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Topic: Pashtu

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	Indian Music - Pashtu Tal (Pashtoo)
		The desire to unify theses disparate regional and communal cultures of India were reflected in the desire to codify the disparate interpretations of rags and tals into a single cohesive whole.
		It is not clear why pashtu failed to be amalgamated under the heading of rupak tal.
		Perhaps it was because the usage of pashtu was geographically too far from the present boundaries of India; the name "pashtu" implies the area on the Pakistan / Afghanistan border.
	chandrakantha.com /tala_taal/pashtoo/pashtu.html (589 words)

	Development of the Pashtu Language
		>> Pashtu is spoken primarily in Afghanistan and in the NWFP Province of >> Pakistan.
		Added to this difficulty is that Pashtu speakers feel that there is a religious requirement that they use an Arabic based alphabet.
		Since there are several sounds in Pashtu which do not exist Arabic, they have have had to invent some new letters to accommodate this.
	www.ishipress.com /pashtude.htm (718 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pashtu is the mother tongue of Afghanistan's largest ethnic group, Pashtuns, while Tajiks, the second-largest ethnic group, speak Dari.
		Although Pashtu is spoken by the largest ethnic group in the country, they complain that Dari is the dominant language in Afghan government offices, at official meetings, in the courts, in publications and on radio and television programs.
		Sahebnazar Muradi, the chief editor of the "Aina" (Mirror) newspaper in Kabul, acknowledges that Pashtuns are indeed the biggest minority in Afghanistan, but that Dari is still the language of the majority because Dari is used by all the country's ethnic groups to communicate with one another.
	www.sabawoon.com /news/miniheadlines.asp?dismode=article&artid=15294 (986 words)

	Nichols Pashto education policy and practice in the NWFP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pashtu language policy may be discussed spatially (Afghanistan, Pakistan’s NWFP, Swat State, 1926-69) and temporally (Afghanistan in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the British colonial period in the NWFP, the NWFP after Pakistan’s independence in 1947.
		By the early twentieth century the British, and Pashtun nationalists, saw advocacy of the Pashtu language as an identity marker that threatened colonial hierarchies and hinted at ties with Afghanistan.
		Uniquely, in the semi-autonomous Swat State (1926-69) north of the Peshawar valley, Pashtu was consciously made the language of administration to facilitate popular interaction with the state.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /salrc/afghanistan/lgpolicy/nichols.html (673 words)

	Afghanistan, Country Information
		Pashtu (spoken by the Pashtun ethnic group) is an Indo-European language, and Dari is a dialect of Farsi/Persian (spoken mainly by the Tajiks, Farsis, Hazaras and Aimaq).
		The Pashtu speaking area is defined as the south-eastern third of Afghanistan and the area of Pakistan between the Afghan border and the Indus.
		It is noted that within Pashtu there are dialectical variations in pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.
	www.ecoi.net /pub/nz308_00983afg.htm (14864 words)

	New Afghan constitution ... - Jan. 06, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pashtu and Dari are the official languages, along with ethnic minority languages in the areas in which they are spoken, and the national anthem is to be sung in Pashtu.
		We should have one national language spoken by majority of the population and that is Pashtu," said Rohullamin.
		"There are several official languages and Pashtu should be the national language as it is spoken by the majority of the population.
	www.inq7.net /wnw/2004/jan/06/text/wnw_5-1-p.htm (543 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Its dialects fall into two main divisions: the southern, which preserves the ancient sh (as in "Pashtu"), and the northern and eastern, which has kh (as in "Pakhtu") sound.
		It has been attested from the beginning of the 16th century and became prominent after the creation of the Afghan state in the 18th century.
		In 1936 Pashtu was declared the national and official language of Afghanistan, and instruction in it is now compulsory.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/Language.Pashto.shtm (215 words)

	Pashtu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pashtu (also written as Pakhto, Pashtoe, Pashto, and also known as Pathan) is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, spoken largely in the south.
		It is spoken by roughly 45% of the Afghan population who are of the Pashtoon tribe, as well as Pashtoons/Pathaans who live on the other side of Durand Line in Pakistan.
		Pashtu is believed to have originated in Kandahar(Qandahar)/Helmand areas Afghanistan.
	brandt.kurowski.net /projects/lsa/wiki/view.cgi?doc=569 (142 words)

	Guardian \| World Service seeks extra £3m
		Additional expense has been incurred in extending the Pashtu and Persian language services in central Asia, and discussions are being held with the Foreign Office to boost the World Service's annual government grant, worth £183m this year.
		The Pashtu language service has been boosted from three to four and a half hours a day, while broadcasts in Persian have been increased from six and a half hours to nine and a half.
		Baqer Moin, head of the Persian and Pashtu service, said: "When one of the characters died, people held services in mosques because they thought he was real.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4273972-108920,00.html (445 words)

	Swarajya - The Trouble with Infallibility
		In the predominantly Pashtu southern Afghanistan the anti-Taliban but nevertheless fundamentalist forces of Maulvi Yunis Khalis, a Ghalji warlord, have occupied Jalalabad.
		The largest of these are the Pashtu speaking Pathans who comprise a little more than forty percent of the population.
		As it evolved the Pashtu speakers began to be referred to as Afghans and their Pakhtu speaking eastern cousins as Pathans.
	www.indogram.com /swarajya/afghanistan.html (1705 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The demands included a call for the regions to have more power devolved to them, and for the central government to be less strong than is currently being proposed.
		They also claimed that the constitution gives precedence to the Pashtu language, and they called instead for three languages - Dari, Pashtu and Uzbek - to be used for official purposes such as the national anthem, banknotes, and communication in the army.
		In fact, the new draft says there are two official languages, Dari and Pashtu, and the only provision for the latter being used exclusively is for the national anthem.
	www.iwpr.net /archive/arr/arr_200311_82_3_eng.txt (1011 words)

	Pashtu Translation & Interpreters - London, UK
		All our translation work is carried out by qualified and experienced Pashtu translators, always translating into their mother tongue to ensure accuracy and cultural synergy.
		In addition to translation we are also able to provide you with Pashtu interpreters for business meetings, negotiations, conferences, court hearings, market research surveys and media work.
		Our Pashtu interpreters will ensure that the communication between you and your client, customer or colleague is productive through bridging the linguistic and intercultural barriers.
	www.kwintessential.co.uk /translation/interpreter/pashtu-london.html (182 words)

	Iranica.com - GÚILZÈ
		Although the name of this confederation is often transcribed in Western literature as GÚilz^ (or Ghilzai, etc.), the present author holds that the correct transliteration for this Pashtu term is GÚalz^, which will be used throughout this article.
		Some Indian and Western historians and several nationalistically inspired Afghan writers have proposed that the Turkish K¨alj^ and the Lod^ dynasties that ruled northern India during 689-720/1290-1320 and 855-932/1451-1526 respectively were GÚalz^ Pashtuns.
		In both versions a son named GÚalzoy, son of GÚal (Pashtu g@al "thief," zoy "son"), ancestor of the GÚalz^, descendants of g@al, is conceived before marriage.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v10f6/v10f637.html (1716 words)

	DAWN - Features; December 18, 2002
		In a Pashtu literary sitting last week the book came under discussion and I was surprised that the rise and decline of nationalism also affects the fate of other languages at the hands of a nationalist.
		A common characteristic of the Pashtu poets is their regard for the centuries-old tradition of Pakhtun Wali - a code of conduct.
		He said: “I did it to prove that Pashtu film was worth making.” He said that it was wrong to believe that the Pashtu poets were a world apart from the Urdu poets.
	www.dawn.com /2002/12/18/fea.htm (3065 words)

	[ www.azadiradio.org ]
		The website contains the official draft in Pashtu and Dari languages, as well as an unofficial English translation of the document.
		Article 16 of Chapter 1 of Afghanistan's draft constitution, presented to Afghan Transitional Administration Chairman President Hamid Karzai at a ceremony in Kabul on 3 November, formally recognizes the official status of both the Dari and Pashtu languages.
		Sahebnazar Muradi, the editor in chief of the "Aina" (Mirror) newspaper in Kabul, acknowledges that Pashtuns are indeed the biggest minority in Afghanistan, but says Dari is still the language of the majority because Dari is used by all the country's ethnic groups to communicate with one another.
	www.azadiradio.org /en/weeklyreport/2003/11/06.asp (4854 words)

	DefenseLINK News: The Many Languages of Afghan Boot Camp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Over and over, all day long, English, Dari and Pashtu are the languages U.S. Army Green Berets use to teach basic military skills to 1st Battalion recruits of the new Afghan National Army.
		Since three languages are always in use at the lecturer's podium and at classes in the field, it is not uncommon for U.S. soldiers and Afghan interpreters to find themselves baffled over certain words, and at times, entire sentences.
		They're simply doing their jobs the way they were taught at the Special Forces Qualification Course at Fort Bragg, N.C. In fact, many of the U.S. soldiers speak proudly about the partnerships they have developed with the interpreters.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Jun2002/n06062002_200206065.html (620 words)

	GN Online: 'Mushairah' in Pashtu on February 20 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Mushairah, which is being organised by Emirates Pashtu Literary Society, will be held at the Pakistan Social Centre in Sharjah on February 20, and is open to the public.
		Pashtu language scholars including Halide Khan and Karma Mandoo Khel will deliver special lectures focusing on the importance of the mother tongue.
		Prominent Pashtu community leaders including Abdul Nabi Bangash will preside over the function, and Yousuf Khan Durrani will be the chief guest.
	www.gulf-news.com /Articles/print.asp?ArticleID=77297 (206 words)

	Afghan News Network {Latest News about Afghanistan} First in Afghan News Worldwide! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Afghanistan’s first national anthem, used during the rule of King Amanullah in the late Twenties, was sung in Pashtu to western-style parade music.
		The constitution approved by a Loya Jirga or grand assembly in early 2004 requires that the anthem be performed in Pashtu, another of the country’s official languages and the one used by the country’s majority ethnic group, the Pashtuns.
		Disagreements over which language to use for the national anthem nearly derailed the Constitutional Loya Jirga, and some of the delegates who attended are still unhappy with the decision.
	www.afghannews.net /index.php?action=show&type=news&id=1595 (769 words)

	Languages in and around Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		By the early twentieth century the British, and Pashtun nationalists, saw advocacy of the Pashtu language as an identity marker that threatened colonial hierarchies and hinted at ties with
		valley, Pashtu was consciously made the language of administration to facilitate popular interaction with the state.
		that English will be compulsory from class I. In Afghanistan Dari (Afghan Persian) and Pashtu were named official languages in the 2003 Constitution, but also regional languages were to be acknowledged in their home regions.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /salrc/afghanistan/lgpolicy/HW4revd.htm (3818 words)

	Pravda.RU:The Ring Around The Last Stronghold Of The Taliban In Afghanistan Is Tightening
		The units of Pashtu field commander and former governor of Kandahar Gul Agi have captured a greater part of the Kandahar airport, while the supporters of another Pashtu leader Khamid Karzai seized the Khakrez area to the north of Kandahar, moving from the neighbour province of Uruzghan, reported the PPI news agency on Tuesdasy.
		The Taliban do not intend to surrender, though reports have appeared in the Pakistani press that some of their leaders are allegedly conducting negotiations with Pashtu tribal commanders.
		Former ambassador of the Taliban to Pakistan mullah Abdul Salam Zaif said in Islamabad that mullah Omar was alive and stood at the head of the resistance movement.
	english.pravda.ru /world/2001/12/04/22815_.html (290 words)

	The Flagship
		Alam’s citation honored his “meritorious service as the Pashtu translator aboard USS Bataan from December 2001 to March 2002.
		Alam was instrumental, as the sole translator for the embarked medical staff, in providing immeasurable comfort and reassurance to the dazed and frightened Afghanis.
		Although the MEU had their own Arabic translator, they did not have a Pashtu linguist — the predominant language in the anticipated operating area.
	www.flagshipnews.com /archives_2002/feb212002_5.shtml (980 words)

	Pashtu Translation Service - English to Pashtu Translators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We realise that you still want high quality Pashtu translation done on time and at a reasonable price.
		Professional translators whose native language is Pashtu perform our English to Pashtu translation.
		Professional translators whose native language is English and have fluent Pashtu perform our Pashtu to English translation.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/pashtu_translation.shtml (265 words)

	Institute for War and Peace Reporting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Its lyrics, considered by some more pan-Islamic than national, are in Dari, one of the country’s official languages and spoken by the Tajiks, Hazaras and other ethnic groups, and also widely used as a second language by others.
		Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai, a former presidential candidate and former deputy head of the Ittihad-e-Islami faction under the fundamentalist Abdul Rab Rasul Sayyaf, said he could live with either the proposed anthem or the one used during the Rabbani regime.
		"It was ratified in the constitutional Loya Jirga that the verses of national anthem should be in Pashtu, and I accept that," said Ahmadzai, a Pashtun.
	www.iwpr.net /index.pl?archive/arr/arr_200501_157_3_eng.txt (920 words)

	Afghanistan - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Minor groups include small tribes as the Aimak, Turkmen, and Baloch make up 13% and Uzbeks (8%).
		The spoken language differs accordingly, with Pashtu (30%) and Persian (Dari) (50%) being the main tongues.
		The remaining 4% is made up of over 30 minor languages, primarily Balochi and Pashai.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Afghanistan (1890 words)

	English knowledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Outcome Measures: The Questions were asked in English, Dari and Pashtu by the AMAA member assisted by the KMI faculty and recorded after counting by the AMAA member.
		Afghanistan has been in war for more than 20 years, however the medical schools continue to function in spite of the difficulties the Afghans are facing.
		The questions were asked in Dari, Pashtu and English to assure those who were not capable to understand English to participate.
	www.afghanmed.org /newpage7.htm (607 words)

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