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	Pascual Cervera y Topete Information
		Pascual Cervera y Topete (February 18, 1839 - April 3, 1909) served as Almirante (or Admiral) of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron during the Spanish-American War, and prior to this served his country in a variety of military and political roles.
		Cervera was a highly decorated veteran of the Spanish Navy, and served with some distinction during the Carlist Wars before retiring from the active service to act as head of Spain's Ministero de Marine, the bureaucratic body that governed the naval and merchant marine forces of Spain.
		After two years of isolation, Cervera was called back to service in the fleet, through the personal intercession of the Queen Regent and began a reorganisation of the vessels under his command, determined at least to bring the fleet to fighting shape before the now inevitable war with the United States of America erupted.
	www.bookrags.com /Pascual_Cervera_y_Topete (530 words)

	Pascual Cervera y Topete
		Pascual Cervera y Topete (1839-1909), served as Almirante (or Admiral) of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron during the Spanish-American War, and prior to this served his country in a variety of military and political roles.
		Cervera was a highly decorated veteran of the Spanish Navy[?], and served with some distinction during the Carlist Wars[?] before retiring from the active service to act as head of Spain's Ministero de Marine, the bureaucratic body that governed the naval and merchant marine forces of Spain.
		After two years of isolation, Cervera was called back to service in the fleet, through the personal intercession of the Queen Regent and began a reorganisation of the vessels under his command, determined at least to bring the fleet to fighting shape before the now inevitable war with the United States of America erupted.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pa/Pascual_Cervera_y_Topete.html (524 words)

	Top Literature - Pascual Cervera y Topete
		Pascual Cervera y Topete (February 18, 1839 - April 3, 1909) served as Almirante (or Admiral) of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron during the Spanish-American War, and prior to this served his country in a variety of military and political roles.
		Cervera was a highly decorated veteran of the Spanish Navy, and served with some distinction during the Carlist Wars before retiring from the active service to act as head of Spain's Ministero de Marine, the bureaucratic body that governed the naval and merchant marine forces of Spain.
		After two years of isolation, Cervera was called back to service in the fleet, through the personal intercession of the Queen Regent and began a reorganisation of the vessels under his command, determined at least to bring the fleet to fighting shape before the now inevitable war with the United States of America erupted.
	encyclopedia.topliterature.com /?title=Pascual_Cervera_y_Topete (529 words)

	Pascual Cervera y Topete
		Pascual Cervera y Topete was born in Medina Sidonia, Cádiz, Spain, in 1839.
		Among others, Cervera served in the Moroccan campaign of 1859 and the Spanish-American War of 1898.
		A letter from Cervera's son to Angel Rivero Méndez, author and fellow Spanish naval officer, confirming the exactitude of Rivero Méndez's accounts of the war.
	www.loc.gov /rr/hispanic/1898/cervera.html (216 words)

	Military.com Content
		The Cape Verde Squadron was under the command of Rear Adm. Pascual Cervera y Topete and consisted of the cruisers Cristòbal Colòn, Almirante Oquendo, Vizcaya and Infanta Maria Teresa and the torpedo-boat destroyers Furor, Pluton and Terror.
		Cervera was shocked when he received orders from the Spanish minister of marine, Segismundo Bermejo y Merelo, to make preparations for the squadron to sail for the West Indies.
		Ramòn Blanco y Erenas, the governor general of Cuba, informed Madrid that Spaniards living in the West Indies were expecting the navy to come to their aid, however, and if the squadron was not forthcoming, an "unpleasant reaction was possible." Bermejo immediately telegraphed the Cape Verde fleet to sail from St. Vincent.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent?file=PRsantiago (1937 words)

	Spanish-American War - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Nevertheless, news that the Spanish squadron under Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete was sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean from the Cape Verde Islands, off the western coast of Africa, caused a panic in U.S coastal cities.
		Cervera knew he was being ordered to certain destruction but felt compelled to obey.
		Cervera’s flagship, Infanta Maria Teresa, led the column and was taken under fire by the Iowa at 9:35 am.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761566463___7/Spanish-American_War.html (1107 words)

	Santiago de Cuba — FactMonster.com
		During the Spanish-American War of 1898, U.S. ships established a blockade in Santiago's harbor; when the Spanish admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete, bottled up in the harbor, made a desperate attempt to escape, his fleet was destroyed.
		Pascual Cervera y Topete - Cervera y Topete, Pascual Cervera y Topete, Pascual, 1839–1909, Spanish admiral.
		Morro Castle - Morro Castle Morro Castle, fort at the entrance to the harbor of Havana, Cuba.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0843589.html (303 words)

	AllRefer.com - Pascual Cervera y Topete (Spanish And Portuguese History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Pascual Cervera y Topete, Spanish And Portuguese History, Biographies
		Pascual Cervera y Topete[pAskwAl´ thervA´rA E tOpA´tA] Pronunciation Key, 1839–1909, Spanish admiral.
		During the Spanish-American War of 1898 he was given command of the Atlantic fleet and sent, against his own advice, to Cuba.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Cerveray.html (213 words)

	Pascual Cervera Y Topete
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		Cervera was a highly decorated veteran of the Spanish Navy, and served with some distinction during the Carlist Wars before retiring from the active service to act as head of Spain's Ministerio de Marina, …
	www.spock.com /Pascual-Cervera-y-Topete (140 words)

	El desastre naval de Santiago de Cuba (1898)
		Cervera preparó los barcos y zarpó el 29 de abril.
		El pesimismo de Cervera contrasta con la euforia que se vivía en España- la población, enardecida por una prensa patriotera, estaba convencida de que la escuadra española no sólo derrotaría a la norteamericana, sino que incluso bombardearía y bloquearía algunos puertos de ese país.
		Parte de la dotación de los barcos fue desembarcada para apoyar a la infantería y luego reembarcada justo antes de que la escuadra se hiciera a la mar. Se corría el riesgo de que las tropas yanquis, apoyadas por los mambises, se apoderasen de la entrada de la bahía y encerrasen a la escuadra.
	www.mgar.net /cuba/santiag2.htm (1135 words)

	PASCUAL CERVERA Y TOPE... - Online Information article about PASCUAL CERVERA Y TOPE...
		In spite of his energetic representations, Cervera received an order from See also:
		Madrid, dictated by political considerations, to sally forth.
		After the war, Cervera and his captains were tried before the supreme naval and military See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CAU_CHA/CERVERA_PASCUAL_CERVERA_Y_TOPET.html (752 words)

	Santiago
		Cervera was known to be south of Cuba.
		Just as Cervera was not about to exit the safe haven of the harbor to face the overwhelming American guns, Sampson was not inclined to go into the harbor past the big Spanish guns and among the reported mines to force Cervera out.
		As Cervera emerged from the bay, he noticed that the New York was not on station, and dead ahead of him was the Brooklyn.
	www.spanamwar.com /santiago.htm (10438 words)

	Cervera Y Topete Pascual: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		REFERENCES: Pascual Cervera y Topete, The Spanish American War...October 1897, and Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete, * commander of the Spanish...
		CERVERA Y TOPETE, PASCUAL paskwal therva ra e topa ta, 1839 1909, Spanish admiral.
		On May 19, Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete took the Spanish fleet into the harbor of Santiago de Cuba.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/cervera-y-topete-pascual.jsp?l=C&p=3 (479 words)

	Cervera Y Topete Don Pascual de - Encyclopediak (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cervera Y Topete, Don Pascual de (1839-1909), a Spanish admiral, born in the Province of Cadiz and graduated from the San Fernando Naval Academy in 1851.
		He served with distinction in the campaign against Morocco, took part in an expedition against Cochin China and subsequently was attache of the Spanish legation at Washington.
		Being then recalled, he was made secretary of the navy, was adjutant to the Queen Regent and was sent to the European Naval Conference at London, 1891.
	www.encyclopediak.com /wiki/Cervera_Y_Topete_Don_Pascual_de (263 words)

	Cervantes and the Modern Latin American Narrative
		Cervera and the Spanish government debated what to do in a series of frantic telegrams, with the Real Admiral warning Madrid that the fleet would meet certain doom if it ventured out.
		In El arpa y la sombra the foreign author is none other than the inaugural one of the Latin American literary canon --in traditional histories and anthologies of Latin American literature the first text is a fragment from Columbus' Diary.
		Y a los que nos quedaban tenía engañados (seguían los embustes) negando que tuviese intenciones de llevarlos a España...(p.
	www.lehman.cuny.edu /ciberletras/v1n1/crit_07.htm (6367 words)

	Guia de Cuba .com - Pascual Cervera y Topete, Cuba
		Pascual Cervera y Topete, almirante de la flota española de Cuba en 1898 (1839-1909).
		Cervera, uno de los mejores profesionales de la Armada, consideraba descabellada -ante la enorme desproporción de fuerzas y calidades que existía entre las flotas española y norteamericana- la misión en las Antillas, y creía más oportuno proteger las Canarias y la propia Península.
		Tal y como preveía el almirante, la batalla -que no fue tal- significó un dramático desastre: en quince minutos fueron puestas fuera de combate, contabilizándose quinientos muertos y heridos, y casi dos mil prisioneros, entre ellos Cervera, que tuvo que ganar la costa a nado.
	www.guiadecuba.com /articles.asp?cID=103&sID=627&aID=1870 (388 words)

	Spanish American War Bibliography
		The Spanish Minister of Marine, Segismundo Bermejo y Merelo, revealed a lack of strategic planning in the vague orders given to Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete in command of a squadron of four armored cruisers and three torpedo boats.
		The squadron was organized to protect the U.S. coast against a sudden attack by the Spanish armored cruisers of Pascual Cervera's squadron, known to be concentrating in the Cape Verde Islands.
		Cervera seemed to believe that the only function his squadron could now serve was that of a "fleet in being," and therefore that one harbor was as good as another to occupy while under blockade.
	www.history.navy.mil /biblio/biblio7/biblio7a.htm (9266 words)

	The Spanish-American War: American Wars and the Media in Primary Documents - Introduction
		The whereabouts of Cervera’s squadron were unknown for nearly two weeks, causing fear and great consternation along the eastern U.S. seaboard.
		The fears were aggravated by the failure of U.S. naval patrols to locate the elusive Cervera, who entered the harbor of Santiago de Cuba on 19 May 1898.
		The arrival of Cervera’s squadron at Santiago altered the equation.
	academic2.american.edu /~wjc/spanish6.htm (700 words)

	Segismundo Bermejo (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Admiral Segismundo Bermejo y Merelo (1832-1899) served as the Spanish Minister of the Navy during the first part of its war with the United States.
		Although he well knew the dangers to the Spanish fleet headed by his good friend Pascual Cervera y Topete, he was forced by political circumstances to adopt a posture of unwarranted optimism.
		He ordered Cervera to sail for Cuba to what Cervera and most of the navy considered would almost certainly result in a humiliating defeat for the underprepared and inadequate force.
	en.askmore.net /Segismundo_Bermejo.htm (179 words)

	Biografia de Pascual Cervera y Topete
		Ésta fondeó el 19 de mayo de 1898 en la bahía de Santiago de Cuba y, sometidas a bloqueo por la escuadra norteamericana, muy superior en número, realizó el 3 de julio, por orden del gobierno, una salida heroica y desesperada que terminó con la rendición del comandante cuando había perdido todos sus buques.
		En atención a su excepcional bravura y digno comportamiento durante la batalla fue tratado con toda suerte de consideraciones por los norteamericanos, que el 12 de septiembre del mismo año le autorizaron a regresar a España.
		En 1901 ascendió a almirante y en 1906 ejerció, por poco tiempo el mando de la capitanía general de El Ferrol.
	www.biografiasyvidas.com /biografia/c/cervera_y_topete.htm (152 words)

	(1839-1909)Pascual Cervera Topete .
		Cervera, uno de los mejores profesionales de la Armada, consideraba descabellada -ante la enorme desproporción de fuerzas y calidades que existía entre las flotas española y norteamericana- la misión en las Antillas, y creía más oportuno proteger las Canarias y la propia Península.
		De este puerto salió el 3 de julio para cumplir disciplinadamente la orden dada por el gobierno y por Blanco, capitán general de Cuba, pese a las protestas de Cervera que no entendía las razones de llevar al sacrificio a sus hombres.
		Tal y como preveía el almirante, la batalla -que no fue tal- significó un dramático desastre: en quince minutos fueron puestas fuera de combate, contabilizándose quinientos muertos y heridos, y casi dos mil prisioneros, entre ellos Cervera, que tuvo que ganar la costa a nado.
	www.xtec.es /~jrovira6/bio/cervera.htm (364 words)

	Pascual Cervera y Topete: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		Pascual Cervera y Topete: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		It only takes 7 lbs of pressure to rip off your ears.
		Post a link to definition / meaning of " Pascual Cervera y Topete " on your site.
	www.encyclopedian.com /pa/Pascual-Cervera-y-Topete.html (593 words)

	pascual cervera y topete - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		pascual cervera y topete - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		In 1896, Cervera resigned his position in disgust when a number of reforms put in place were overturned by vote-hungry politicians supported by syncophantic officers who were hungry for his job.
		Cervera y Topete, Pascual Cervera y Topete, Pascual Cervera y Topete, Pascual Cervera y Topete, Pascual Cervera y Topete, Pascual
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/pascual-cervera-y-topete (568 words)

	Chapter 15: American Military History, Volume I
		Shortly after the war began, rumors circulated that an enemy fleet under Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete was approaching the east coast of the United States.
		Finally, on the morning of July 3, while Sampson and Shafter conferred ashore, Cervera made his dash for the open sea, hoping to reach the port of Cienfuegos on the south coast of Cuba.
		Cervera’s force; four cruisers were crippled and run ashore, one destroyer was beached, and another was sunk.
	www.army.mil /cmh/books/AMH-V1/ch15.htm (9175 words)

	Heroes
		Under his design and inspection was built in Great Britain (Shipyards of the Clyde), in 1887, the first ship of this type called precisely "Destructor" and that gave name to this class of ship that so much success reached in the World War II.
		In 1898 he took the command of the destroyers "Furor" and "Pluton" that was accompanying to the fleet of Cervera, dying in the Battle of Santiago of Cuba aboard of the "Furor".
		Served as General of Volunteers in the Puerto Rico Campaign, suffering a ferocious resistance from the Hunters Battalion from The Country nº 25, to the command of the Commanding Martínez Illescas, in the combat from Coamo, that only it could earn when died the chief of the Spanish Forces.
	candamo.iespana.es /1898/ingles/iheroes.htm (3070 words)

	Richmond Hobson and the sinking of the Merrimac
		Rear Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete was surprised and dismayed when he received orders to lift anchor at his haven in the Cape Verde Islands off the coast of West Africa, and proceed to the West Indies (Caribbean).
		Admiral Cervera was a respected naval officer and not a man fearful to do his job, but the orders sending his flotilla to meet the American warships in the Caribbean gave him an ominous foreboding of disaster.
		When Cervera's flotilla had not arrived in the West Indies by Secretary Long's predicted date of May 10th, the American commander, his officers, and his men were both disappointed and further frustrated.
	www.homeofheroes.com /wallofhonor/spanish_am/05_hobson.html (5297 words)

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