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Topic: Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement

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	History of Rwanda
		According to folklore, Tutsi cattlebreeders began arriving in the area from the Horn of Africa in the 15th century and gradually subjugated the Hutu inhabitants.
		An increasingly restive Hutu population, encouraged by the Belgian military, sparked a revolt in November 1959, resulting in the overthrow of the Tutsi monarchy.
		The movement was organized from the "hillside" to the national level and included elected and appointed officials.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/rwanda.html (1212 words)

	Rwandan Genocide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anthropological and linguistic evidence suggests that after the Twa settlement, the ancestors of the Hutu immigrated to the region and supplanted the Twa, perhaps in several waves.
		This development further exacerbated the divide between Tutsi and Hutu both economically and politically; historians speculate that it is to be one of the root factors leading to the extreme hostility between the two groups.
		On April 6, 1994, the airplane carrying the Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana, and Cyprien Ntaryamira, the Hutu president of Burundi, was shot down as it prepared to land in Kigali.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rwandan_Genocide (6721 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Rwanda
		Fearful of Tutsi political ambitions in the post-colonial era, Hutu hegemony was maintained by the systematic persecution of Tutsis and the increasing subversion of democratic institutions to Hutu nationalist leaders and agendas.
		In the midst of increasing social anarchy, as Hutu militias engaged in a pogrom of ethnic cleansing against Tutsis and Hutu opponents, Theodore Sindikubgabo became president of a Hutu-dominated transitional government.
		While the government relaxed controls on opposition political party activity in the months preceding the presidential and legislative elections of 2003, both elections were plagued by criticisms of electoral malpractice and intimidation.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /polity/country_reports/Rwa1.htm (1264 words)

	Hutu
		The Hutu are the largest of the three ethnic groups in Burundi and Rwanda; according to the United States
		The division between the Hutu and the Tutsi, the larger of the other two groups, is based more upon social class than ethnicity, as there are no significant lingual, physical, or cultural differences between them.
		Parmehutu (Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement), gained power, and in 1962, when the area was divided into Rwanda and Burundi and both countries received their independence from Belgium, Hutus seized full control of Rwanda.
	schools-wikipedia.org /wp/h/Hutu.htm (349 words)

	History of Rwanda
		An increasingly restive Hutu population, encouraged by the Belgian military, sparked a revolt in November 1959, resulting in the overthrow of the Tutsi monarchy.
		The movement was organized from the "hillside" to the national level and included elected and appointed officials.
		Kigali's increasing centralization and intolerance of dissent, the nagging Hutu extremist insurgency across the border, and Rwandan involvement in two wars in recent years in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo continue to hinder Rwanda's efforts to escape its bloody legacy.
	infotut.com /geography/Rwanda (2552 words)

	BURUNDI
		The newly invigorated peace movement also inspired and was inspired by a second development, namely the growth of ‘alternative defense’ thinking, which challenged the establishment and its experts on their own grounds.
		Hutu fears that the regroupment policy is intended to effect a permanent shift in settlement patterns in Burundi are heightened by the fact that many of the residents’ properties were burned and destroyed shortly after they were taken away to the camps.
		The arrest of several Hutu and unannounced army manoeuvres were interpreted as an attempt to repeat the 1972 atrocities, and as a result a number of Tutsi were killed in reaction (Lemarchand, 1989; Evans, 1997).
	www.gmu.edu /academic/pcs/WJonesSt72PCS.htm (9201 words)

	PAN-AFRICANISM, DEMOCRACY AND LEADERSHIP IN AFRICA by Mazrui
		The reparations movement received a severe blow because Abiola had been a man of means committed to the cause.
		The movement seeks to draw greater attention to African problems in the United States, help to find solutions to those problems, and strengthen the economic, trade and cultural ties between the peoples of Africa and those of the United States.
		Meanwhile, members of the movement are in support of the African Growth and Opportunity Act which went before Congress in 1998 and 1999 - seeking new linkages between American investors and African opportunities, and a new equilibrium between where aid ends and trade begins.
	igcs.binghamton.edu /igcs_site/dirton6.htm (8450 words)

	A short history of Rwanda
		An increasingly restive Hutu population, encouraged by the Belgian military, sparks a revolt in 1959, resulting in the overthrow of the Batutsi monarchy.
		In 1960 Belgium organizes elections in Rwanda, which are won by the Bahutu party Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement of Grégoire Kayibanda.
		The premiership is generally held by the Mouvement Démocratique Républicain (Democratic Republican Movement, MDR, successor of the PARMEHUTU).
	www.electionworld.org /history/rwanda.htm (562 words)

	Elections in Rwanda
		Coalitions: Rwandan Patriotic Front-led Coalition [Contested 2003 Chamber of Deputies Election] Member parties include the Rwandan Patriotic Front (FPR), Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Islamic Democratic Party (PDI), Rwandan Socialist Party (PSR), and the Democratic Union of the Rwandan People (UDPR).
		Democratic Republican Party-Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement (MDR-PARMEHUTU)
		Sole Legal Party: Democratic Republican Party-Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement (MDR-PARMEHUTU)
	africanelections.tripod.com /rw.html (312 words)

	Rwanda
		The Hutus, who comprise the majority of the population (85%), are traditionally farmers of Bantu origin.
		In April 2003, the transitional National Assembly recommended the dissolution of the Democratic Republican Party (MDR), one of eight political parties participating in the Government of National Unity since 1994.
		The seven remaining political parties endorsed incumbent Paul Kagame for president, who was elected to a 7-year term on August 25, 2003.
	www.infoplease.com /country/profiles/rwanda.html (3254 words)

	Rwanda encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Rwanda politics and officials, Rwanda History. Travel to Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		For many, the Rwandan Genocide stands out as historically significant, not only because of the sheer number of people murdered in such a short period of time, but also because of how inadequately many Western countries responded (or failed to respond) to the atrocities.
		Ethnic hatreds that fuelled the Rwandan Genocide quickly spilled over into Congo, continuing after it ended and fueling both the First and Second Congo Wars.
		As the sons of god, they ruled by divine right.
	www.rwandaiworld.com /wiki-Rwandan_genocide (6637 words)

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