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Topic: Pashtu language

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	Interpreting services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Whatever the language, wherever you are, our professional interpreters can help you.
		Sign language interpreters for deaf or hearing impaired people is now a vital service which we are proud to be able to offer you.
		Whatever language you need interpreting for we can provide a service that suits you.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /interpreting_services.shtml (138 words)

	History of Pushto language
		Indo-Iranian languages are spoken in a wide area stretching from portions of eastern Turkey and eastern Iraq to western India.
		The variation in spelling of the language's name (Pashto, Pukhto, etc.) stems from the different pronunciations in the various dialects of the second consonant in the word; for example, it is a retroflex [sh] in the Kandahari dialect, and a palatal fricative in the Kabuli dialect.
		In Afghanistan, Pashto is second in prestige to Dari, the Persian dialect spoken natively in the north and west.
	www.afghan-network.net /Ethnic-Groups/pashtu-history.html (976 words)

	Nichols Pashto education policy and practice in the NWFP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Pashtu language policy may be discussed spatially (Afghanistan, Pakistan’s NWFP, Swat State, 1926-69) and temporally (Afghanistan in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the British colonial period in the NWFP, the NWFP after Pakistan’s independence in 1947.
		By the early twentieth century the British, and Pashtun nationalists, saw advocacy of the Pashtu language as an identity marker that threatened colonial hierarchies and hinted at ties with Afghanistan.
		The evolutions of recent national language policy include the December 2003 announcement in Pakistan that English will be compulsory from class I. In Afghanistan Dari (Afghan Persian) and Pashtu were named official languages in the 2003 Constitution, but also regional languages were to be acknowledged in their home regions.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /salrc/afghanistan/lgpolicy/nichols.html (673 words)

	Persian Language
		For example, it was an important language during the reign of the Moguls in Indian where knowledge of Persian was cultivated and encouraged; its use in the courts of Mogul India ended in 1837, banned by officials of the East Indian Company (British Colonialism).
		Although both Pashtu and Dari are official languages, Dari has a special social status in the country because of its historical prestige; it is the preferred language for communication among speakers of different linguistic backgrounds.
		The Early Modern period of the language (ninth to thirteenth centuries), preserved in the literature of the Empire, is known as Classical Persian, due to the eminence and distinction of poets such as Roudaki, Ferdowsi, and Khayyam.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/articles/persian_language.php (1384 words)

	Status Of Dari, Pashto Languages... - Afghan Forums
		Pashtu is the mother tongue of Afghanistan's largest ethnic group, Pashtuns, while Tajiks, the second-largest ethnic group, speak Dari.
		Although Pashtu is spoken by the largest ethnic group in the country, they complain that Dari is the dominant language in Afghan government offices, at official meetings, in the courts, in publications and on radio and television programs.
		Sahebnazar Muradi, the chief editor of the "Aina" (Mirror) newspaper in Kabul, acknowledges that Pashtuns are indeed the biggest minority in Afghanistan, but that Dari is still the language of the majority because Dari is used by all the country's ethnic groups to communicate with one another.
	www.afghanforums.com /showthread.php?t=1651 (1061 words)

	The Pakhtu/Pashto Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The variation in spelling of the language's name (Pashto, Pukhtu, Pakhtu etc.) stems from the different pronunciations in the various dialects of the second consonant in the word; for example, it is a retroflex [sh] in the Kandahari dialect, and a palatal fricative in the Kabuli dialect.
		As the language of an Islamic people, Pushto/Pakhtu also contains a high number of borrowings from Arabic; among educated speakers, the Arabic plurals of borrowed nouns are frequently maintained.
		In Afghanistan, Pushto/Pakhtu is second in prestige to Dari, the Persian dialect spoken natively in the north and west.
	www.pakhtun.com /pakhtuLanguage.htm (990 words)

	Pashtun
		Pashtu is the language of the Pashtun and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.
		Pashtu belongs to the North-Eastern group of languages within the Iranian branch of Indo-European.
		Some typical examples of the Pashtu language are the words used for parts of the Pashtun code of morals and manners, called Pashtunwalli.
	www.everyculture.com /wc/Afghanistan-to-Bosnia-Herzegovina/Pashtun.html (1484 words)

	Development of the Pashtu Language
		>> Pashtu is spoken primarily in Afghanistan and in the NWFP Province of >> Pakistan.
		This is due to difficulties inherent in the language itself.
		The answer is that I received a course of intensive training and total immersion in the Pashtu language, when I was a prisoner in Jalalabad Prison in Afghanistan in 1978.
	www.ishipress.com /pashtude.htm (718 words)

	Pashtu Translation Service - English to Pashtu Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		You probably don't speak Pashtu yourself, so there are a few questions you'll need to consider when choosing a translation company.
		Language is a living thing it develops and changes constantly.
		Professional translators whose native language is English and speak fluent Pashtu perform our Pashtu to English translation.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/pashtu_translation.shtml (454 words)

	ismail khattak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Pushto is one of the East Iranian group of languages, which includes, for example, Ossete (North Ossetian, south Ossetian, Caucasus Soviet Socialist Republic) and Yaghnobi (Tajikistan).
		As the language of an Islamic people, Pushto also contains a high number of borrowings from Arabic; among educated speakers, the Arabic plurals of borrowed nouns are frequently maintained.
		ROLE IN In Afghanistan, Pushto is second in prestige to Dari, the Persian dialect spoken natively in the north and west.
	www.geocities.com /hallian8007/ismailkhattak.html (982 words)

	Afghanistan Communicating with Afghans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Afghanistan also has approximately 30 minority languages, the most common of which are the Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen.
		Indo-European languages are common in Pakistan, India and Iran and are believed to have originated from Aryan invaders.
		Languages with an Indo-European root have a similar grammatical structure and words that often come from the same stem or root.
	www.cp-pc.ca /english/afghanistan/commun.html (304 words)

	Persian
		Iranian languages are applied to a group of inter-related languages which only from linguistic point of view, share common characteristics, and not in terms of geographical and political borders.
		Text: The term "Iran" is derived from three separate words throughout the history of the Farsi language: From the middle Farsi word `Eran'; from the ancient Farsi word `Ariya', and from the Avesta Farsi word `Airya', which itself is derived from the ancient Persian word `Arya'.
		It comes from the adjective `ariya - raman' IRANIAN LANGUAGE Iranian languages are applied to a group of inter-related languages which only from linguistic point of view, share common characteristics, and not in terms of geographical and political borders.
	imp.lss.wisc.edu /~aoliai/languagepage/iranianlanguages.htm (388 words)

	Afghanistan Online: Languages Spoken in Afghanistan
		Pashto and Dari (Afghan Persian/Farsi) are the official languages of Afghanistan.
		Pashto was declared the National Language of the country during the beginning of Zahir Shah's reign, however, Dari has always been used for business and government transactions.
		Turkic languages (Uzbek and Turkmen) are spoken by about 11 percent of the population.
	www.afghan-web.com /language (282 words)

	Pashtuns
		The general opinion, however, is that Pashtu is a branch of the original Iranian language called Pahlawi.
		The triangle between the Indus, Hindu Kush and the Sijistan plateau of Iran is populated by an assorted group of tribesmen some of them living in plains and valleys and others in mountains interspersed over the entire length and breadth of this triangle.
		Marriage was the only course open, but the offspring, a boy, was given the name of Ghilzai, meaning in the Afghan language a son 'born of theft'.
	www.geocities.com /pak_history/pashtuns.html (2934 words)

	Pashto language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pashto is classified as an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.
		Pashto or Afghani is one of the official languages in the western provinces of Pakistan as well as, the national language of Afghanistan as late as 1936.
		A related language spoken in many areas of northern Afghanistan is Persian, known in its Afghan context as Dari.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pashtu (991 words)

	Afghanistan workshop: Resources on Language Policy Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Post-Soviet reforms and language status laws were discussed, pointing out that in 1990, Russian held a strong position as a cross cultural language; it was becoming a state language, but not everyone needs to know it now.
		Comments on Persian languages: Tajik, Dari, and etc. are a complex of similar languages- easy to learn; Aesthetics made it a root for poetry; vocabulary is huge, with Arabic origins in many cases.
		The main administrative language of NWFP was Persian during Sikh rule; the Muhktub was attended to learn Persian by all seeking government jobs.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /salrc/afghanistan/lgpolicy/execsummary.html (3974 words)

	DefenseLINK News: DoD Seeks People With Language Skills, Regional Expertise
		The Defense Department is on the lookout for people with language skills to support not only current operations, but future ones as well, according to Gail McGinn, deputy undersecretary of defense for plans.
		And just as important as language skills, she said, is an understanding of other countries' geographies, cultures and people.
		The military has the greatest language and cultural expertise in four primary languages: German, French, Spanish and Russian, McGinn said during an interview with the Pentagon Channel.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Feb2005/n02032005_2005020305.html (831 words)

	The Pakhtu/Pashto Language
		The study of the literary history of Pashto in the colonial period is often a neglected field.
		Pashto or the vernacular language of the majority Afghans, drew the attention of those in the services of East India Company as early as in the first half of the 19th Century.
		The credit for undertaking the most comprehensive work on Pashto language accomplished by any author during the colonial period goes to Henry George Raverty who was a military lieutenant of the Bombay Army.
	www.pakhtun.com /PakhtuBritishEmpire.htm (4885 words)

	InterLit Foundation - Publishers and Educational Consultants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Since that time, Conversational Dari has been used by hundreds of expatriate workers in Afghanistan and Pakistan as a part of their Dari language learning, and is still used as the central text-book in Afghan language schools.
		The book will be of special interest to universities and professors offering, or desirous of offering, a Dari Persian Language Course as a part of their Near and Middle Eastern Studies or Iranian Languages Programs, as well as to relief and development workers and government and private agencies assisting the Afghan people.
		This course is designed to provide the basis for an intensive language learning program for students, relief and development workers and agencies assisting in the reconstruction of Afghanistan or working in neighboring Pakistan.
	www.interlitfoundation.org /publications.html (1752 words)

	translate language arabic
		The reason for this is that I wish to get a tattoo of my girlfirends name, and feel that it would look much nicer in a beautifully written language, and also that the tattoo would be more private to my girlfriend and I. I hope that you can help me with my request.
		I need them in English language because I have asylum case in court and I have to prove my kinship to members of my family.
		Let me know what you need and how much they will cost and the pay way Note: The translated copies should be stamped to be offical I have more documents, I am waiting to their arriving from may family Arabic to English translators please send your quotes.
	language123.com /l/translate_language_arabic.html (1109 words)

	Pashto language and culture
		Pashto is a national language of Afghanistan spoken by over half of the people; it is the language of the Taliban, who now control two-thirds of Afghanistan and who have recently taken control of the capital city of Kabul.
		Languages Spoken in Afghanistan Dari (Farsi), and Pashto are the official languages of Afghanistan.
		The History of Pashto language Pushto is one of the national languages of Afghanistan (Dari Persian is the other).
	www.lonweb.org /link-pashto.htm (1141 words)

	Pashtu language newspaper banned in Afghanistan's eastern province
		Pashtu language newspaper banned in Afghanistan's eastern province
		ISLAMABAD, Oct 10 (AFP) - A newspaper published in the Pashtu language in the Pakistani border city of Peshawar has been banned in Afghanistan's eastern province of Nangarhar because of its alleged pro-Taliban stance, a report said Friday.
		Pashtu is spoken by the ethnic Pashtun community which makes up a majority in Afghanistan's diverse ethnic population.
	quickstart.clari.net /qs_se/webnews/wed/bf/Qpakistan-afghanistan.RvIj_DOA.html (213 words)

	RFE/RL Afghanistan Report
		Sifton believes it is too early to raise concerns about the issue of power being centralized under the Afghan presidency, particularly, he says, considering the fractured political landscape that exists in the country after two decades of war.
		Today, Persian is the national and official language in both Tajikistan and Iran.
		Sahebnazar Muradi, the editor in chief of the "Aina" (Mirror) newspaper in Kabul, acknowledges that Pashtuns are indeed the biggest minority in Afghanistan, but says Dari is still the language of the majority because Dari is used by all the country's ethnic groups to communicate with one another.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/news/2003/11/39-061103.htm (6308 words)

	PASHTU: Kabuli language
		Find other materials available for this language from the Minority Language Resource File.
		See also the alphabetical language list and full country list.
		Another reference on countries, languages and people groups is Peoplegroups.org.
	globalrecordings.net /language/90 (134 words)

	Pashto language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Pashto is a member of the southeastern Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian languages and has about 25-30 million speakers.
		There are three main varieties of Pashto: Northern Pashto, spoken mainly in Pakistan; Southern Pashto, spoken mainly in Afghanistan, and Central Pashto, spoken mainly in Pakistan.
		There are two standard written forms: one based on the dialect of Kandahar, the other on the dialect of Peshawar.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/pashto.htm (176 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Its dialects fall into two main divisions: the southern, which preserves the ancient sh (as in "Pashtu"), and the northern and eastern, which has kh (as in "Pakhtu") sound.
		It has been attested from the beginning of the 16th century and became prominent after the creation of the Afghan state in the 18th century.
		In 1936 Pashtu was declared the national and official language of Afghanistan, and instruction in it is now compulsory.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/Language.Pashto.shtm (215 words)

	Afghanistan’s 10 largest people groups
		The JESUS film, Christian broadcasts and the Scriptures have not been translated into their language, and only four mission agencies are working with the people.
		The New Testament and JESUS film are available to the Turkmen in their language, although they do not have any Christian broadcasts translated into their language.
		With no access to the Bible, JESUS film or Christian broadcasts in their language, at least 96 percent of the people have not heard the gospel.
	btw.imb.org /news_10groups.asp (720 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:pbu
		One of the two official languages taught in schools.
		Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%.
		Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=pbu (192 words)

	Pashtu - Language Information & Resources
		Our professional linguists include native Pashtu speakers who are experienced in the nuances of the language and the requirements of effective translation and interpreting.
		Pashto, along with Dari, is the official language of Afghanistan.
		ALS provides services in Pashtu translation and interpretation in all media.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/Pashtu.shtml (246 words)

	Pashtu Interpreters - London, UK
		As Pashtu is such a specialist language much of our work is for meetings, public services, court hearings and the like.
		All our Pashtu interpreters are qualified native speakers with a good level of English developed through working and living in the UK.
		All are comfortable and competent at translating between English and Pashtu and vice-versa.
	www.kwintessential.co.uk /translation/interpreter/pashtu-london.html (139 words)

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