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	Pope Paschal II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The imperial Diet at Mainz invited Paschal to visit Germany and settle the trouble in January 1106, but the pope in the Council of Guastalla (October 1106) simply renewed the prohibition of investiture.
		Towards the end of his pontificate trouble began anew in England; Paschal complaining (1115) that councils were held and bishops translated without his authorization, and threatening Henry I with excommunication.
		On the death of the countess Matilda, who had bequeathed all her territories to the Church (1115), the emperor at once laid claim to them as imperial fiefs and forced the pope to flee from Rome.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Paschal_II (432 words)

	Paschal II on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He was a loyal supporter of Urban II as well.
		Henry IV was deposed by his son Henry V, with whom Paschal was allied.
		He invaded Italy in 1110; negotiations between emperor and pope failed, and the emperor captured Paschal, who was compelled to surrender the papal position on investitures.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/Paschal2.asp (521 words)

	PASCHAL II
		Under Urban II he served as legate, and at Urban's death he was chosen to succeed the crusader pope.
		Paschal condemned lay investiture, but soon Henry V was marching on Rome with two objectives: imperial coronation and permission to practice lay investiture.
		Though Paschal II had had a tormented pontificate, he did have the satisfaction of seeing the lay investiture question reasonably settled in England by Henry I and St. Anselm.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp158.htm (514 words)

	JACQUELINE PASCAL - LoveToKnow Article on JACQUELINE PASCAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		PASCHAL I., pope from 817 to 824, a native of Rome, was raised to the pontificate by the acclamation of the clergy, shortly after the death of Stephen IV., and before the sanction of the emperor (Louis the Pious) had been obtaineda circumstance for which it was one of his first cares to apologize.
		Paschal returned after the emperors withdrawal at the beginning of 1118, but died within a few days on the 21st of January 1118.
		Supported by the victorious imperial army, Paschal was enthroned at St Peters on the 22nd of July 1167, and Pope Alexander III., became a fugitive.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PA/PASCAL_JACQUELINE.htm (1047 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Paschal II
		Urban II had lived to witness the complete success of his wonderful movement for the liberation of the Holy Land and the defence of Christendom.
		Paschal decided to change his proposed journey to Germany, and proceeded to France, where he was received enthusiastically by King Philip (who did penance for his adultery and was reconciled to the Church) and by the French people.
		The voices raised to condemn the faint-heartedness of Paschal were drowned by the universal denunciation of his oppressor.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11514b.htm (1020 words)

	Pope Gelasius II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He became a monk of Monte Cassino, was taken to Rome by Pope Urban II, and made papal chancellor and Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.
		His tenure also established the precedent that the papal chancellor should always be a cardinal, and should hold the office for life or until he was elected pope.
		Shortly after his unanimous election to succeed Pope Paschal II he was seized by Cencius Frangipanè, a partisan of the emperor Henry V, but freed by a general uprising of the Romans on his behalf.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II (403 words)

	History of the Mass (15histot.htm)
		With the latter's death in 1099, Pope Paschal II was chosen to carry on, but he was embroiled in the bitter infighting between the triumverate of factions: the German kingdom and Roman patricians, who while not allies, were unified against the reformers.
		Paschal's ambition to unify all factions and to insist on the reform principles, as well as the supremacy of the pontiff, backfired badly and he was forced to sign a concession that greatly weakened the Church politically.
		Paschal saw it as a chance for reconciliation with the empire and the papacy but alas the son was of the same mind-frame regarding lay investiture.
	www.dailycatholic.org /hist/15histot.htm (1780 words)

	Popes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Although Paschal fostered the First Crusade and followed Gregory's great policies of church reform, his pontificate was dominated by the Investiture Controversy - the long conflict between popes and secular rulers over control of ecclesiastical appointments.
		Paschal's struggles with the Holy Roman emperors Henry IV and Henry V, however, proved inconclusive.
		Paschal finally revoked the privilege in 1112 and renewed his earlier condemnations of regal investiture in 1116.
	gallery.euroweb.hu /database/glossary/popes/paschal2.html (341 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Callistus II
		Callistus II left Reims to attend the conference at Mousson, but on learning of the warlike preparations made by the emperor, and fearing that force was likely to be used to extract from him prejudicial concessions, he hastily returned to Reims.
		Here it was agreed that a general truce should be proclaimed between the emperor and his rebellious subjects; that the Church should have free use of her possessions; that the lands of those in rebellion should be restored, and peace with the Church permanently established with the least possible delay.
		Owing mainly to him the concessions so weakly made by Paschal II were recalled, and on his own accession to the papal throne, his firmness and strength of character secured a settlement of the controversy between Church and State which, though not entirely satisfactory, was at least sufficient to assure a much needed peace.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03185a.htm (1750 words)

	1100 - 1199
		Lothiar (soon to be Lothair II of the Holy Roman Empire) is granted the duchy of Saxony by Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire.
		Pope Paschal II dies, and is succeeded by Gelasius II.
		Henry II argues with the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas a' Becket, and attempts to decree that priest accused of crimes should be charged by royal courts.
	www.medievaltymes.com /courtyard/1100_-_1199.htm (2204 words)

	Paschal II -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Paschal II (originally Raniero) (died 1118), pope 1099–1118; continued First Crusade and the reforms of Pope Gregory VII; embroiled in Investiture Controversy, struggle over whether popes or secular rulers should appoint bishops; fought bitterly with Holy Roman Emperor Henry V; concessions made to Henry enraged bishops; privilege of investiture was granted, then later revoked; issue...
		Bhaskara II was born in 1114 in Biddur, India.
		Paschal's 12th-century capitulation to Henry V, one of the episodes in the long-running Investiture Controversy.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9332606 (605 words)

	Pope Paschal II -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the long struggle with the emperors over (The ceremonial act of clothing someone in the insignia of an office; the formal promotion of a person to an office or rank) investiture, he zealously carried on the (additional info and facts about Hildebrandine) Hildebrandine policy, but with only partial success.
		The imperial (A prescribed selection of foods) Diet at (additional info and facts about Mainz) Mainz invited Paschal to visit Germany and settle the trouble in January 1106, but the pope in the Council of (additional info and facts about Guastalla) Guastalla (October 1106) simply renewed the prohibition of investiture.
		On the death of the (additional info and facts about countess Matilda) countess Matilda, who had bequeathed all her territories to the Church (1115), the emperor at once laid claim to them as imperial fiefs and forced the pope to flee from Rome.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/pope_paschal_ii1.htm (382 words)

	The Papacy during the Crusades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Pope Paschal II inherited the Investiture Struggle from Gregory and Urban, and this matter occupied much of his attention.
		Once he was gone, a council of the Church nullified all of Paschal's actions (March 1112) and another council in October excommunicated Henry.
		But he had to, for the status Kingdom of Jerusalem was not at all clear in the first years of Paschal's reign, and even more pressing was how to organize the Roman Catholic Church in lands that already had established Christian bishoprics.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /europe/papacy/04.shtml (449 words)

	Europe's 12th-Century Development by Sanderson Beck
		Lothar II had granted his son-in-law Heinrich the Proud the duchy of Saxony and designated him his successor; but Archbishop Adalbero of Treves summoned a meeting at Coblenz and nominated the Hohenstaufen Conrad, who was crowned in March 1138.
		Innocent II excommunicated Roger and led forces himself; but the Pope was defeated and captured, and he had to recognize the kneeling Roger to gain release.
		Philip II, later called Augustus by the contemporary chronicler Rigord, was anointed king by the Archbishop of Rheims in November 1179 at the age of 14.
	www.san.beck.org /AB20-Europe12thCentury.html (23598 words)

	Popes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He was elected pope on Jan. 24, 1118, as successor to Paschal II, whose pontificate had been damaged by dissension from the "investiture controversy," an administrative struggle between the popes and the Holy Roman emperors over the right to grant titles to ecclesiastics.
		Paschal's attempt to end the struggle with the Holy Roman emperor Henry V in 1111 had caused a revolt among the German bishops.
		Gelasius' election was flened by Henry, whose loyal supporter Cencius II Frangipani attacked and imprisoned the new pope.
	gallery.euroweb.hu /database/glossary/popes/gelasi2.html (216 words)

	Heretical pope - Robert Bellarmine
		Vidigal then proceeds to quote the evidence and the historical facts relating to the struggle by saints, cardinals and bishops against Paschal II, thus demonstrating that the theology of this period of the Middle Ages admitted the hypothesis of a heretical pope and that such a pontiff could, in consequence, lose his pontificate.
		Bruno, Bishop of Segni and Abbot of Monte Cassino, was the leader of the opposition to Paschal II in Italy.
		Paschal II l was very well aware that St. Bruno did not deny the hypothesis that a Pope could be deposed.
	www.wandea.org.pl /heretical-pope.html (1816 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Paschal II
		Paschal was deeply involved in the struggle over lay investiture; Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV supported three successive anti-popes in hopes of placing his own man on the papal throne.
		Years of discussion ensured, and in 1111 Paschal came to a settlement with Henry V by which he gave the emperor all the land given to the Church since the reign of Charlemagne, and Henry agreed to give up lay investiture.
		After 61 days of abuse, Paschal agreed to lay investiture in return for a promise of no revenge against Rome, and on 13 April 1111 he crowned Henry V as Holy Roman Emperor.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0160.htm (408 words)

	EUROPEAN HISTORY 1100 - 1159
		Gelasius II (1118-1119) of the Pope Paschal party is elected pope in Sta Maria in Pallara.
		Callistus II (1119-1124) related to the royal houses of German, French and English and an anti-Paschal is appointed pope.
		Innocent II alias Gregorio Papareschi (1130-1143) a Roman is clandestinely elected pope by a minority of cardinals.
	www3.telus.net /public/dgarneau/euro50.htm (2239 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Creations of cardinals of the XII Century
		Excommunicated by Pope Innocent II in the Council of Reims on October 18, 1131.
		It adds that, according to Jaffé, Callisutus II was at Cluny from December 30, 1119 to January 7, 1120 and that he consecrated, on January 3, the bishop of Geneva, Humbert, who is not considered a cardinal.
		Antipope Celestine II was elected on December 15/16, 1124.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/consistories-xii.htm (6890 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections and conclaves by century
		As a reprisal for Pope Gellasius II's escape to Gaeta and his refusal to immediately meet with him to discuss the affairs of the Church in Germany, Emperor Henry V named the deposed and excommunicated archbishop of Braga, Portugal, Maurice Bourdin, as antipope.
		Innocent II had the majority of the cardinal bishops but the majority of the deacons and priests supported Antipope Anacletus II, Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, title of S. Maria in Trastevere.
		In its general drift and by what it had in common with the tendencies of the reform party, its aim was to free the papal elections: 1st, from all interference on the part of the Roman feudal aristocracy; and 2nd, from undue and harmful interference on the part of the kings of Germany.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm (6477 words)

	The Twelfth Century
		King Henry I of England (1100-35) and Pope Paschal II (1099-1118) were the key players.
		Paschal was motivated to peace by a desire to launch a crusade against his fellow Christians in Constantinople.
		Victor IV was succeeded by Paschal III (1164-68), Callistus III (1168-78), and Innocent III (1179-80).
	www.geocities.com /Heartland/Pines/7224/Rick/chrono12.htm (7333 words)

	Antipope Sylvester IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		After his election, Maginulfo took the papal name of Sylvester IV and was consecrated in the Church of St. Maria Rotonda (the Pantheon) and was enthroned in the Lateran on November 18, 1105.
		When Pope Paschal II returned to Rome the next day, Antipope Sylvester IV left for Tivoli and finally settled in Osimo, Province of Ancona, under the protection of Count Guarniero di Ancona.
		On April 11, 1105, Pope Paschal II and Emperor Henry IV reached an agreement about the investiture of Catholic bishops.
	www.kiwipedia.com /antipope-sylvester-iv.html (200 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Pope Paschal II, born Ranierio, was a native of Ravenna and entered a monastery at an early age.
		He was elevated to the papacy in 1099, and although he settled papal differences with Henry I of England and Philip I of France, he had much trouble over lay investiture with Henry IV and Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire.
		However, Paschal repudiated his support for the practice in 1116, the same year that rioting drove him from Rome.
	www2.evansville.edu /ECOLEWEB/glossary/paschalii.html (137 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Innocent II
		Accompanied Pope Gelasius II when he was driven into France.
		Soon after his political opponents chose the anti-pope Anacletus II, and Innocent was forced to flee Rome, first to Pisa, then Genoa and finally to France.
		He received the support of Lothar II of Germany and the German bishops.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0164.htm (148 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Paschal's Privilege (February 12, 1111)
		One solution was suggested by thehe canonist Ivo of Chartres in 1097 - that it was fine for kings to invest bishops provided that they did not intend to give spiritual power but only secular estate.
		644-645, copyrighted translation by Brian Tierney available] Pope Paschal II (1099-1118) suggested a more radical solution for the dispute in 1111, but it was not to liking of the imperial bishops.
		Bishop Paschal, servant of the servants of God.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/paschal2-priv1.html (685 words)

	InterText v4n5: The Gardener by Jim Cowan
		Paschal II is still the only planet completely protected by an AMF, making it something of an instant Holy Grail.
		Suddenly and without any effort on my part, I knew that the temple lens was made of water because, on Paschal II, the alien tech was in the water of the world, hidden in the rivers and the rains and the salty ocean spray that caked my lips.
		Paschal is an evolutionary incubator, a machine for arresting the material evolution of matter and accelerating its evolution into spirit.
	www.intertext.com /magazine/v4n5/gardener.html (10434 words)

	The Avalon Project : Documents Relating to the War of the Investitures - Negotiations between Paschal II and Henry V; ...
		Negotiations between Paschal II and Henry V; 1111
		For, according to the apostle Paul, let them watch, being about to render account, as it were, for the souls of these (their people).
		Bishop Paschal, servant of the servants of God, to his most beloved son in Christ, Henry, glorious king of the Germans, and, through the grace of Almighty God, august emperor of the Romans, greeting and apostolic benediction.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/medieval/inv15.htm (838 words)

	CALIXTUS II
		He acted as legate for Paschal II and held a council at Vienne which boldly excommunicated Henry V when that monarch wrested the privilege of lay investiture from poor Paschal.
		Since Paschal did so, there was no trouble; but the incident reveals a lack of perfection in Guy's obedience and loyalty.
		The outstanding event of this pontificate was the settlement of the lay investiture quarrel.
	www.cfpeople.org /books/pope/POPEp160.htm (540 words)

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