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Topic: Party system

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List of political parties in Bolivia

European political party

Political party

Conservative Party (UK)

Coalition government

List of political parties

New Democratic Party

Voting system

Proportional representation

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	Two-party system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Two-party systems often develop spontaneously when the voting system used for elections discriminates against third or smaller parties, because the number of votes received for a party in a whole country does not relate directly and proportionally to the number of seats it receives in the country's assembly/assemblies.
		In some countries, the system, while not a true two-party system, may evolve to a situation where there are two rather stable coalitions, each with a dominant party, and power alternates between the two.
		The dynamics of a two-party system drives both parties' policies towards the position of a mythical median voter while remaining (hopefully) distinctive enough to motivate their core support.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Two-party_system (1124 words)

	Two-party system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A two-party system is a type of party system where only two political parties have a realistic chance of winning an election.
		Two-party systems do not appear intrinsically any more stable, citing such examples of stable democracies as Canada or Germany (which has a multi-party system through proportional representation).
		Parties in such situations tend to stake out only those positions that appear necessary to differentiate themselves from their primary opponent, and not to concentrate on policies constructive or beneficial to citizens.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Two-party_system (1124 words)

	Talk:Two-party system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The two "third" parties are the Greens and the liberals, although in some regions the democratic socialists and even the right-wing extremists get a hold as well (the former having formed regional coalition governments before).
		Germany has a law which states that a party has to hold more than 5% of the votes to enter a regional parliament, although there is an exception which allows individual representatives to be voted directly into the parliament (although, IIRC, they then act as individuals rather than members of their parties).
		In practice the two largest parties receive most of the media attention tho, and the thirds are usually only discussed if they enter a coalition or do something particularily outrageous (such as the two nationalist parties forming an alliance to increase each other's chance of getting seats in the parliaments).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Two-party_system (970 words)

	Party Rooting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The party seen to be the legacy of the Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI) was the Partai Demokrasi Indonesia—Perjuangan (PDI-P), led by Sukarno’s daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri (PDI-P scored 33% in the 1999 elections).
		Parties are compelled to demonstrate the presence of leadership committees in two-thirds of the country’s now-32 provinces and the same in two-thirds of the regencies or municipalities in those provinces.
		Systems are either relatively institutionalized or relatively uninstitutionalized; this implies that all the criteria seemingly move in unison.
	people.uncw.edu /tanp/SPSA2004.html (10259 words)

	Two-party system -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A two-party system is a type of (Click link for more info and facts about party system) party system where only two (Click link for more info and facts about political parties) political parties have a realistic chance of winning an (A vote to select the winner of a position or political office) election.
		Often a first-past-the-post electoral system and candidates being elected from constituencies (districts) are combined; this means that some smaller parties can have a significant proportional of votes nationally, but receive few seats and cannot realistically expect to compete with larger parties.
		Smaller parties will be underrepresented: they will not receive a number of seats in the country's assembly that reflect the number of votes received for them (and therefore the amount of support for them).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/tw/two-party_system.htm (1119 words)

	UO Stratics - Party System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The party leader is assigned by the system as soon as s/he adds the first member to the party.
		The only exception to looting is if a party member is in a guild that has war declarations, he may not loot anyone other than those in his guild or in a guild he is at war with.
		Once a character is in the same party as you are, you can pull up their status bars by clicking and holding the left mouse button over their character.
	uo.stratics.com /content/misc/party.shtml (1122 words)

	Encyclopedia: Two party system
		Two-party systems are naturally installed when the voting system used for elections discriminates against third or smaller parties, because the number of votes received for a party in a whole country is not directly proportional to the number of seats it receives in the country's assembly/assemblies.
		In countries that use proportional representation (PR), especially where the whole country is one constituency, like Israel, the electoral rules discourage a two party system; the number of votes received for a party is directly proportional to the number of votes received and new parties can develop an electoral niche.
		Smaller parties will be unrepresented: they will not receive a number of seats in the country's assembly that reflect the number of votes received for them (and therefore the amount of support for them).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Two-party-system (1081 words)

	Duverger: The Electoral System
		I expressed its effects in 1946 in the formulation of three sociological laws: (1) a majority vote on one ballot is conducive to a two-party system; (2) proportional representation is conducive to a multiparty system; (3) a majority vote on two ballots is conducive to a multiparty system, inclined toward forming coalitions.
		A given electoral regime does not necessarily produce a given party system; it simply exerts an influence in the direction of a particular type of system; it is a force, acting in the midst of other forces, some of which move in an opposite direction.
		It is also clear that the relationship between electoral and party systems is not a one-way phenomenon; if a one-ballot vote tends toward a two-party system, a two party system also favors the adoption of a single ballot voting system.
	www.janda.org /c24/Readings/Duverger/Duverger.htm (1502 words)

	Blondel "Types of Party Systems"
		Thus, alongside two-party systems and two-and-half-party systems, the third group should be defined, not so much as a multiparty system in which two parties obtain about two-thirds of the votes of the electorate, but as a multiparty system with a dominant party which obtains about two-fifths and less than half of the votes.
		Countries of group 2 have two types of party systems: Belgium, Germany, and Luxemburg resemble countries of group I, except that the centre party is stronger and, as we noted earlier, this increased strength is mainly at the expense of one only of the two major parties (in fact the Socialist party).
		Neither the Irish Labour party nor the Canadian NDP appear to be in a position to overtake the centre party in the near future: their position of small party seems stable.
	janda.org /c24/Readings/Blondel/blondel.html (1897 words)

	The Role of the American Political Party System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Authentic constitutionalism and authentic democracy require that there be an adversary system of political parties that operate freely in the interest of the public, their members, and their clients, but not a party that is a controlled instrument of the government.
		Nonetheless, the system of party government prevails and flourishes in America: one party is usually in control of government at the Federal, state, or local level and often of both its executive and legislative branches.
		The two major parties make overlapping appeals to the same middle-of-the-road largest section of the electorate; therefore the two-party system neither leads to polarization and eventual head-on conflict of political segments nor to disturbing, extreme alteration of governmental policies and behavior when the opposition is voted in.
	www.libertyhaven.com /politicsandcurrentevents/politicalpartiesoractivism/roleamerparty.html (1698 words)

	Britannia Panorama: British Government
		The parties are not registered or formally recognized in law, but in practice most candidates in elections, and almost all winning candidates, belong to one of the main parties.
		A new party - the Liberal Democrats - was formed in 1988 when the Liberal Party, which traced its origins to the eighteenth century, merged with the Social Democratic Party (formed in 1981).
		Party discipline tends to be less strong in the Lords than in the Commons, since Lords have less hope of high office and no need of party support in elections.
	www.britannia.com /gov/gov9.html (910 words)

	What America needs: rise of strong three party system - The Triangle - Ed-Op
		LMP members "declare their support to freedom only." The LMP also claims that Republicans and Democrats are traitors and that no party member should lend support to these parties, but parties that support personal freedoms, such as the Libertarian party, should be treated as allies.
		The fact that I find neither main-party candidate acceptable and the third party candidates, including NJWeedman, are either too radical or have platforms that are not well-developed enough lead me to believe that the rise of a strong third party is something that this state, and most likely this country, needs.
		This third party would need to be strong and rise to national prominence for it to be effective, and would put it in the gap that is caused by similarities between the Republican and Democratic parties, which is basically large taxation and large spending because of superfluous government programs.
	www.thetriangle.org /news/2005/10/21/EdOp/What-America.Needs.Rise.Of.Strong.Three.Party.System-1028866.shtml (1194 words)

	Politics1 - Guide to American Political Parties
		The Natural Law Party was a New Age entity founded and run by followers of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (the founder of the TM movement -- a movement that some have labeled as a cult).
		The party ran nuclear physicist John Hagelin as the NLP Presidential nominee in 1992 (ballot status in 32 stares - 39,000 votes - 0.04%), 1996 (ballot status in 44 states - 7th place - 110,000 votes - 0.1%) and 2000 (ballot status in 39 stares - 7th place - 83,000 votes - 0.08%).
		The party "is founded on the basic principals set forth by our founding fathers, that the federal government should only have the powers set forth in the framework of the Constitution and all other power to be delegated back to the states.
	www.politics1.com /parties.htm (9731 words)

	Teacher Resources - Feature - Elections the American Way: Party System
		The Democratic Party and the Republican Party are the most powerful.
		It is likely that political parties will continue to play a major role in presidential elections in the new millennium.
		By the presidental election of 1796, political parties were firmly in place in America.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/ndlpedu/features/election/partysys.html (597 words)

	The Tyranny of the Two-Party System; ; Lisa J. Disch
		Her book does not focus solely on a single party in an attempt to generalize from a unique example, nor does it fall prey to the "easy answer" syndrome: telling the reader why a third party erupted and why it could no longer retain its electoral viability.
		She argues that the two-party system as we know it dates only to the twentieth century and that it thwarts democracy by wasting the votes and silencing the voices of dissenters.
		The Tyranny of the Two-Party System reexamines a once popular nineteenth-century strategy called fusion, in which a dominant-party candidate ran on the ballots of both the established party and a third party.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/cup/catalog/data/023111/0231110340.HTM (557 words)

	1816-1860: The Second American Party System and the Tariff
		As the nation’s economic and political systems began to mature and diversify, however, the consensus on the tariff’s role gradually broke down.
		Calhoun trusted such a system to ensure a truly disinterested government where all interests had to be in accord.
		The party platform endorsed revenue tariffs designed to generate significant funds, part of which were to be distributed to the states to pay for internal improvements (roads and canals), another component of the American System.
	www.tax.org /museum/1816-1860.htm (2719 words)

	Pot Party
		Many dictator types who reject the voting system emerge, spin off without the main group … and some anti proportional organizations bring havoc, or make money their issue, instead of all votes cast as proof under 1/100ths.
		parties are categorized by the state of California as independents, and ballot access under their true party name is virtually impossible.
		The Pot Party was denied a spot on the ballot for the California recall election.
	www.pot-party.com (1887 words)

	Two-party System Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Looking For two party system - Find two party system and more at Lycos Search.
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	www.matronofthearts.com /encyclopedia/Two-party_system (1297 words)

	Japan's pension scandal deals blow to two-party system \| csmonitor.com
		Some lawmakers forgot to start making payments when the system became obligatory in 1986, while others such as Kan forgot to switch to the pension program when they assumed positions in government, or lost their status as salaried company employees.
		A weekend poll by Tokyo Broadcasting System showed that 51 percent of the public was dissatisfied that other such cabinet members as Sadakazu Tanigaki, the minister of finance, had been let off the hook.
		In a lower house election last November, the Democrats scored big gains against the government - the election was hailed as the coming of age of a true two-party system for Japan, and many hoped it signaled the beginning of the end of a 50-year domination of Japanese politics by the LDP.
	www.csmonitor.com /2004/0512/p07s02-woap.html (872 words)

	COMMENT: Impotent Party System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		What Should Be A political party is an organization founded on an ideology, principles and policies on which the party platform or program of governance is based.
		In the selection of party candidates from the president down to the lowest elective officials, the party picks from its members through a party caucus or convention.
		This is in contrast to the practice in Japan that political parties coalesce to form a government, not to win an election.
	www.mindanews.com /2003/12/16vws-diaz.html (1433 words)

	National Libertarian Party
		Virginia Libertarian in Hotly Contested Three-Way Delegate Race - Libertarian Party member and longtime Northern Virginia resident, Chuck Eby, is running for the Virginia House of Delegates in the 67th District.
		Louisiana LP chair joins rescue effort - Vinson Mouser, chairman of the Libertarian Party of Louisiana, lives about an hour and a half from New Orleans, so he was pretty far removed from the immediate damage caused on Aug. 29 and following days by Hurricane Katrina and by the failure of levees surrounding that city.
		North Carolina removes LP ballot access - The North Carolina Board of Elections on Aug. 22 decertified the Libertarian Party — removing the LP from the ballot in all elections in the state.
	www.lp.org (553 words)

	NCPA - Government And Politics - Electoral College Serves Two-Party System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Moreover, the electoral system has shaped, and been shaped by, the two-party system, and has preserved political order.
		That might lead to runoffs in which minor parties would auction off their support so one candidate could get 40 percent of the vote.
		The electoral system buttresses the two-party system and pulls them to the center, producing a temperate politics of coalitions rather than a proliferation of ideological factions.
	www.ncpa.org /pd/govern/pd110600e.html (365 words)

	New York Daily News - Home - Jo Piazza and Chris Rovzar: Two-party system alive & well in NYC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Big-name liberals are fixing to spoil next week's grand ol' party by throwing a better one.
		Preate says a bash like Tuesday's Gotham Hall party - hosted by President Ronald Reagan's son Michael - is the sort of thing that's likely to appeal to conservatives.
		He'll be hosting a party for it at South Beach's Rokbar on Sunday...
	www.nydailynews.com /front/story/226283p-194313c.html (907 words)

	Green Party of the United States \| Homepage
		For $36 a year you can help build a powerful, progressive Green Party.
		Brown was disqualified from participating in the November 8 election.
		10.11.2005 WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Green Party leaders urged Congress and all Americans to reject the White House's intention to turn New Orleans and all disaster areas into zones of military control, weakened human rights protections and oversight of federal agencies, and corporate profiteering similar to occupied Iraq.
	www.greenpartyus.org (295 words)

	A Single Party System?
		If a disaster struck, the government was to be run as a single party system, essentially a military dictatorship.
		Throughout the post 9-11 period, the Administration and Republicans in Congress have treated any criticism, any discussion of foreign policy by those outside the Republican Party as treason, culminating in House Whip Tom Delay’s calling Daschle “disgusting” last week when he asked the President to clarify his war goals last week.
		In all previous wars, Presidents have kept leaders of both Parties informed and even involved in the strategic overview.
	www-earth.tripod.com /asingleparty.html (424 words)

	Here's to the beauty of two-party system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Neither major party is strong enough to win with just its stalwarts.
		To ignite independents, a Democratic candidate has to abandon some of his party's loony liberal leftists.
		The Republican candidate must forsake some of his party's crazy conservative contemptibles.
	www.usatoday.com /news/opinion/columnists/neuharth/neu057.htm (489 words)

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