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Topic: Party of the Mexican Revolution

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Lazaro Cardenas

Mexican Revolution

Mexican Constitution of 1917

1910

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	Women in the Mexican Revolution
		During the revolution, she was a "political radical (a socialist by conviction), a poet by avocation, a contributor to left-wing journals, and a fervent admirer of Emiliano Zapata" (Macias 57).
		But, she was essential to the Revolution because she addressed feminist problems and had the means and the energy to make them public and bring them to the attention of the government.
		The revolution and the women's involvement in it brought feminist issues to light and made women realize that they do not have to stay in their subordinate roles by the stove.
	www.ic.arizona.edu /ic/mcbride/ws200/mex-jand.htm (2550 words)

	MexOnline.com - Mexican Revolution of 1910
		During this time, several other Mexican folk heros began to emerge, including the well known Pancho Villa in the north, and the peasant Emiliano Zapata in the south, who were able to harass the Mexican army and wrest control of their respective regions.
		Díaz was unable to control the spread of the insurgence and resigned in May, 1911, with the signing of the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, after which he fled to France.
		During this period the PRI political party was established, which was the dominant political power for 71 years until Vicente Fox of the conservative PAN party was elected.
	www.mexonline.com /revolution.htm (527 words)

	Mexico - Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
		Calles, operating through the party organization, was able to undermine much of the strength of peasant and labor organizations that affiliated with the party and to weaken the regional military commanders who had operated with great autonomy throughout the 1920s.
		Although the PRI party bosses remained loyal to Salinas, allowing the party to win the July 1988 presidential election, the 1988 vote was a major psychological blow to the ruling party.
		At the party base, there is a National Assembly, which meets every six years to discuss and review the party's platform as well as to formally nominate the party's candidate for the presidency.
	countrystudies.us /mexico/84.htm (1833 words)

	Mexico POLITICAL PARTIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		From 1929 to 1997, the majority party and the only political group to gain national significance was the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional—PRI), formerly called the National Revolutionary Party (Partido Nacional Revolucionario), and the Party of the Mexican Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Mexicana).
		Following the election, the PRI had 239 seats; the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) had 125; 122 seats were controlled by the National Action Party (PAN); the Green Ecological Party (PVEM) had 8; and the Workers Party (PT) had 6.
		Of the major opposition parties, the PRD advocates active government intervention in economic matters and questions close relations with the United States, while PAN favors a reduced government role in the economy, backs close ties with the United States, and is closely linked to the Catholic Church.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Americas/Mexico-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html (316 words)

	Barnard College Newscenter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		An expert on Mexican immigration and socio-political issues, Smith said in an interview with Los Angeles radio station KPCC that the July 6th election results were part of the growing demand for diasporic representation by Mexican migrants.
		Mexican immigrants ran as migrants who would remain in the United States while in office and represent the Mexican diaspora to the Mexican Congress.
		However, Smith contends that President Vicente Fox’s party does not have the political strength to ensure that the enacting legislation is pushed through congress, over the objections of the Party of the Institutional Revolution.
	www.barnard.columbia.edu /newnews/news072403.html (593 words)

	Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Authentic Party of Mexican Revolution (PARM) is an Mexican political party, that existed from 1955 to 2000.
		During all its existence a party was considered PRI supporters, that is to say, controlled by the government.
		The PARM was founded by a group of veterans of the Mexican Revolution who no longer found arrangement in the official party, Institutional Revolutionary Party, headed by Juan Barragán and Jacinto B. Treviño, both revolutionary general outstanding that had held important governmental positions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Authentic_Party_of_the_Mexican_Revolution (247 words)

	Mexican Presidential Elections 2000
		The party took on a corporatist organizational structure when President Lázaro Cárdenas (father of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas) renamed it the Party of the Mexican Revolution in 1938, with "pillars" for the peak associations of peasants, workers, and the "popular sector" (primarily teachers and state bureaucrats).
		The party took on its current name in 1946, the same year that the Congress passed a highly restrictive electoral law that gave the PRI the capacity to cancel the registration of its rivals and essentially to oversee its own elections, because it controlled the Federal Electoral Commission (Molinar 1991).
		The public funds are distributed to the parties based on a complicated formula that seeks to reward the parties somewhat in proportion to their relative popularity (as measured by the last election).
	www2.kenyon.edu /depts/PSci/Fac/klesner/End_of_Mexican_Regime.htm (6282 words)

	Institutional Revolutionary Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The party was the result of Plutarco Elías Calles's efforts to stop the violent struggle for power between the victorious factions of the Mexican Revolution, and guarantee the peaceful if not democratic transmission of power for members of the party.
		The party had acquired a reputation for dishonesty, and while this was admitted (to a degree) by some of its affiliates, its supporters maintained that the role of the party was crucial in the modernization and stabilization of Mexico.
		The party was described by some scholars as a "state party", a term which captures both the non-competitive history and character of the party itself, and the inextricable connection between the party and the Mexican state for much of the 20th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party (1307 words)

	Mexican History & Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The XVIII Century marks the height of the Mexican colonial period with the Baroque and ultra Baroque styles, which include the churrigueresco, the rococo, the popular and other styles.
		However, the social unrest and the political opposition to the regime of Porfirio Díaz triggered the Mexican Revolution.
		But that changed after the revolution of 1910: in the 1930's such well-known artist as Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco and others began to paint unique murals and other works that brought together the styles of the Old World and the ancient Mexican cultures.
	www.mexican-embassy.dk /history.html (2354 words)

	Political Reform in Mexico: Salinas's Other Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Mexicos leading opposition parties, the center conservative National Action Party (PAN) ind theleftist Party of the Democratic Revolution PRD fared poorer than expected in the elections, xxeiving roughly 18 percent and 8 percent of the vote respectively.
		Parties must receive at least 1.5 percent of the votes cast to retain their legal status as political parties 12 known as the National Democratic Front (FDN Following the elections, many of the smaller parties that comprised the FDN defected from the coalition.
		The Waning Influence of the Mexican Left By receiving roughly 18 percent of the nationwide vote in the mid-term elec tions, compared to the PRD's 8 percent, the PAN is now Mexico's leading opposi tion party.
	www.heritage.org /Research/LatinAmerica/bg858.cfm (5187 words)

	THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION
		Unfortunately, the great majority of Mexicans were poor agricultural workers, campesinos, who still lived under the thumb of the hacendados, often in peonage.
		The Cristero Rebellion was the last spasm of mass violence in the Mexican Revolution; the killing of Obregon was the last major assassination.
		Avila had to show his concern to the Mexican people for how Mexican workers were treated, and the United States worried about incidents such as the Los Angeles “Zoot Suit” riots [which had already started before the agreement was signed].
	www.raleightavern.org /mexicanrevolution.htm (9164 words)

	Mexican Labor Bibliography: Mexican Politics
		The PAN was formed in the government of Lazaro Cardenas that had nationalized the petroleum industry in 1938 and then reorganized the ruling party as the Party of the Mexican Revolution (PRM) based on the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), the National Confederation of Peasants (CNC), and on the Army.
		As a party with Catholic ideology and Catholic activists, the PAN rejected contraception and abortion.
		After the 1988 election, the Mexican left merged with Cardenas's former PRI organization to form the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), and clearly Cardenas would be the party's candidate in the 1994 election.
	www.ueinternational.org /Mexico_info/bibliography4.html (5377 words)

	Brazil: Class Struggle in Volta Redonda! Cops, Courts out of the Unions!
		In truth it is the party of the firing squad against the revolution, the party of the northern ranchers who assassinated the radical peasant and plebeian leaders Emiliano Zapata and Francisco Villa, and put an end to the revolution before it could become a full-fledged social revolution.
		The Mexican Revolution was frustrated above all due to the absence of a proletarian vanguard armed with a program for workers revolution--the only way to complete the agrarian revolution and free the country from the imperialist yoke.
		The next Mexican Revolution will be not another nationalist peasant uprising, such as failed already in 1910-17, but an internationalist proletarian revolution that must extend across the border to the North (and the South), sparking socialist revolution in the imperialist powerhouse of the United States.
	www.internationalist.org /mexico2.html (7460 words)

	Commanding Heights : Mexico \| on PBS
		The revolution moves from its military phase to its reconstruction phase.
		1941-1951: Mexican presidents are nominated by dedazo ("pointing the finger") by which the outgoing president designates his successor, to be rubber stamped by less-than-transparent national elections.
		Unrest in Chiapas leads the Mexican army to embrace a counterinsurgency mission against the Zapatistas to quell the rebellion.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/mx/mx_full.html (4311 words)

	MEXIDATA AND MEXICO
		With bizarre similarities to the activities and ambitions of aging revolutionists following the Mexican Revolution, today there are a number of retired military officers (plus some who are still on active duty in the three branches of service) who want to right and reshape the political course of Mexico.
		Following the 1913 ouster and killing of President Francisco I. Madero, from the height of conflict and hostilities during the 1910-17 Revolution to the 1946 election of civilian Miguel Alemán, Mexico was ruled by a succession of soldier-politicians.
		During those years most who were part of the military or military past were content with their perks, concessions, appointments and rewards, but in 1946 a first chink in the armor appeared.
	www.mexidata.info /id73.html (599 words)

	Commanding Heights : Mexico Political \| on PBS
		The PNR becomes the Party of the Mexican Revolution (PRM) and gains wider representation.
		Officials rename the PRM the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) to signal the end of the revolution's transitional phase.
		Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, the former president's son, resigns from the PRI and forms the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD).
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/mx/mx_political.html (698 words)

	Guide2mexico - Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The party promotes economic nationalism, as opposed to the structural neoliberal changes that focus on increasing trade and foreign investment to boost the Mexican economy introduced by the PRI during President de la Madrid's administration.
		During this prolonged period of one-party hegemony, several modest electoral reforms were implemented by the government in order to maintain the appearance of electoral democracy and undercut the appeal of latent opposition movements.
		The 1988 elections were a watershed in the history of Mexican politics, marking a radical shift in the country's political dynamics and providing the first test of the 1986 electoral reforms.
	www.guide2mexico.com /content/mexpolit.htm (5308 words)

	Mexico - Cardenismo and the Revolution Rekindled
		The party was renamed the Party of the Mexican Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Mexicana--PRM), and membership expanded to include representatives of four corporately defined "sectors" of Mexican society: labor, agrarian, military, and popular.
		In addition, Cárdenas expanded the role of the state in Mexican society, establishing patron-client relationships among various state agencies and the corporately defined interest groups.
		The "institutionalization" of the Revolution resulted in a situation in which the state became the sole mediator among competing interest groups and the final arbiter of political disputes.
	countrystudies.us /mexico/34.htm (732 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		Actually, the Mexican Revolution was an outgrowth of the resentment that had built up during Díaz's thirty-four-year regime.
		Continued pressure from both the United States and Mexican authorities made the PLM increasingly weaker, and even the overthrow of Díaz in 1911 produced no respite from the party's opponents on both sides of the border.
		Numerous Mexicans or Mexican Americans during the era were killed while "resisting arrest" or "escaping." Homes were burned and many rural Tejanos were forced to move to urban areas where they could be watched.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/MM/pqmhe.html (1731 words)

	The Mexican Revolution
		Madero's call for revolution is answered by a movement in Chihuahua lead by Pascual Orozco, a mule driver, and Pancho Villa, a Robin Hood-like bandit.
		Zapata wanted the land to be distributed among the peasantry while Villa wanted the land to be kept by the state until the end of the revolution.
		Wilson finds a pretext for intervention after a party of U.S. sailors on the cruiser Dolphin is arrested after landing in a restricted area of Mexico.
	members.aol.com /mikesch/historyhatam1.html (2747 words)

	CSES > Download CSES Data > CSES Module 1 Errata > Mexico (2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The 'Parties and Leaders' code definitions for Mexico (2000) were mistakenly not included in the Appendix I of the codebook, but are given below.
		PARTY F Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution (PARM) 07.
		PARTY A Alliance for Change LEADER A Vicente Fox Quesada 08.
	www.umich.edu /~cses/download/module1/errata/20021001c.htm (140 words)

	Mexican Election Resource Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Though some consider the party's reign an autocracy, the PRI is the world's longest-governing political party.
		ALTERNATIVA PRESIDENTAL CANDIDATE: Patricia Mercado, one of the party's founders, is the former México Posible leader and a feminist activist.
		She is currently her party's presidential candidate for the 2006 elections.
	www.freenewmexican.com /news/45482.html (1933 words)

	A tales of two cities in one (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Although Mexican independence from Spain had been declared in 1810, it was not official until 1821, when a decade of battles ended in the Treaty of Córdoba.
		The event was precipitated by a religious conflict that began in 1892, when a young indigenous healer named Teresa Urrea ("Santa Teresita" to her followers) inspired locals in the village of Tomóchic, about 200 miles south of El Paso, to take over a Catholic church.
		El Paso was divided not only between Mexicans and Anglos, but also between Mexicans who had lived in the city for a long time and those who had newly arrived.
	www.freenewmexican.com /news/39292.html (1568 words)

	November 20 The Mexican Revolution
		The unhappiest sectors of the Mexican society were the peasants and labor workers.
		The Cananea massacre is historically considered the spark that finally ignited Mexico’s Revolution.
		Government at every election without danger of armed revolutions and without injury to the national credit or interference with national progress.
	www.inside-mexico.com /revolucion.htm (735 words)

	TIME.com: Next President? -- Mar. 6, 1939 -- Page 1
		Under Mexico's rigged political setup, the Presidential nominee of the Cárdenas-controlled Party of the Mexican Revolution (PRM) is virtually certain of election and the candidate backed by the potent, 1,000,000-strong Mexican Confederation of Labor (CTM) is virtually certain to be nominated by the Party.
		The selection of General Avila by the Leftist workers' and peasant organizations was something of a surprise, since he is generally regarded as a moderate in Mexican politics.
		Ever since there has been a growing desire among many Mexicans for a more moderate policy than President Cárdenas', and best-informed opinion last week was that the well-organized labor and peasant blocs had sensed this desire and accordingly backed a candidate sure to get the nation's approval.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,760838,00.html (522 words)

	Workers World Oct. 12, 2000: EPR on Mexican elections
		Following are excerpts from a statement by the Revolutionary People's Democratic Party (PDPR) and People's Revolutionary Army (EPR) that addresses the recent election of Vicente Fox and the National Action Party (PAN) to the presidency of Mexico.
		Fox's victory ended the rule by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) since the Mexican Revolution.
		With the arrival of the PAN, the conservative clergy--which has always been on the side of the powerful--today becomes stronger because together with Fox it is promoting legal initiatives that go against the rights of women, lay education and the progressive cultural development of Mexican children.
	www.workers.org /ww/2000/eprex1012.php (814 words)

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