literature on the history of Poland, formerly sparse, has improved considerably in recent years, stimulated in great part by the dramatic events of contemporary times.
		Recommended general sources for the modern period include M.K. iewanowski's Poland in the Twentieth Century, The History of Poland since 1863, edited by R.F. Leslie, and Hans Roos's A History of Modern Poland (all of which predate the upheavals of the 1980s).
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/poland/poland63.html (650 words)

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