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Topic: Parts per billion

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Parts per trillion

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	Glossary: Parts per billion
		Parts per billion (ppb) is the number of units of mass of a contaminant per 1000 million units of total mass.
		ppb (or ppbm) is used to measure the concentration of a contaminant in soils and sediments.
		ppb (or ppbm) is also sometimes used to describe small concentrations in water, in which case 1 ppb is equivalent to 1 µg/l because a liter of water weighs approximately a 1000 000 µg.
	www.greenfacts.org /glossary/pqrs/parts-per-billion.htm (204 words)

	Parts-per notation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"Parts per thousand" is often used to record the salinity of seawater.
		A milligram is one part per million of a kilogram thus, one part per million (ppm) by mass is the same as one milligram per kilogram.
		one milligram in a metric tonne is 1 ppb by mass.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parts_per_billion (1181 words)

	Concentration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parts per billion ('ppb') denotes denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1,000,000,000 regardless of the units of measure as long as they are the same.
		Parts per trillion ('ppt') denotes denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1,000,000,000,000 regardless of the units of measure as long as they are the same.
		Parts per quadrillion ('ppq') denotes denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1,000,000,000,000,000 regardless of the units of measure as long as they are the same.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Concentration (3054 words)

	EXTOXNET TIBs - HOW MUCH IS A PART PER MILLION?
		One part per billion is the equivalent of one drop of impurity in 500 barrels of water.
		Thus, a part per billion of solid measure is equal to a ug/kg.
		Similarly, a part per billion of a solid in a liquid is equal to a ug/l.
	extoxnet.orst.edu /tibs/partperm.htm (1346 words)

	EPA Region 7 - Understanding Units of Measurement
		Concentrations of chemicals in air are typically measured in units of the mass of chemical (milligrams, micrograms, nanograms, or picograms) per volume of air (cubic meters).
		However, concentrations may also be expressed as parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) by using a conversion factor.
		For benzene, the conversion factor for changing micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3) to parts per billion (ppb) is 3.25.
	www.epa.gov /region7/citizens/amoco/units_measurement.htm (363 words)

	The MSDS HyperGlossary: Concentration Units
		Mass per unit volume is handy when discussing how soluble a material is in water or a particular solvent.
		Parts per million works like percent by mass, but is more convenient when there is only a small amount of solute present.
		Because the density of water is 1 g per mL and we are adding such a tiny amount of solute, the density of a solution at such a low concentration is approximately 1 g per mL.
	www.ilpi.com /msds/ref/concentration.html (1059 words)

	Vaccinations - Lessons in Low-Level Toxicity
		One part per million is one thousand parts per billion, which translates to one million parts per trillion.
		The number of ppm of mercury in a current influenza vaccine varies depending on the flu vaccine used.[ii] It is 50 ppm (50,000 ppb) (50 million parts per trillion) mercury for the "Thimerosal Preserved" vaccines (Chiron's Fluvirin and Aventis' Fluzone).
		Today, confusion remains because the number of micrograms of mercury per mL of vaccine (ppm of mercury) in the vaccine is confused with the micrograms of mercury in each dose of vaccine administered.
	www.thenhf.com /vaccinations_73.htm (1854 words)

	Pentagon Continues Polluting Drinking Water & Produce with Toxic Perchlorate
		Officials and scientists dispute whether the amounts in groundwater, usually 4 to 100 parts per billion, are enough to suppress hormone levels in people, which fluctuate slightly anyway.
		A standard of 200 parts per billion for people would probably exempt much of the contamination from cleanup, because most such contamination in the United States ranges from 4 to 100 parts per billion.
		Dominguez of NASA said a program to clean up water contaminated with 1 part per billion would cost four times as much as a program for 32 parts per billion, though the differences in health risks are minimal.
	www.organicconsumers.org /Toxic/perchlorate-produce.cfm (1646 words)

	Journey North Teacher's Manual
		That means one part per million is the same as one drop of a substance in a million drops, or 50 liters, of water.
		And because there are 3.78 liters in a gallon, one part per million is also the same as one drop of a substance in about 13.2 gallons of water.
		So for every billion liters of water (each liter of water weighs about 1 kg), one kilogram of arsenic is one part per billion.
	www.learner.org /jnorth/tm/PPM.html (566 words)

	Parts Per Million Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		To develop an understanding of the concept of parts per million (ppm) as a unit of measurement.
		Today scientists are able to detect some materials at a parts per billion or even parts per trillion concentration.
		This concentration is 1/10, one part per ten.
	members.cox.net /bennowak/environment/envla/ppmlab.htm (730 words)

	Parts Per Million (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		One part per trillion is a six inch leap on a journey to the sun!
		One part per trillion is a postage stamp on an area the size of Texas!
		One part per trillion is approximately one error among all the words of all the front page stories in all the issues of more than 2,000 daily newspapers in the United States if their publication had started with the invention of moveable type for the printing press!
	www.keystonecurriculum.org /html/parts_per_million.html (775 words)

	New Arsenic Drinking Water Standard Issued
		The EPA asked for the study in March when it suspended one of the last acts of the Clinton administration, a tightening of the long-standing federal standard for arsenic levels in drinking water from 50 parts per billion to 10 parts per billion.
		According to Olson, the study said that exposure to water with arsenic levels of 10 parts per billion is associated with a risk of 30 cancer deaths per 10,000 people drinking the water, which would be 30 times the EPA's acceptable rate of one death per 10,000 drinkers.
		Olson said that is considered to be 3 parts per billion.
	www.personalmd.com /news/n1117044057.shtml (819 words)

	Parts Per Billion
		Parts Per Billion : Units commonly used to express contamination ratios, as in establishing the maximum permissible amount of a contaminant in water, land, or air.
		...per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) by using a conversion factor.
		Parts per billion of nitrilotriacetic acid in water.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/environment/Parts_Per_Billion.html (298 words)

	Activity 24 Teacher Guide: Mixing Ratios or Parts per Million, Billion
		Measurements such as parts per million can be expressed in terms of volume or mass.
		With gases in the atmosphere, we usually think in terms of volume and may express this as parts per million by volume (ppmv).
		Have students calculate how much a part per million or billion represents in terms of common objects (e.g., how much chlorine in a swimming pool makes one part per billion, how much lemon in a pitcher of iced tea is a part per million, etc.).
	www.ucar.edu /learn/1_5_2_24t.htm (1105 words)

	concentration.htm
		Molality is often used as the concentration unit involved in calculations dealing with colligative properties, such as freezing point depression, boiling point elevation and osmotic pressure.
		Parts per million (ppm): This unit of concentration may be expressed in a number of ways.
		Parts per billion (ppb): This concentration unit is also used for very dilute solutions.
	www.towson.edu /~ladon/concas.html (821 words)

	'Health goal' for perchlorate will remain - Environment California (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		California officials announced Friday that they are sticking with a "health goal" of 6 parts per billion for the rocket-fuel chemical perchlorate for drinking water -- about one-fourth the amount deemed safe by the Bush administration in February.
		She added that setting the level at 6 parts per billion will curtail efforts to clean perchlorate out of the Colorado River and hundreds of drinking-water wells.
		The military and defense contractors have said for years that as much as 200 parts per billion of perchlorate in water is safe to drink.
	www.environmentcalifornia.org /in-the-news/clean-water/clean-water/health-goal-for-perchlorate-will-remain (955 words)

	New Report Assesses Widespread Rocket Fuel Pollution
		California, which has a pervasive perchlorate pollution problem, has set a drinking-water standard of 6 parts per billion, but it's considering increasing that to one nearer to academy levels.
		New York permits a range of 5 to 18 parts per billion.
		The median level of perchlorate pollution in the United States is 6.4 parts per billion, with Jacksonville, Fla., reaching 200 parts per billion, according to the academy study.
	www.organicconsumers.org /Toxic/perchlorate-nas.cfm (1510 words)

	How Much Arsenic is Fluoridation Adding to the Public Water Supply?
		According to analysis of water conducted in 25 US states, approximately 70% of the tap water tested was found to contain between 0 (non-detectable) to 3 parts per billion arsenic (see http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/arsenic/chap1.asp).
		On Wednesday of this week, the EPA ruled that the new MCL for arsenic in drinking water be lowered from 50 parts per billion to 10 parts per billion.
		Environmentalists have argued for years that the arsenic standard, established in 1942, of 50 parts per billion should be lowered.
	www.fluoridealert.org /f-arsenic.htm (2539 words)

	The Anniston Star » We’ll drink to that
		That said, beginning as early as the 1980s, TCE was measured in Coldwater Spring at quantities averaging 3.5 parts per billion.
		In what is apparently a very different course from other parts of the country, the Army, the water works and regulatory authorities worked together to come up with a plan to ensure protection of drinking water customers in Calhoun County.
		Even if they were to climb to 10 parts per billion and beyond the treatment already in place can remove those amounts.
	www.annistonstar.com /opinion/2006/as-insight-0416-0-6d15w1024.htm (996 words)

	Bisphenol A - Human Health & Safety: Product Safety: Polycarbonate Plastics
		With the exception of one data point, migration of BPA was less than 1 part per billion for all test conditions and, for the majority of samples, no BPA was detected at the 0.5 part per billion limit of detection.
		In 4 bottles, migration of BPA was detected at levels of 20 to 50 parts per billion.
		For both simulants, the amount of BPA detected was estimated to be equivalent to migration of approximately 2 ng/ml (equal to 2 parts per billion) from a whole baby bottle.
	www.bisphenol-a.org /human/polyplastics.html (2916 words)

	Arizona Cooperative Extension Water Quality Program, Youth Activity I-4: How Small is a PPM?
		To demonstrate the concept of parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb).
		Concentrations of chemical pollutants in water are frequently expressed in units of "parts per million" (ppm) which is the same as milligrams per liter (mg/L).
		Explain the relationship between ppm and ppb and the conversion of these units to milligrams and micrograms per liter.
	ag.arizona.edu /waterquality/YouthActivityPages/ActivityI4.html (918 words)

	minnesota sea grant - publications - glossary of the great lakes - p
		The number of parts of a substance per billion parts of another substance into which it is combined.
		The number of parts of a substance per million parts of another substance into which it is combined.
		The number of parts of a substance per thousands parts of another substance into which it is combined.
	www.seagrant.umn.edu /pubs/ggl/p.html (790 words)

	Lake and Water Word Glossary - P (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The fractional part may be located at the top, the bottom, or anywhere else in the aquifer.
		PARTS PER THOUSANDS (PPT)—An expression of concentration which indicates one unit is contained in a total of a thousands units.
		The number may be obtained by multiplying the number of dwelling units per unit area (e.g., square mile, square kilometer, acre, etc.) by the number of residents per dwelling unit.
	www.nalms.org /glossary/lkword_p.htm (15545 words)

	ARSENIC AND SAVING FACE... EXALTING INDIGNATION OVER FACTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The recent furor over the Bush Administration’s recent decision to reexamine new standards for the level of arsenic in the country’s water systems reflects the continuing inability of the GOP to win the public relations battle, even though the facts are clearly on their side.
		The World Health Organization argues that the standard should be 10 parts per billion as a "provisional guideline".
		Asking the NAS for a standard at 20 parts per billion or less is to assume that such a standard would provide specific health benefits before there is evidence to warrant it.
	www.etherzone.com /2001/gill050401.shtml (1418 words)

	Unit 7 - Parts Per Million (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The concept of parts per million (ppm) using a Texas Instruments Calculator-Based Laboratory (CBL) and colorimeter or a Spectronic 20 spectrometer.
		It is now possible for scientists to measure the amount of contaminants present in air or water samples in terms of parts per thousand (ppt), parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), parts per trillion, or even smaller amounts.
		One part per million is the same as 1 mg/L for water solutions.
	dwb.unl.edu /Teacher/NSF/C01/C01Links/thechalkboard.com/Corporations/Dow/Programs/1998_NSTA/1998_Lessons/unit798.html (2294 words)

	PureWaterPlanet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The reference dose being considered for the EPA standard is 32 parts per billion.
		A part per billion is equivalent to about one grain of sand in three residential swimming pools.
		That would be less stringent than California's guideline of 18 parts per billion, a so-called action level that requires notifying health officials but not necessarily shutting down a tainted water supply.
	www.purewaterplanet.com /perchlorate.htm (1478 words)

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