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Topic: Parts per trillion

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	Parts-per notation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		'Parts per thousand' is often used to record the salinity of seawater.
		Although 'ppt' is usually used to denote 'parts per trillion', it is also on occasion used to denote 'parts per thousand'.
		A milligram is one part per million of a kilogram thus, one part per million (ppm) by mass is the same as one milligram per kilogram.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parts_per_million (1153 words)

	EXTOXNET TIBs - HOW MUCH IS A PART PER MILLION?
		Parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), and parts per trillion (ppt), are the most commonly used terms to describe very small amounts of contaminants in our environment.
		One part per billion is the equivalent of one drop of impurity in 500 barrels of water.
		A milligram is one part per million of a kilogram thus, one part per million (ppm) is the same as one milligram per kilogram.
	extoxnet.orst.edu /tibs/partperm.htm (1346 words)

	Parts Per Million Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		To develop an understanding of the concept of parts per million (ppm) as a unit of measurement.
		Today scientists are able to detect some materials at a parts per billion or even parts per trillion concentration.
		This concentration is 1/10, one part per ten.
	members.cox.net /bennowak/environment/envla/ppmlab.htm (730 words)

	Articles - Parts per million (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This is often used to denote the relative abundance of trace elements in the Earth´s crust, trace elements in forensics or other analyses, or levels of pollutants in the environment.
		Parts per thousand (denoted by ´â€°´ [the permille symbol], and occasionally ´ppt´) denotes one particle of a given substance for every 999 other particles.
		1 litre (L) of water has mass of approximately 1 kg, so 1 milligram per litre (mg/L) is, loosely speaking, 1 ppm, for small concentrations in a water solution.
	www.nowize.com /articles/Parts_per_million (1161 words)

	Learn more about Concentration in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Quantitatively, there are a number of different ways to express the ratio of the part to the whole.
		Mass per unit mass - percentage by mass.
		For example, if substance a has a mass of 50g in a total mixture mass of 100g, then substance A has a concentration of 50% m/m in that mixture.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /c/co/concentration.html (392 words)

	Agent Orange
		In Vietnam, military applications were sprayed at the rate of three gallons per acre and contained approximately 12 pounds of 2,4-D and 13.8 pounds of 2,3,5-T. The military sprayed herbicides in Vietnam six to 25 times the rate suggested by the manufacturer.
		The tests revealed that as little as two parts of dioxin per trillion in the bloodstream was sufficient to cause deaths and abnormal births.
		Part of the fraud appears to have been perpetrated by the Monsanto Corp., which produces a number of chemicals containing dioxin.
	www.usvetdsp.com /agentorange.htm (10385 words)

	EPA Dioxin at RMA, EPA Region 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The average level of dioxin found at the Arsenal was 2 parts per trillion for random samples across the Arsenal and for the Western Tier Parcel samples, 8 parts per trillion for samples from historic use areas of the Arsenal, and 18 parts per trillion for samples from South Plants.
		Dioxin levels for these 28 samples averaged 2 parts per trillion, which is comparable to the average of 2 parts per trillion found in open space/agriculture locations in the Denver Front Range.
		Results in this area ranged from 2 to 96 parts per trillion, which are well below EPA's screening value of 5,000 parts per trillion for a commercial area.
	www.epa.gov /Region8/superfund/co/rkymtnarsenal/rmadxfsht1.html (754 words)

	Activity 24 Student Guide: Mixing Ratios or Parts per Million, Billion
		This amount is called one to ten parts per million (ppm).
		Measurements such as parts per million can be expressed in terms of volume or mass.
		With gases in the atmosphere, we usually think in terms of volume and may express this as parts per million by volume (ppmv).
	www.ucar.edu /learn/1_5_2_24s.htm (646 words)

	Hormones: Chemical Messengers That Work in Parts per Trillion
		One drop in 660 tank cars would be one part in a trillion; such a train would be six miles long.
		Changes in one part of this complex, interconnected system can have dramatic and unexpected consequences elsewhere, often where one might least expect, because everything is linked to everything else.
		The striking lifelong differences between a pretty sister and ugly sister stem from no more than a thirty-five parts per trillion difference in their exposure to estradiol and a one part per billion difference in testosterone.
	www.mindfully.org /Pesticide/Hormone-Chemical-Messengers.htm (5955 words)

	DEC test: Mercury flowing from Nepera
		Because the DEC has already determined that groundwater at the plant is contaminated with mercury, it's possible that mercury is migrating into the river.
		State standards for standing water — which apply to water in the river — set a maximum limit of 0.7 parts per trillion of mercury.
		The 0.7 parts per trillion standard is designed to protect fish in the river, according to DEC water quality expert Shayne Mitchell.
	www.recordonline.com /archive/2000/12/08/drnepfol.htm (504 words)

	The Water Connoisseur: Antimony (Sb) in PET Bottles
		The pristine groundwater was found to contain only two parts per trillion of Sb, with the bottled waters typically showing values a few hundred times greater.
		As a final test of the contamination hypothesis, water was collected from a commercial source in Germany, prior to bottling; this water was found to contain only four parts per trillion of Sb.
		However, the same brand of water purchased locally in PET bottles, was found to contain 360 parts per trillion.
	finewaters.com /Newsletter/April_2006/Antimony_Sb_in_PET_Bottles.asp (823 words)

	UCI scientists find chlorine may contribute to ozone formation
		Air measurements taken nearly nonstop in the Irvine area over a two-month period showed that daytime chlorine gas levels typically measured five parts per trillion or less, but occasionally reached as high as 15 parts per trillion.
		With these measurements, scientists estimate that chlorine photochemistry creates five to eight parts per billion of the maximum daily ozone level, which in California typically ranges between 40 and 80 parts per billion.
		Researchers made extremely sensitive chlorine measurements, detecting the chemical at levels as low as three parts per trillion.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-06/uoc--usf061306.php (750 words)

	ENN: Environmental News Network [[Today's News Full Story ]]
		That 2.6 parts per trillion (2004 average) is down from 20.6 parts per million a decade ago and is among the lowest of any wastewater plant in the region.
		While state sources are only part of the total mercury that falls here -- as much or more mercury comes from regional, national and even global sources as far away as China -- environmental groups say Minnesota should be leading the way.
		The level of mercury in the material spread by the WLSSD dropped from 1.3 parts-per-trillion in 1995 to 0.37 parts per trillion in 2004.
	www.enn.com /today.html?id=9961 (1230 words)

	Kanawha River Fish Advisory
		Historic sampling reveals traces of dioxin in edible portions of fish with the lowest concentration of 0.89 parts per trillion found in a crappie taken from the Kanawha River at Institute and the highest concentration of 70.93 parts per trillion found in a hybrid striped bass taken from the Kanawha River near Scary.
		Concentrations in channel catfish ranged from a low of 3.71 parts per trillion to a high concentration of 68.21 parts per trillion.
		Further, it is more protective than the FDA standards of 50 parts per trillion for the general population and 25 parts per trillion for children and women of child-bearing age.
	www.wvdhhr.org /bph/press/FishAdvis.htm (625 words)

	News Release for WRIR 00-4013 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Thus, the availability of such contaminants in the Carson River system, even the parts per trillion range, often are ecologically important.
		Sediment background concentrations typically were less than 3 parts per trillion," according to Ray J. Hoffman, a U.S. Geological Survey hydrologist and senior author of the report.
		Downstream from the reservoir, in Lahontan Valley, methylmercury concentrations in water were somewhat lower than in the upstream contaminated reach, ranging from 0.73 to 3.14 parts per trillion, but significantly higher than the background concentration of 0.2 part per trillion.
	nevada.usgs.gov /news/wrir00-4013-nr.htm (714 words)

	Trace Oxygen Analyzer product information on ReedLink (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		LaserTrace is a multi-point, multi-species, multi-gas analyzer based on an emerging technology known as Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) that is capable of measuring trace oxygen down to 500 parts-per-trillion (ppt).
		The 02 module measures down to 200 parts-per-trillion (ppt), in milliseconds.
		Gas analyzers are devices used to detect or sense the gas (even two or more gases and their amounts...
	www.reedlink.com /SingleArticle~ContentId~15255~pub~IA.html (112 words)

	A fish story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Less toxic forms of the chemical were found from 0.2 parts per trillion to 3 parts per trillion.
		Note that the 1.5 parts per trillion of dioxin were dispersed among the nine flounder, and the test included the internal organs, which nobody ever eats, and the skin, which nobody ever eats.
		Likewise, the 1.5 parts per trillion of TCDD is the average concentration of the chemical in the flounder, not the total amount.
	info-pollution.com /fish.htm (549 words)

	Woodard & Curran: Areas of Expertise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The method is now being employed under the discretion of individual states, regions, or native tribes as part of their delegated NPDES permit programs.
		It did not matter if the permit limit was 1 part per trillion — 12 parts per trillion based on federal and state ambient water quality criteria — or 199 parts per trillion, the State of North Carolina still considered the facility in compliance with its permit.
		Method 1631 has a minimum quantification level of 0.5 parts per trillion (0.0005 ug/L)—400 times lower than the detection limit under Method 245.1.
	www.woodardcurran.com /news_and_views/NewsandViewsID/7 (807 words)

	Helium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		After its creation, part of it is trapped with natural gas in concentrations up to 7% by volume.
		Its widespread and large Abundance is part of the evidence that supports this theory.
		However, in the Earth's atmosphere, the concentration of Helium by volume is only 5.2 parts per million at sea level and up to 15 miles (24 km), largely because most Helium in the Earth's atmosphere escapes into space due to its inertness and low mass.
	helium.iqnaut.net (4744 words)

	C8. Jan 10, 2006. Traces of C8 found in spring. By Brad Bauer. The Marietta Times (Ohio).
		It was only within the past six months that the level of C8 could be detected at the part per trillion levels, according to the Ohio EPA.
		The water system recently recorded levels of C8 at 3,500 parts per trillion, and has documented the levels as high as 7,200 parts per trillion.
		He said the trace amounts in the spring water might not mean much to the average person, but that many Little Hocking residents have high concentrations of C8 in their blood and they don’t want to add to those levels.
	www.fluoridealert.org /pesticides/2006/pfoa-pfos.news.5.html (1168 words)

	Spectrum Laboratories : Chemical Fact Sheet - Cas # 120821
		Ontario, Canada, 1980, 3 cities, 1-4 parts per trillion, avg 2 parts per trillion.
		per trillion, median 12 parts per trillion ; 1981, 4.9-52 parts per trillion, avg 11 parts per trillion,
		trillion, effluent not detectable to 0.01 parts per trillion, 97.8 - >99% removed.
	www.speclab.com /compound/c120821.htm (1300 words)

	Woodard & Curran: Fall 2003: County Proactive in Helping Industrial Users Reduce Mercury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It is up to each state, region, and native tribe to require the method, which has been in use since 1999, and is often used in studies to determine the quantity and source of mercury in a water body.
		It did not matter if the permit limit was 1 part per trillion or 199 parts per trillion, the State of North Carolina still considered the facility within its guidelines if it reported anything less than 200 parts per trillion.
		When the facility was in the first phase of a comprehensive upgrade in 2001, mercury was detected in the plant’s effluent above 200 parts per trillion using Method 245.1.
	www.woodardcurran.com /Newsletters/DAID/39/SA_ID (1423 words)

	Generator meets parts per trillion gas standards., Kin-Tek Laboratories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		System uses 2 independent stages of dilution to achieve ppt concentrations, allowing standards to be created from analyte flow rates above 10 ml/min with total dilution gas flow of less than 20 l/min.
		The first stage combines the emission of analyte vapor from a Trace Source permeation tube with a precisely known flow of pure dilution gas to form a parts-per-billion concentration primary mixture.
		First, for most compounds, ppt and even ppb gas standards are not stable in storage due to reactions and adsorption by the container.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/23817/653 (650 words)

	Spectrum Laboratories : Chemical Fact Sheet - Cas # 50328
		parts per trillion; 11 cities, 0.2-1.6 parts per trillion; 8 cities,
		Th Netherland, avg 2 parts per trillion, max 15 parts per trillion.
		Sept, 1983, 8 samples taken 12-25 min after onset of rain: 10-37 parts per trillion.
	www.speclab.com /compound/c50328.htm (1095 words)

	EWG Report \|\| BodyBurden 2 - The Pollution in Newborns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Average concentration: 285 parts per trillion (ppt) (blood lipids)
		Average concentration: 55.9 parts per trillion (ppt) (blood lipids)
		Average concentration: 617 parts per trillion (ppt) (blood lipids)
	www.ewg.org /reports/bodyburden2/part8.php?print_version=1 (3972 words)

	International Conflict and the Environment: Rwanda Case
		According to the Encyclopedia Brittanica, "The toxicity of dioxin renders it capable of killing some species of newborn mammals and fish at levels of five parts per trillion (or one ounce in six million tons).
		In laboratory studies, tests using 2 parts of dioxin per trillion (ppt) in lab animals would cause stillbirths and death.
		Although research on the effects of Agent Orange have been inconclusive because of inherent biases in sampling, a 1986 study conducted by the National Cancer Institute showed that "farmers who were exposed to 2,4-D an ingredient in Agent Orange, showed...six times more non-Hodgkin's lymphomas than farmers not exposed" (Ibid).
	www.american.edu /TED/ice/vietnam.htm (1982 words)

	Refinery Reform Campaign
		Each chemical blocks part of the light beam in a different way.
		The sensors translate the blocked spots into chemical levels, which are downloaded to a laptop computer.
		The monitors, developed in the past three years, measure to parts per trillion for some chemicals and to parts per billion for all other chemicals, Gamiles said.
	www.refineryreform.org /News_BeaumontEnterprise_092503.html (479 words)

	Sievers Ultrapure Water Parts Per Trillion (PPT) TOC Analyzer
		The patented membrane technology accurately measures TOC even in the presence of urea, trimethylamine (TMA) and other organic nitrogen compounds that have been documented as the source of problems with advanced semiconductor manufacturing processes (see Intel and other PPT-related papers).
		But not only have we eliminated the potential for interference from these compounds, the PPT’s unique TOx channel monitors and measures these compounds, offering customers critical information about the presence of organically-bound halogens, phosphorous, nitrogen and sulfur in their water.
		With TOx indication and verifiably accurate performance, PPT offers a whole new way to monitor and protect the quality of ultrapure water.
	ionicsinstruments.com /ionics/index.cfm?product_code=PPT&... (165 words)

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