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Topic: Party-list proportional representation

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Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Proportional Representation - Some election systems that strive to achieve proportional representation include the single transferable vote and party-list proportional representation. Proportional Representation is a voting system where, for whatever qualities people use to elect their representatives (whether it be ideology, ethnicity, gender, etc.), the proportion of representatives having those qualities is approximately the same as the proportion of voters voting for that quality. The Lower House of Parliament in the Netherlands uses a pure party list system. www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/pr/Proportional_representation

Center for Voting and Democracy The constitution made provision for the direct proportional representation on a party list system to be used in 1999, but after that a new electoral law had to be devised and placed on the statute book. It was clear through the process that the weight of opinion was to move away from direct proportional representation on party lists to a combination of constituency and proportional representation systems. Parties will argue that the compilation of the lists through party structures from branches up to national structures provides for the voice of ordinary people, but that surely is not enough. www.fairvote.org /pr/global/southafricaneedschange.htm

D'Hondt method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It may be internal to the party (a closed list system) or the voters may have influence over it through various methods (an open list system). The formula for the quotient is V/(s+1), where V is the total number of votes that list received, and s is the number of seats that party has been allocated so far (initially 0 for all parties). The rationale behind this procedure (and the Sainte-Laguë procedure) is to allocate seats in proportion to the number of votes a list received, by maintaining the ratio of votes received to seats allocated as close as possible. www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/D'Hondt_method

Party-list proportional representation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of voting systems used in multiple-winner elections (e.g. The order in which the party's list candidates get elected may be pre-determined by some method internal to the party (a closed list system) or they may be determined by the voters at large (an open list system). In these systems, parties make lists of candidates to be elected, and seats get allocated to each party in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation

Women Around the World Based on numerous studies of electoral systems, proportional representation (PR) tends to be more favorable to women because the magnitude of electoral districts is higher in PR systems, meaning parties have the chance to compete for and win several seats, allowing them to go further down the party list where women are usually listed. All votes cast for a candidate on a party list accrue to the total for the party; seats are apportioned proportionally according to the national vote. Proportional Representation (PR) attempts to reduce the disparity between a party’s share of the national vote and its share of parliamentary seats. www.cld.org /waw6.htm

PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION FACTS AND INFORMATION Proportional representation (PR) is any election system which ensures a proportionally representative result of a democratic election, x% of votes should be represented by x% in the democratic institutions, parliament or congress. Although once an unknown system, proportional representation is now gaining popularity in Canada with five provinces: British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick currently debating whether to abolish the first past the post system, and at the federal level, a Parliamentary Committee is now exploring the issue. For instance if a party wins 20 seats but only has 15 people on its list then it loses 5 seats. www.dontpayyourtaxes.com /proportional_representation

F A I R V O T E -- the Center for Voting and Democracy An additional 180 seats are elected based on a party list proportional representation system where seats are allocated to parties based roughly on the percentage the party won in the popular vote - but without regard for any distortions that might take place in representation in the district seats. Below, we have analyzed the results of the election by calculating how skewed each party’s representation is in the single member seats and the proportionally allocated seats, when compared to their share of the national popular vote. This meant that when the LDP was allocated its proportional representation seats, the women on the LDP list were likely to receive seats before their male counterparts lower on the list. www.fairvote.org /?page=1596

What is PR? Proportional representation's record in other countries also serves to dispel the myth that adopting such a system would result in legislatures racked by conflict and plagued by deadlock. Most legislatures in countries using proportional representation are ruled by a coalition of parties, and some fear that these coalitions are liable to be unstable and to lead to weak and unproductive government. Proportional representation also is feasible for Congressional elections. www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/whatispr.htm

Proportional Representation FAQ Party List System - This is by far the most popular form of proportional representation but unfortunately it is probably the least likely to be accepted in the United States. Some party list systems allow the voter to also give his preferences as to individual candidates, but those candidates must be in the same party that he is voting for. The strength of this system is that it is 100% proportional but combines that with regional representation so each state would have an elected member that it could call on to represent the regional concerns of that state. ed.labonte.com /pr.html

Regulating Nominations in PR Systems In all countries with some form of party-list proportional representation, the candidates' positions on party lists are almost as important as their presence on them. In each constituency each party is entitled only to a number of seats proportional to its share of the popular votes, and those seats usually go to the candidates in sequence at the top of its list until its quota is filled. In most parties in most such countries, the supervisory powers of the national or regional party agencies include the power to determine the final order in which the names appear on the party's list in each constituency. www.aceproject.org /main/english/pc/pcc04.htm

Knesset One other effect of the use of party-list proportional representation is to cause the membership of the Knesset to be politically fragmented. Those with the greatest power in the party (and therefore those who become decision makers at a national level) are typically allocated priority positions on the party list. As an example, if Likud won 23 seats during a national election those individuals at positions 1-23 on the Likud party list would be granted the seats in the Knesset. www.infothis.com /find/Knesset

Political party This party may not always be, however, identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government. The emblem of socialist parties is often a red rose held in a fist. In two party states political parties are traditionally catch all partycatch all parties which are ideologically broad and inclusive. www.infothis.com /find/Political_party

International IDEA Glossary of Terms Under a List Proportional Representation (List PR) system each party or grouping presents a list of candidates for a multi-member electoral district, the voters vote for a party, and parties receive seats in proportion to their overall share of the vote. Mixed Member Proportional is a mixed system in which the choices expressed by the voters are used to elect representatives through two different systems–one List PR system and (usually) one plurality/majority system–where the List PR system compensates for the disproportionality in the results from the plurality/majority system. Party Block Vote (PBV) is a plurality/majority system using multi-member districts in which voters cast a single party-centred vote for a party of choice, and do not choose between candidates. www.idea.int /esd/glossary.cfm

Articles - Open list Open list describes any variant of party-list proportional representation where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected. In Swedish elections, the 'most open' list is used, but a person needs to receive 5% of the party's votes (European_Parliament, Kommunfullmäktige and Landstingsfullmäktige) or 8% of the party's votes (Riksdag) for the personal vote to overrule the ordering on the party list. This as opposed to closed list, which allows each party to determine the order of its candidates and gives the voter no influence at all within a party. www.lastring.com /articles/Open_list

Party List Systems The ranking of a party list of candidates, however, and therefore the individual representatives selected, are decided by the voters’ choices or by a combination of the voters’ choices and the party’s choices. In an effort to attract support, lists typically are diversified along lines that are important to the party and the voters it seeks to attract; factors can include geography, ideology, name recognition, gender, etc. Called the "puller," the first name on the list is often the most popular and well-recognized candidate. Proponents of open list systems believe that by allowing voters to choose among individual candidates within a party, the candidates will be more responsive to the concerns of the voters than the demands of the party leaders. www.fairvote.org /factshts/partylst.htm

Proportional Representation example The "party list" for proportional representation purposes is made up by the party central committee. Remember that the "first ballot" is directly for a candidate (i.e., one of the candidates) running in your district; the "second ballot" is for proportional representation. It includes candidates who the party would like to see in office (as a reward; or because of their expertise) but who could not win in a direct election. www.d.umn.edu /~schilton/1500/Lectures/1500.Roskin.Germany.ProportionalRepresentation.html

List MP (Supporters of party list proportional representation sometimes retort that the public often have little control over the selection of local candidates, either — if a voter's preferred party selects a poor candidate, the voter is forced to either vote for a candidate they dislike or vote for a party they dislike. In the method used in Germany and New Zealand, a merger of party list representation and geographic representation is employed — parties contest geographic seats, but are then "topped up" with MPs from a party list until they have the share of seats that their vote entitles them to. List MP List MP list MP is a Member of Parliament (MP) who is elected from a party list rather than from a geographical constituency. www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/List-MP.htm

Party-list basis If any representative from a party list is appointed to be a minister, the person must be removed from the representative seat within 30 days of being appointed, and the next name on that party list will be appointed to be a representative, without holding a new election. The number of party-list representatives that each party may appoint (i.e.,send to Parliament) is calculated by dividing the votes each party obtained by the number of votes needed for one party-list candidate (that is, remaining votes divided by 100). The lists are to be submitted to the Election Commission on the date of application for candidacy in the election. www.ect.go.th /english/national/mp/mp11.html

2263.htm The principle of proportional representation of different parties is valid, but at present there is no representative of the Rodina party among the members of the Committee. The composition of the committees of the State Duma is approved by the State Duma, as a rule, on the basis of the principle of proportional representation of parties. With respect to the single member constituency seats, the United Russia Party obtained 102 seats, the Communist Party 12, the Yabloko 4 and the Union of Right Forces 3. www.ipu.org /parline-e/reports/2263.htm

Single Transferable Vote Party leaders usually write the list, so they have immense power over junior politicians and voters. To spread power and broaden the appeal of its list, a party convention could use STV to elect the nominating committee -- whose members take turns adding names to the list. The first name on a party's list of nominees gets the first seat her party wins. accuratedemocracy.com /d_stv.htm

2161_B.htm Each party's proportional representation list includes candidates who are only taking part in the proportional representation poll, numbering up to the fixed number of seats for each bloc plus duplicate candidates from single-seat constituencies. - party-list proportional representation system using the d'Hondt method for the remaining 180 seats, with allocation based on the parties' share of the national vote in the 11 large districts However, these so-called duplicate candidates are only allowed to run in a single-seat constituency that is situated within their proportional representation bloc. www.ipu.org /parline-e/reports/2161_B.htm

Proportional Representation Party List Once elected, a Duma member can change his or her party at will whether elected by a party list or from a single-member district. The first is certifying their lists of candidates: see the parties and blocs certifying lists of candidates in 2003; and the second is getting the certified lists approved by the Central Electoral Commission. Overall party strength in the Duma reflects the combined success of parties in winning seats in the PR and in the SMD ballots. www.russiavotes.org /Parties.htm

Proportional Representation Party List The Central Electoral Commission ruled by a vote of 13 to 1 on 11 October 1999 that Anatoly Bykov, one of the top three candidates on the LDPR list, was ineliglible as he had not declared ownership of a home; he is being investigated on money-laundering charges. Zhirinovsky created a new 'Zhirinovsky Bloc' based on three parties already registered: the Party of Spiritual Renewal, headed by his half-sister, the Party of Free Entrepreneurs and the Workers' Party of Russia, both headed by members of the LDPR Duma faction. The Central Electoral Commission approved 30 parties as qualifying for the ballot, on the basis of collecting 200,000 signatures with not more than 7 per cent from any one region of the Federation or putting up a sum of 25,000 times the minimum wage. www.russiavotes.org /Duma_pr.htm

Split vote - Electowiki Because of the very narrow margin of victory of Republican Party candidate George W. Bush over Gore, many blamed Nader's candidacy for causing his loss and thus being a spoiler (although the votes that went to the eighth-place candidate in the contested state of Florida could have potentially covered the split). In the United States, a famous example of a split vote occurred in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election when Green Party candidate Ralph Nader attracted voters who might otherwise have voted for Democratic Party candidate Al Gore because of the similar liberal platforms of both candidates. Vote splitting as an issue is usually confined to first-past-the-post voting systems such as those used by the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada - it is not generally an issue in countries which use proportional represenation such as Germany. wiki.electorama.com /wiki/Split_vote

Party-list proportional representation (from election) --  Encyclopædia Britannica Voting took part in two stages: the election of 225 deputies based on party lists by proportional representation and the election of a further 225 in one-seat constituencies. The basic difference between the single transferable vote formula and list systems—which predominate in elections in western Europe and Latin America—is that, in the latter, voters generally choose among party-compiled lists of candidates rather than among individual candidates. Where majority or plurality systems effectively reward strong parties and penalize weak ones by providing the representation of a whole constituency to a single candidate who may have received fewer than half of the votes cast (as... www.britannica.com /eb/article-229026?tocId=229026

List PR List PR Most of the seventy-five Proportional Representation (PR) systems identified in The Global Distribution of Electoral Systems use some form of List PR; only nine examples use MMP or Single-Transferable Vote (STV) methods. In its simplest form, List PR involves each party presenting a list of candidates to the electorate, voters voting for a party, and parties receiving seats in proportion to their overall share of the national vote. Winning candidates are taken from the lists in order of their position on the lists. www.aceproject.org /main/english/es/esf02.htm

CNN.com - World - Election Watch All 140 seats in the Senate are elected by a system of party-list proportional representation. All 327 seats in the Chamber of Deputies are elected by a system of party-list proportional representation. Party Bloc: Party of Social Democracy of Romania - Social Democratic Party (PDSR - PSDR) edition.cnn.com /WORLD/election.watch/europe/romania2.html

CNN.com - World - Election Watch Members of the Camara de Diputados are elected by a closed party-list proportional representation system. Members of the Camara de Senadores are elected by a closed party-list proportional representation system. Felix ARGAÑA, son of Luis Maria ARGAÑA, was the vice presidential candidate from the Colorado Party (CP). www.cnn.com /WORLD/election.watch/americas/paraguay3.html

NTU Info Centre: List of mathematical topics (P-R) ]] -- [[Party-list proportional representation]] [[Talk:Party-list proportional representation ]] -- [[Representations of Clifford algebras]] [[Talk:Representations of Clifford algebras ]] -- [[Riesz representation theorem]] [[Talk:Riesz representation theorem www.nowtryus.com /article:List_of_mathematical_topics_(P-R)?source=true

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