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Topic: Party discipline

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	Party discipline - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Party discipline is the ability of the parliamentary party of a political party to get its members to support the policies of the party leadership.
		Party discipline tends to be extremely strong in Westminster systems such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and India in which a vote by the legislature against the government is understood to cause the government to "collapse," according to the convention of confidence votes.
		Almost all legislative democracies feature party whips, whose job is to enforce party discipline, although the powers of such a position varies considerably from party to party and country to country.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Party_discipline (269 words)

	Constitution of Communist Party of China
		Article 28 A prefectural Party committee, or an organization analogous to it, is the representative organ dispatched by a provincial or an autonomous regional Party committee to a prefecture covering several counties, autonomous counties or cities.
		The primary Party organization guarantees and supervises the implementation of the principles and policies of the Party and the state in its own enterprise and backs the meeting of shareholders, board of directors, board of supervisors and manager (factory director) in the exercise of their functions and powers according to law.
		It is the guarantee that the unity and solidarity of the Party are safeguarded and that the tasks of the Party are accomplished.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/china/docs/const.html (10779 words)

	THE CONSTITUTION
		Party Units shall be responsible for the control and administration of their respective Committees and Party Groups.
		For such promotion the Party Unit concerned shall submit a recommendation in respect of a candidate member under its control, commenting in detail on his or her loyalty to the Country and the Party, moral character and potentialities, to the Revolutionary Council through the Central Organising Committee.
		If a Party member wishes to act beyond his or her powers and duties, he or she shall submit his or her wish to a competent authority, and only with the permission of that authority shall he or she act.
	www.ibiblio.org /obl/docs/BSPP_CONSTITUTION.htm (2798 words)

	Canadian Parliamentary Review, Volume 25 no. 1, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Party discipline is also the unwritten rule that sometimes forces parliamentarians to set aside their personal beliefs if they conflict with the decisions made by their party.
		Whether we side with those who favour more flexible rules on party discipline or those who want the status quo, one fact remains: party discipline is a serious dilemma for MPs, especially when it clashes with an MP's wish to properly represent his or her constituents and advance his or her personal beliefs.
		Because of party discipline, they have to explain their position to voters and even try to convince them that the bill is a good one, even going so far as to condense the information in an effort to convince the electorate that the government is on the right track and the opposition is wrong.
	www.parlcent.ca /canada/mg_e.php (1384 words)

	Political Parties in the Legislature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Party discipline is particularly important in parliamentary systems because deviation from the party line could bring down the government and result in the legislature being dissolved.
		Parties in presidential systems are sometimes less structured, and failure to vote with one’s party does not threaten to bring down the government (though it might damage or even ruin one's political career).
		The logic cited by the movement is that political parties in Uganda have historically contributed to regional, religious and ethnic cleavages and violence, and that the main opposition parties are internally undemocratic.
	magnet.undp.org /docs/parliaments/partysystem1.htm (2719 words)

	Chinese Communist Party Constitution, Communist Party of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		A prefectural Party committee, or an organization analogous to it, is the representative organ dispatched by a provincial or an autonomous regional Party committee to a prefecture covering several counties, autonomous counties or cities.
		Party discipline refers to the rules of conduct that must be observed by Party organizations at all levels and by all Party members.
		Party organizations should criticize, educate or take disciplinary measures against members who violate Party discipline, depending on the nature and seriousness of their mistakes and in the spirit of "learning from past mistakes to avoid future ones, and curing the sickness to save the patient".
	www.chinatoday.com /org/cpc/china_communist_party_constitution.htm (8842 words)

	People's Daily Online The Communist Party of China (CPC)
		Party committees of counties (banners), autonomous counties, cities without districts and districts under the jurisdiction of a city are elected for a term of five years.
		Regional Party committees and organizations equivalent to regional committees are Party agencies of provinces and autonomous regions within the scope of several counties, autonomous counties and cities.
		The plenary sessions of local Party commissions for discipline inspection at various levels elect the standing committee and secretary and deputy secretaries, and the results are passed by the Party committee at the same level and reported to the Party committee at the next higher level for approval.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /data/organs/cpc.html (3194 words)

	Party Discipline Diminishes Canadian Democracy
		Representative democracy in Canada is so dominated by political parties that some experts believe the party discipline exerted on most votes in our House of Commons and provincial legislatures is the tightest in the democratic world.
		The whips of government parties have for decades used the possibility of an early election to push their members into voting the respective party line.
		If party discipline in Canada is relaxed, it would be easier for, say, Atlantic MP's to defy their three party establishments, if need be, in support of maritime issues.
	www.david-kilgour.com /mp/partydiscipline.htm (897 words)

	On the Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		A party founded, steeled and educated in such a manner is certainly not inferior — to say the very least — to any proletarian party of the capitalist countries.
		It is not just the social origin of Party members but our Party’s political struggles and political life, its ideological education and its ideological and political leadership that decide things, and the General Programme of the Party and its organizational principles ensure the dominance of of the proletarian ideology and proletarian line.
		Our Party building and the cause of our Party can only advance and develop when we have gradually resolved this contradiction by intensifying our education and training in Marxism-Leninism, which is the scientific ideology of the proletariat and by continually overcoming the petty-bourgeois and other ideologies.
	www.marxists.org /reference/archive/liu-shaoqi/1945/on-party/ch02.htm (4914 words)

	Refah: Democracy or Party Discipline? The Week in Perspective Focus on Human Rights - Turkish Daily News Sep 13, 1996
		A party provincial survey in Ankara showed then-provincial chairman, Ismail Goynuk, was favored most by the party organization to remain as party chief in Ankara.
		Party officials told Turkish Probe that the Ankara convention will be repeated on September 24 and neither Celik nor Tellioglu will be candidates for the post of Ankara provincial chairman.
		Birdal and Arslan had accompanied Welfare Party's (RP) Van Deputy Fethullah Erbas on his trip to northern Iraq with the aim of obtaining the release of captive soldiers from one of the camps of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), and were taken into custody upon their return to Turkey.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /archives.php?id=983 (2113 words)

	Points of Discipline for Party Members
		Party members must use the method of persuasion and education among the masses.
		Don't settle arguments, disputes or contradictions in the Party through fistfights or other violent means.
		Party members must at all times fight for what is correct, wage principled line struggle and not fear criticism and self-criticism.
	rwor.org /a/ideology/discip-e.htm (573 words)

	Time to tighten Party discipline
		This situation makes it a matter of urgency to strengthen Party discipline to abolish the slackness among some Party organizations, the article says It is critical that the Falun Gong problem be first dealt with from within the Party.
		It is especially imperative to build the Party in a strict manner, given the fierce international competition, the tough task of reform and opening up as well as the need for social stability.
		Therefore, Party members must adhere to the scientific world view expounded by Marxism, and hold to materialism by opposing spiritualism, and follow atheism by opposing theism.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/china/1999/990727-10e.htm (540 words)

	Padmaja didn't violate party discipline: Karunakaran-Thiru'puram-Cities-NEWS-The Times of India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		KOCHI: Veteran Congress leader K Karunakaran on Friday said his daughter Padmaja Venugopal, who was heading a splinter group of the pro-Congress union in the state electricity board, had not violated party discipline to warrant a show cause notice against her.
		Asked if government was not consulting the party before taking major decisions, Karunakaran said the PCC executive would be meeting shortly for the first time in the past 15 months.
		Major decisions were taken by the government without the legislature party being consulted, he said, adding that only the excise policy was discussed in the party fora.
	timesofindia.indiatimes.com /cms.dll/articleshow?artid=23500650 (394 words)

	Centerfield: Party Discipline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Party discipline must be anathema to a nonpartisan centrist movement, as opposed to a Centrist Party.
		It raises its head as party leaders exclude their rebellious colleagues from choice committee assignments and chairmanships, kill their legislation without debate on its merits, run party nomination contests, or, at the outer extreme, gerrymander a maverick colleague out of his own district.
		I appreciate that you're not praising party discipline, per se, Rick, but the point I wish to associate with this thread as you've titled it is that centrists should be opposed as a matter of centrist policy to enforcement of strict party discipline on any issue, as an obstacle to bipartisan compromise.
	www.centristcoalition.com /blog/archives/001843.html (6774 words)

	Centerfield: Party Discipline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		This might irritate the zealous faithful of the party, but it's a good thing to be independent and moderate if your state is independent and moderate.
		Any party that demands that elected officials who are members must put party loyalty over their duty to their constituents deserves to lose.
		Parties are free to insist on party loyalty.
	www.centristcoalition.com /blog/archives/003566.html (1438 words)

	Democrats Aren't Giving Bush a Break This Term
		But the tougher tone reflects the urgency in the Democratic ranks about the GOP gains in November and the fervent demand for militancy from the party's liberal base, whose influence appears to be rising.
		Liberal groups such as MoveOn.org are far more advanced than party centrists at building a grass-roots organization through the Internet, and are moving with increasing confidence to push the party toward a more combative strategy.
		A favorite of the party's most liberal activists, Dean centered his presidential campaign last year on the charge that Democrats in Washington had cooperated too often with Bush.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines05/0211-11.htm (1335 words)

	Political party discipline a danger to good government
		Party discipline is the practice of enforcing approved voting behavior and even speech on members of a legislature such as the US Congress.
		Such discipline has become so extreme that the party position evolved to carry it out is called a "whip." The whip and other party leaders can influence a member's voting in various ways.
		When the parties go beyond this to enforce lockstep behavior, they become the out of control fire that George Washington condemned.
	www.neusysinc.com /columnarchive/colm0234.html (680 words)

	When to crack the party whip - On Line Opinion - 9/3/2006
		One we have never adopted, however is the graduated system of parliamentary discipline, whereby MP’s have varying degrees of discretion on their votes depending on the importance of the vote to the Party leadership.
		In a three line whip, full party discipline is imposed and all party members must vote with the leadership, on pain of expulsion.
		The leader of each party would determine the level of party discipline on each vote, in consultation with the respective chief whips.
	www.onlineopinion.com.au /view.asp?article=4240 (763 words)

	BlueOregon: On Party Discipline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		This approach to “party discipline” began in 1991 when House Speaker Larry Campbell, R-Eugene, unilaterally repealed a long-standing unwritten rule that the leadership could not ask lawmakers to vote against their constituents or their conscience.
		They are not enforcers of national party ideology or national policy agendas at the expense of the wishes of the elected members of the Legislature who may be listening to constituents who have different ideas.
		Or it could be the Party picks someone to run against you in the primary-- they put all their support and money behind that candidate, making it difficult for the incumbent to win.
	www.blueoregon.com /2005/10/it_appears_hous.html (16716 words)

	SSRN-Policy Making in Divided Government. A Pivotal Actors Model with Party Discipline by Josep Colomer Calsina
		This article presents a formal model of policy decision-making in an institutional framework of separation of powers in which the main actors are pivotal political parties with voting discipline.
		The basic model previously developed from pivotal politics theory for the analysis of the United States lawmaking is here modified to account for policy outcomes and institutional performances in other presidential regimes, especially in Latin America.
		Legislators' party indiscipline at voting and multi-partism appear as favorable conditions to reduce the size of the equilibrium set containing collectively inefficient outcomes, while a two-party system with strong party discipline is most prone to produce 'gridlock', that is, stability of socially inefficient policies.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=849526 (316 words)

	Party Discipline - Sean Hannity Discussion
		You were on target Friday about the need for party discipline in the Senate Republicans.
		I don't know how the parties in the European nations do it but they take care of business like PM Blair did about our recent "visitor" in that he kicked him out of the Labour Party Caucus.
		You might want to verify this with Colonel North but during the 1994 Senate race Senator Warner hinted very strongly that he would quit the Republican Party rather than serve with Colonel North if he had won that seat.
	www.hannity.com /forum/showthread.php?t=9305 (260 words)

	Socialist Party U.S.A.--Orlando Local
		The Socialist Party strives to establish a radical democracy that places peoples' lives under their own control-- a socialist society in which people cooperate at work, at home, and in the community.
		This would be a society devoid of classism, racism, sexism, homophobia, militarism and exploitation, and with freedom, justice, tolerance, mutual respect and compassion for all.
		We reject both liberalism (an acceptance of the current system, with a few changes here and there to make it more tolerable) and Leninism (the idea of a single "vanguard party" which uses strong party discipline and centralized control).
	socialistpartyoforlando.freeservers.com (754 words)

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