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Topic: Partito Social Democratico Italiano

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	Italy POLITICAL PARTIES
		In the 1983 national elections, the DC commanded 32.9% of the vote and won 225 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, down from 38.3% and 262 seats in 1979; in 1987, however, its electoral strength increased again, to 34.3% and 234 seats.
		The Radical Party (Partito Radicale) was active on social issues in Italy, having sponsored the 1974 referendum on divorce; in 1983, it won 11 seats in the Chamber, and in 1987, 13 seats.
		The objectives of the alliance were to isolate the PCI by drawing the PSI closer to the center parties and to undercut the Communists' popularity by legislating needed social and economic reforms.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Europe/Italy-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html (988 words)

	Wikipedia: Italian Communist Party
		The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista d'Italia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that body's congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno.
		In 1991 the PCI disbanded to form the Partito Democratico della Sinistra (PDS) or Democratic Party of the Left, with membership in the Socialist International.
		The communist tendency, led by Armando Cossutta, left the party to form the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista (PRC) or Communist Refoundation Party.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/i/it/italian_communist_party.html (349 words)

	Italy - Political Flags (Part 3)
		PLI ("Partito Liberale Italiano" = Italian Liberal Party ) - Founded back in 1922, the PLI was one of the smaller parties in the old party system until 1992.
		Lista Dini ) - "Rinnovamento Italiano" is one of the "one-man band" parties emerging in Italy in the 1990ies.
		Italian Socialist Party (PSI) in 1947, reunited with the PSI 1966-1969, was refounded in 1969, and merged with the major faction of the former PSI to form the SDI (Socialisti Democratici Italiani) in 1998.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/it-poli3.html (1970 words)

	A short history of Italy
		The liberal establishment, for fear of a socialist revolution starts to endorse the small Partito Nazionale Fascista (National Fascist Party, PFN), led by Benito Mussolini, whose violent reaction to the strikes (by means of the "Black shirts" party militia) is often compared to the relatively moderate reactions of the government, which refrain from unnecessary violence.
		Under the 1947 peace treaty, minor adjustments were made in Italy's frontier with France, the eastern border area was transferred to Yugoslavia, and the area around the city of Trieste was designated a free territory.
		The PCI splits into the Partito Democratico della Sinistra (Left Democratic Party, PDS), which was moving towards the centre of the political spectrum, and the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista (Communist Refoundation Party, PRC), which vowed to remain communist.
	www.electionworld.org /history/italy.htm (1480 words)

	Italy - Political Flags (Part 1)
		CCD ("Centro Cristiano Democratico" = Christian Democratic Center ) - When the DC renamed itself in January 1994 into PPI the right wing of the party (under Pierferdinando Casini) split off as CCD, and joined the election coalition of Berlusconi (then named Polo della libertà e del buon governo).
		The symbol of the RC is a white circle with a red flag with yellow hammerandsickle in the center; at the top the fl inscription "PARTITO COMUNISTA", at the bottom "RIFONDAZIONE"; on the left a green, on the right a red panel.
		Democratic Party of the Left - Partito Democratico della Sinistra)) and founded a new communist party, the RC (Rifondazione Comunista = Communist Refoundation).
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/it-poli1.html (2186 words)

	Global War and Cia : IMC-SA
		The Creation > > of Welfare social Local and National that guarantees House, > > Instruction, Yield and Health to tuttie is the answer to those who > > designs one society of the little.
		Blar privo di senso Democratico, poiché il popolo >> Britannico manifestò contro la Guerra in Iraq e oggi assistiamo a >> gravi limitazioni dei diritti individuali in Gran Bretagna.
		Unless otherwise stated by the author, all content is free for non-commercial reuse, reprint, and rebroadcast, on the net and elsewhere.
	southafrica.indymedia.org /mail.php?id=9425 (3006 words)

	Italian Communist Party - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In the 1980s the party started approaching social democracy and the Socialist International.
		In 1991 the PCI disbanded to form the Partito Democratico della Sinistra (PDS) or Democrats of the Left, with membership in the Socialist International.
		In 1998 the PDS, with several smaller parties, the Laburisti (liberal socialists), the Cristiano Sociali (christian socialists), the Comunisti Unitari (right-wing split of the PRC), the Sinistra Repubblicana (left republicans) and the Riformatori per l'Europa (social democratic trade unionists), co-founded the "Democratici di Sinistra" (DS) or Democrats of the Left party.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Italian_Communist_Party (530 words)

	United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - State Party Report - Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Recourse to the instrument of an agreement between the social parties represents of itself an innovation in Italian practice that makes it possible to define a political orientation on the basis of a prior understanding between the parties directly concerned.
		These projects must involve workers who have been registered for more than two years in the first class of the labour exchange lists, mobile workers, workers belonging to particular categories to be defined in relation to specific territorial areas, or suspended workers entitled to the extraordinary treatment of having their salaries made up.
		Employers who hired workers on the basis of these labour training contracts were eligible for reductions of their social security contributions ranging from 25 to 50 per cent according to their particular activity or the territorial areas in which their enterprises were situated.
	www.unhchr.ch /tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/E.1994.104.ADD.19.En?Opendocument (12687 words)

	Tony Blair
		NPQ It strikes me that you sometimes regard the Democratic presidency in the United States as the cornerstone of what New Labor is all about, a yardstick of what New Labor is able to accomplish and even a precondition for the achievement of your goals.
		That's not to say we don't come from different political cultures and there aren't different policies, but we're all tackling the same problems of economic and social change, of globalization, of family disintegration, of community breakdown and of social exclusion.
		Nel partito laburista inglese, sino a qualche anno fa, se lei usava la parola social-democratico, diventava un traditore del laburismo.
	www.losio.com /100citta/tonyblair2.htm (3815 words)

	Corridors of silence. (Rome's former political powers) - The National Interest - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Politics in Rome in the early 1980s was dominated by four active groups, namely, the Democrazia Cristiana, the Partito Comunista Italiano, the Italian Socialist Party and the Vatican.
		In the mid-1990s, however, the political transformation that is gripping Italy is evident in the inactivity of these power centers, except for the Vatican and the former Communists, the Democratico della Sinistra.
		Berlusconi made the mistake of trying to curb the powerful, free-wheeling magistrates when they were investigating tax evasion in his own organization, allegedly involving his brother, and within two years his government had run out of steam.
	www.highbeam.com /library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:19130148&ctrlInfo=Round19:Mode19b:DocG:Result&ao= (2225 words)

	IGSN 3 - Gramsci Bibliography: Recent Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The contributors analyse the contradiction between globalising and territorially based social and political forces in the context of past, present, and future world orders, and view the emerging world order as undergoing a structural transformation, a 'triple crisis' involving economic, political and socio-cultural change.
		Gramsci argued that this was the initial level at which the state and civil society (and its anatomy, the political economy) should be analysed, and where the foundations of social hegemonies were built.
		Instead of an immanent and contingent social order sutured by hegemonic struggle and all that this has implied, we find the notion of a totalized and statically 'objective' system taking precedence over and against the notion of an 'open link' as the fundamental requirement for a democracy empowered by the will of the people.
	www.italnet.nd.edu /gramsci/igsn/bibliographies/b03_7.shtml (5321 words)

	List of political parties
		Partito Democratico Cristiano Sammarinese[?] (Christian Democratic Party of San Marino)
		Partito Socialista Sammarinese[?] (Socialist Party of San Marino)
		Social Democratic and Labour Party - (moderate Northern Irish nationalist party)
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/so/Socialist_parties.html (956 words)

	Country Profile Italy - EIU Online Store
		The social and economic disparity between north and south, which still exists, and the papacy’s refusal to recognise the legitimacy of the new state, hindered its early development.
		The Partito dei Comunisti Italiani (PDCI), led by Armando Cossutta, consists of a splinter group of the PRC that opposed the PRC’s decision to withdraw support from the Prodi government in October 1998.
		Although confirming the commitment to social dialogue, the centre-right government in power since June 2001 has declared that it does not feel bound by the system of concertazione followed by its predecessors, whereby social and economic reforms were adopted only with the consent of all major social partners.
	store.eiu.com /index.asp?layout=show_sample&product_id=30000203&country_id=IT (16670 words)

	EMM News Explorer
		Maehara: To overcome the difficulties of the current Japan-China ties, the Democratic Party of Japan is ready to conduct dialogues with the Chinese side in related areas, continue to increase mutual understanding and promote the bilateral ties back to the track of healthy development at an early date.
		Stoiber: The course of the Social Democrats at the moment is unclear.
		Schröder: A Social Democrat government is responsible for the first military engagement by the military since the second world war.
	press.jrc.it /NewsExplorer/entities/en/3906.html (2870 words)

	United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - State Party Report - Italy
		The main political parties grouped themselves into two fronts: the centre-rightist Polo delle Libertà (formed by Forza Italia, Alleanza Nazionale, Centro Cristiano Democratico e Unione Democratico Cristiana), and the centre-leftist Ulivo (formed mainly by the Partito Democratico della Sinistra, and by the Partito Popolare Italiano with the external support of Rifondazione Comunista).
		In addition to its own institutional work of first aid, social welfare, assistance to refugees and other vulnerable classes, in recent years the Italian Red Cross has made enormous efforts, particularly to educate young people against all forms of prejudice and intolerance, through a widespread educational campaign and disseminating humanitarian international and human rights law.
		The third year began on 15 September 1994 and concluded on 15 September 1995 and consisted of pursuing the work already undertaken in 16 of the 18 zones involved in the first year, and in assessing and producing materials summarizing the results of the whole three-year experience.
	www.unhchr.ch /tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/35687b6e2729b5b7802565800055b605?Opendocument (13290 words)

	Italy
		It also ends the much-criticized practice of granting those who arrive in Italy without proper papers fifteen days to regularize their position (allowing them time to 'disappear'), and instead grants the authorities the power to intern immigrants for thirty days while their cases are decided.
		The Movimento sociale italiano-Fiamma Tricolore (MSI-FT, Italian Social Movement-Tricolour Flame), led by former MSI official Pino Rauti, was formed in 1994 by a small faction of neo-Fascists who rejected the transformation of the MSI into the AN and continued to support an undiluted neo-Fascist agenda.
		This is partly owing to fascination with an 'ancient race of people' who have maintained a strong identity in the face of disintegrating traditional values and social change, and also to widespread interest in the Holocaust, the pro-Jewish policies of the present Pope and films and television programmes representing Jews in a positive light.
	www.axt.org.uk /antisem/archive/archive4/italy/italy.htm (11838 words)

	The WWW Virtual Library: West European Studies; Italy; bibliography. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Social security and solidarity in the European Union: facts, evaluations, and perspectives.
		Economic migration and social exclusion: the case of Tunisians in Italy in the 1980s and 1990s.
		Comparative study on the legal and social situation of EEC and non-EEC workers in the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy and the Netherlands.
	www.library.pitt.edu /subject_guides/westeuropean/wwwes/mspr-it-b.html (8187 words)

	Italian general election, 2006 - Wikipedia Light!
		As the populist Forza Italia obtained around 20% of national votes against a 11% of the second-placed party in the coalition, the "post-fascist" National Alliance of Gianfranco Fini, in the 2004 European Parliament election, it seems easy to suppose Berlusconi to be the actual candidate.
		One event which has caused heavy criticism from the opposition has been the support, sought and obtained by Berlusconi, of a number of nationalist movements and parties, notably the Social Alternative of Alessandra Mussolini, granddaughter of the former dictator of Italy.
		Although The Union led initial exit polls and was quickly expected to win the election, the gap with House of Freedoms narrowed as the votes were tabulated.
	www.godseye.com /wiki/index.php/Italian_general_election,_2006 (4410 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In the national elections of March 27-28, 1994, voters rejected the old governing coalition of the Christian Democrats, Socialists, Social Democrats, and Liberal parties that had governed Italy for decades.
		Media mogul Silvio Berlusconi, in his first run for elective office, came to power after the March 1994 elections by forming his own political organization (Forza Italia) and putting together a coalition of federalist, centrist, and conservative forces.
		The center, represented by Mario Segni's Pact and the Partito Popolare Italiano (former Christian Democrats), trailed with 46 seats in the Chamber and 31 seats in the Senate.
	www.puc-rio.br /parcerias/untpdc/eto/etosite/ccg00669.txt (1027 words)

	The Definitive Guide to Politics of Italy XXXX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Alleanza Nazionale (National Alliance) broke from the (alleged neo-fascist) Italian Social Movement (MSI).
		The system had been nicknamed the imperfect bipolarism, referring to more proper bipolarism in other western countries (the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, France etc.) where right-wing and left-wing parties alternated in government.
		The main event in the First Republic in the sixties was the inclusion of the Socialist party in the government, after the reducing edge of the Christian Democracy (DC) had forced them to accept this alliance; attempts to incorporate the fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) in the Tambroni government led to riots, and were short-lived.
	www.xxxx.com /s/Politics_of_Italy (2936 words)

	History and Government - Italy Country Guide - World Travel Guide
		D’Amato was one of the few senior PSI figures untainted by the latest corruption scandal to break over Italy, involving the payment of large bribes to politicians by construction companies in exchange for public works contracts.
		This scandal, substantial even by Italian standards, and the upsurge during the summer of 1992 of Mafia violence, brought Italy to something of a social and moral crisis.
		The Aleanza Nazionale was the offspring of the Movimento Sociale Italiano, which, in turn, was the inheritor of the fascist tradition in Italian politics.
	www.worldtravelguide.net /country/history.ehtml?o=129&NAV_guide_class=&NAV_Region=&NAV_SubRegion= (1729 words)

	International Gramsci Society Newsletter, Number 8, May 1998
		They were devoted to a wide variety of topics, such as socialism and democracy, the philosophy of praxis, the relationship between the national and international dimensions of Gramsci's thought, hegemony-education- mass media, ethics and politics, and Gramscian philology.
		The sixtieth anniversary of Antonio Gramsci's death was commemorated in Tokyo with a symposium sponsored by the Italian Embassy and held at the Istituto Italiano di Cultura on 15-16 November 1997.
		Arab Socialism began in Syria with the movement of the Arab nationalists which created the Bathist parties now in power in Syria and Iraq, and the Nassirist movement in Egypt.
	soc.qc.cuny.edu /gramsci/news/newslet8.html (15737 words)

	Election Resources on the Internet: Elections to the Italian Parliament
		For a long time, the DC and its allies sought to keep the PCI out of power because it was regarded as an "anti-system" party, committed to the destruction (or at least a radical alteration) of the existing social and political order.
		The PCI was not the only "anti-system" party, as there were several minor political movements to its left, and most importantly, a major neo-fascist party on the far right, the Italian Social Movement-National Right (MSI-DN), which had absorbed the Monarchists in 1972.
		As a result of the ongoing corruption probes, public opinion quickly turned against the ruling parties, which suffered heavy losses in municipal elections held throughout Italy in 1993.
	www.electionresources.org /it (3286 words)

	H-Net Review: Jaro Stacul on Politics and Symbols: The Italian Communist Party and the Fall ...
		In particular, anthropologists have been engaged in the analyses of the shift from communism to capitalism drawing on fieldwork conducted in Eastern European countries.
		In spite of the increasing interest in this transformation, still very little is known about the effects of the demise of socialism in the Western world from an anthropological perspective.
		Although the author stresses the relevance of perceptions and emotions, in fact he seems to assume that the values of the party elites are shared by the party followers, and does little to illuminate the question of why, if at all, communism is still a compelling formulation of selfhood.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=28472884981697 (1305 words)

	Stephen Roth Institute: Antisemitism And Racism
		It competes for votes with Lega Nord (LN, see below), its ally in the ruling right center coalition Casa delle Libertà (CdL), but AN is less strident on the immigration issue and its stress on national unity contrasts with the League’s regionalism.
		With its aggressive style, sometimes peppered with direct insults, LN kindles social alarm regarding illegal immigration and ‘the Muslim invasion’, and a supposed direct link between immigration from non-European countries and crime and prostitution.
		There is also fiercely pro-Islam sentiment within the movement, which sometimes takes the form of support for jihadist terrorism in the centri sociali (social centers frequented by radical young left-wingers).
	www.tau.ac.il /Anti-Semitism/asw2004/italy.htm (1834 words)

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