Urdū is a weakly inflected language for case; the relationship of a noun in a sentence is usually shown by postpositions (i.e., prepositions that follow the noun).
The official language of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature, was Persian, while the language of religion was Arabic.
Dakkhini Urdū is a dialect of the Urdulanguage spoken in the Deccan region of southern India.
Tajik is an offspring of the Persianlanguage, and belongs - along with Afghanistan's Dari - to the Eastern dialects of Persian.
The language has diverged somewhat from Persian as spoken in Afghanistan and Iran, because of political borders and the influence of Russian, although a transcribed Tajik text is easily understood by a native Persian speaker of either Iran or Afghanistan.
The standard language is based on the north-western dialects of Tajik, which have been influenced by the neighbouring Uzbek language as a result of geographical proximity.
The Konkanilanguage is spoken widely in the Konkan region consisting of Goa, south coastal Maharashtra, coastal Karnataka and Kerala, each region having a unique dialect and pronunciation style.
The language was brought to these areas by Hindu Konkani and Christian Konkani speakers in three waves of migration.
The Konkanilanguage had been in danger of dying out — the progressive Westernisation of the Indian subcontinent (including the strong Portuguese influence in Goa from the 16th century) has resulted in English being widely spoken among Catholics, while local influence has led to Marathi being widely adopted by Konkani Hindus living in coastal Maharashtra.
The term became transferred to the court language of the Mughal aristocracy, whose dialect was based on the upper-class dialect of Delhi.
Standard Hindī, the official language of India, is based on the Khariboli dialect of the Delhi region and differs from Urdu in that it is usually written in the indigenous Devanāgarī script of India and exhibits less Persian influence than Urdū.
Hindustānī is a weakly inflected language for case; the relationship of a noun in a sentence is usually shown by postpositions (i.e., prepositions that follow the noun).
The Pashayi (also known as the Pashai) live in the deep valleys of the Hindu Kush Mountains of northeastern Afghanistan.
Pashayi villages are led by a village council, which consists of representatives from each extended family unit.
To the Pashayi, the "ideal man" is one who is a proud warrior, loyal to his family, dangerous to his enemies, and always prepared to engage in a feud if necessary.
The language that originally bore the name Dari was the official spoken language of the Sassanid court and bureaucracy, a language that approximated the official written language, Pahlavi (Middle Persian).
The language loss can also occur more indirectly and less visibly when people move to larger urban centers or abroad in pursuit of better economic opportunities; the lack of a complete language environment in which to immerse a child decreases or completely inhibits the transmission of the language to new generations.
Languages like Dari are transitioning from a state of language maintenance, in which a language is being sustained in the face of pressure from a dominant culture, to language death, a state in which the language is no longer spoken.
Dardic languages(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
The Dardiclanguages are the languages of the Dard people.
Labelling x74;he Dardiclanguages as a linguistic sub-family poses a few problems since these languages are not related to each other genetically besides being Indo-Iranian.
Their relationship to the other subfamilies of x74;he Indo-Iranian is; not yet settled, though some linguistics texts tend to classify some of them as a sub group of Indo-Aryanlanguages.
The Indo-Iranianlanguage group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
The speakers of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians are usually associated with the late 3rd millennium BC Sintashta-Petrovka culture of Central Asia.
The contemporary Indo-Iranianlanguages form the largest sub-branch of Indo-European, with more than one billion speakers in total, stretching from Europe (Romani) and the Caucasus (Ossetian) to East India (Bengali).
Articles - Romani language(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
The Indo-AryanRomanilanguage should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages.
The Romanilanguage is considered alternatively a group of dialects or a collection of related languages that comprise all the members of a single genetic subgroup.
Language standardization is presently also being employed in the revival of the Romanilanguage among various groups (in Spain, Great Britain and elsewhere), which have ceased to speak the language.
Urdu is a member of the Indo-Aryan family of languages (i.e., those languages descending from Sanskrit), which is in turn a branch of the Indo-Iranian group (which comprises the Indo-Aryan and the Iranian branches), which itself is a member of the Indo-European linguistic family.
Urdu is a weakly inflected language for case; the relationship of a noun in a sentence is usually shown by postpositions (i.e., prepositions that follow the noun).
Dakkhini Urdu is a dialect of the Urdulanguage spoken in the Deccan region of southern India.
Dari is taught in schools; radio Afghanistan broadcasts are promoting a standardized pronunciation of the literary language which is based on the old dictional tradition of the country, with its archaic phonetic characteristics.
PASHAYI 1% of the population in Afghanistan (1982) From Gulbahar across Kapisa and Laghman provinces to Nuristan on the Alingar River, especially the Alisheng Valley and valleys north of Sarobi.
Pashto was declared the National Language of the country during the beginning of Zahir Shah's reign, however, Dari has always been used for business and government transactions.
www.afgboy.com /afghanistan/languages (580 words)
Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the common ancestor of the Indo-Europeanlanguages.
Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-Europeanlanguages.
The differences between P and Q languages are most easily seen in the word for son, mac in Q (hard K sound) and map in P languages.
The Indo-Iranianlanguage group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
It consists of three language groups: the Indo-Aryan, Iranian and Dardic.
According to most Aryan migration theories, speakers of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, who referred to themselves as Aryans, settled east and south of the Caspian Sea in Northern India, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan.
It is most famous as the liturgical language in which the scriptures of Theravada Buddhism (also known as the Pāli Canon or in Pāli the Tipitaka) were written down in Sri Lanka in the 1st century BCE in the Sinhalese script.
Pāli is a literary language of the Prakrit language family; it is not now (and never was) an informal, spoken language, in the sense of a mother tongue.
Although Sanskrit was said, in brahmanical tradition, to be the unchanging language spoken by the gods, in which each word had an inherent significance, this view of language was not shared in the early Buddhist tradition, in which words were only conventional and mutable signs.
www.medbib.com /Pali (4274 words)
Punjabi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
Unusually for an Indo-Europeanlanguage, Punjabi is tonal; the tones arose as a reinterpretation of different consonant series in terms of pitch.
Punjabi is the predominantly spoken language in the Punjab province of Pakistan (and the most widely spoken language in Pakistan according to the CIA factbook), although it has no official status there, and both Urdu and English are preferred languages of the elite.
Punjabi is the preferred language of the Sikhs because much of their religious literature is written in a similar language.
The Kurdishlanguage is a language spoken in the region called Kurdistan, including Kurdish populations in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey.
The Kurdishlanguage belongs to the western sub-group of the Iranian languages which belong to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-Europeanlanguage family.
The most closely related languages to Kurdish are Balochi, Gileki and Talysh, all of which belong to the north-western branch of Iranian languages.
Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
A language isolated in its own branch within a family, such as Greek within Indo-European, is often also called an isolate, but such cases are usually clarified.
Bishnupriya Manipuri language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
The Bishnupriya Manipuri language (BPM) (ইমার ঠার/বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী) is an Indo-Aryanlanguage.
This language is still being spoken in Jiribam (a sub-division of Manipur), Cachar (a district of Assam) and in some pockets in Bangladesh and Tripura.
However, the Bishnupriya Manipuri language is certainly not one of the Tibeto Burman languages, but is closer to the Indo-Aryan group of languages with a remarkable influence of Meitei both grammatically and phonetically.
Urdu is, however, together with English the language of prestige: all signage, and education, is in Urdu and the number of Urdu speakers is increasing quickly in urban centres...
Hindi is the predominant language in the states and union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh.
The rubric "Hindi" is often used as a catch-all for those idioms in the North Indian dialect continuum that are not recognized as languages separate from the language of the Delhi region.
This highly popular mixing of both the languages in most parts of northern and central India has grown from the fact that English is a popular language of choice amongst the urban youth who find themselves comfortable in its lexicon.