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Topic: Passage Tombs

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	BBC - h2g2 - Irish Neolithic Tombs
		Although the stones used to make the tombs were crude and unshaped, their positioning was very precise in relation to the position of the sun.
		Passage tombs or passage graves were built in the period from 3500 to 3000 BC.
		Passage tombs are a development of court tombs: the chamber is large and often cross-shaped, with a narrow stone-lined passage leading to it.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A3181673 (1913 words)

	Passage grave - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Passage grave (sometimes hyphenated) or Passage tomb is a tomb, usually dating to the Neolithic, where the burial chamber is reached along a distinct, and usually low, passage.
		They are a type of chamber tomb and due to the large stone slabs involved in chamber construction, they are a subgroup of the European megalithic tombs.
		The passage itself is often aligned in such a way that the sun shines into the passage at a significant point in the year, for example at sunrise on the winter solstice or at sunset on the equinox.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Passage_tomb (270 words)

	Megaliths
		Megalithic tombs were built in various parts of western Europe from as early as the fifth millennium B.C. Passage Tombs or related monuments are a widespread phenomenon found mainly in southern Scandinavia, western France, Iberia, Britain, and Ireland.
		Tombs of the Passage family are found in three concentrations on the Continent of Europe: in Iberia, Brittany, and Scandinavia.
		The virtual confinement of the Court Tombs to the northern third of the country and the preponderance of Wedge Tombs in the south must mean that these areas were differentiated from one another in some way in their social structure (O'Kelly, 1997, 123).
	www.angelfire.com /me3/morganofthefairies/megaliths.html (5402 words)

	Newgrange - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Newgrange, located at 53°41′39.4″N, 6°28′36.6″W, is one of the passage tombs of the Brú na Bóinne complex in County Meath, and the most famous of all Irish prehistoric sites.
		The alignment with the sun is too precise to have occurred by chance.The sun however, does not enter the passage at Newgrange through the main entrance, but rather through a specially contrived opening, known as a roofbox, which lies directly above the entrance.
		These tombs are all contemporary with Newgrange and together they and their 37 smaller satellite tombs form the Brú na Bóinne complex.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_Grange (822 words)

	The Archaeology of Ancient Ireland
		A court grave (or court tomb) was divided into two basic parts: a long chamber which contained smaller compartments in which remains were deposited, and a large open-space or court at the entrance to the chamber.
		Portal tombs consisted of three or more standing stones capped typically by a large monolith and, with the exception of the portal, buried under an earthen mound.
		Passage graves (or passage tombs) consist of a burial chamber communicating with the outside by a passage of considerable length.
	mockingbird.creighton.edu /english/micsun/IrishResources/archaeol.htm (3103 words)

	Shaanxi Tombs a Fantastic Find
		After days of investigation and research, Chinese archaeologists believe that the tombs they excavated at Zhou Gong Temple, Qishan County, Shaanxi Province, may be the family cemetery of Zhou Gong, the regent in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty (c.
		Nine of the tombs have four passages each, four have three passages, another four have two passages and two have just one tomb passage each.
		The 78-year-old Zou is noted for his discovery of the relics of the capitals of Yan and Jin, two states of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and directing the excavation of the tomb of a Marquis of Jin.
	www.china.org.cn /english/2004/Jun/97656.htm (633 words)

	UCD School of Archaeology: PhD Student - Frank Prendergast
		Monuments of the passage tomb tradition constitute the third type in the tomb building sequence in Ireland, being preceded by the court cairns and portal dolmens, and followed by the wedge tomb tradition.
		In its classic form the passage tomb has a circular or rectangular burial chamber, approached by a passage constructed of orthostats and is covered by a round mound or cairn, which is often kerbed.
		Although typological differences in structure occur even within defined clusters, the passage tombs constitute a homogenous and coherent group of monuments, which are associated with the emergence of hierarchical social groups during the Neolithic.
	www.ucd.ie /archaeology/research/phd/prendergast_frank/index.html (658 words)

	Megalithic Tombs and Interregional Communication©, by M. O. Baldia, The Comparative Archaeology WEB
		It had been assumed that megalithic tombs are territorial markers for such social units, but using the traditional Thiessen polygon method[21] to analyze the location of the nearly 5000 tombs, which took the computer almost thirty hours, resulted in territories largely devoid of meaning (Fig.
		On the West Coast the tomb concentration is heaviest on the islands of Tjörn, Orust and the adjacent coastal region to the north.
		Perhaps not all tombs in these areas have been recorded[26] due to tomb destruction which must be the result of continuous heavy occupation in these areas.
	www.comp-archaeology.org /Falbytxt.htm (5709 words)

	British Archaeology 82, May/June 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Tomb entrances tend to face the centre of the cemetery, those on the west facing eastwards, those on the east facing west, though two of the northernmost tombs do not conform to this pattern.
		There is reason to believe that the builders of court tombs and portal tombs in Ireland had close and formally organised links with those building the passage tombs, maybe as hereditary or lineage-linked chieftains or village chiefs, powerful leaders possibly forming sub-groups in the megalithic society.
		The passage tomb people, possibly representing the elite, had the rights to build and use these monuments and their carved motifs, and a specific set of artefacts, while other groups, or segments, or classes, or castes, or whatever we choose to call them, used other symbols, other grave-goods and other burial traditions.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba82/feat2.shtml (2037 words)

	Knowth, a passage tomb in Meath County Ireland
		Knowth, a passage tomb in Meath County Ireland
		The Knowth passage tomb is unique in having two passage graves, one on each side of the mound.
		Passage tomb, the white quartzite rock has been left in the position is was discovered.
	www.travelsinireland.com /ireland/knowth.htm (438 words)

	Irish dolmen, wedge tombs and portal tombs, dolmen from Ireland and passage tombs.
		Portal Tombs appear to have connections with the court tomb culture given that the finds are similar and considering that both types are typically found in a lowland setting.
		Some of the wedge tombs have a front chamber called an ante-chamber and this is divided by a septal stone from the main chamber in the rear.
		It is thought the tombs in the southern part of the country are later in date and may be connected with the copper mining of the Bronze Age.
	www.ballybegvillage.com /tombs.html (1243 words)

	Legendary Tours - Northwest Wicklow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the stories, passage tombs are entrances to the Otherworld, the home of the gods, where heroes contend with the Tuatha Dé Danaan to their gain or loss.
		The passage is the birth passage, the chamber is the womb.
		The people who built the passage tombs cremated their dead and placed the remains in the chamber, so that the spirits of the deceased would be reborn in another world, to live with their gods.
	www.legendarytours.com /nwicklow.html (321 words)

	Shadowsandstone.com Photography by Ken Williams - powered by smugmug
		It is a neolithic Passage Tomb with an undifferentiated passage and chamber (no recesses), there is also some neolithic carving to be seen on one of the stones in the passage.
		The short passage and chamber is quite small and in proportion with the rest of the mound, it has a small stone 'basin' at the rear and when excavated it was found to hold the remains of hundreds of people in the chamber, passage and also in the earthen mound.
		During his research into neolithic art, passage tombs and astronomy, Martin Brennan noted that its passage was orientated so that the cross quater days sunrise (half way between the solstice and the equinoxes) shines onto the rear stone at the back of the chamber.
	www.shadowsandstone.com /gallery/1206516 (547 words)

	Knowth megalithic passage-tomb in the Boyne Valley
		There are two passages at Knowth (Newgrange has one) which face, roughly speaking, towards the east and towards the west.
		A long-held theory that the passages were aligned towards sunrise and sunset on the Spring and Autumn Equinoxes has, in recent years, been found to be untrue.
		A four-feet granite stone basin in the Eastern passage of Knowth may be engraved with a map of the city of Atlantis, as Plato described it.
	www.mythicalireland.com /ancientsites/knowth/index.html (850 words)

	Boyne Valley heritage 'under siege'
		Passage tombs are mainly located north of a line from Wicklow to Sligo,’said Professor Eogan, who has now spent 40 years overseeing excavations at Knowth.
		Artwork is profuse in the Boyne Valley tombs, and a certain amount of objects such as pottery and stone jewellery was placed in the tombs where some cremated remains were found in carved sandstone basins.
		There are almost 100 megalithic tombs in Orkney, passage tombs quite similar to those found in the Boyne Valley, he explained, with the winter solstice sunset entering the tomb at Maeshowe.
	www.mythicalireland.com /ancientsites/news/23_6_00.html (1119 words)

	Megaliths in Morbihan - Monumentalism - An interpretative model
		There is a general consensus that the first Breton passage tombs were single-chamber tombs with round or polygon-shaped chambers and a relatively simple architecture.
		During the 4th millennium, an opposite trend towards "de-differenciation" began, with the distinction between the chamber and the passage becoming less clear and the need for monumental architecture fading as the funerary surface increased.
		In other parts of Brittany, the length of the passage and the size of the monument decreased to create the 3rd millennium gallery-type tombs ("V-shaped" tombs, lateral entrance tombs, "gallery graves", reflect the influence of the Parisian basin and even of the Netherlands).
	www.culture.gouv.fr /culture/arcnat/megalithes/en/monu/monumod_en.htm (498 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Neolithic Passage Tombs of Bru na Boinne
		The passage tombs of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth stand in the area known as Brú na Bóinne, in a loop of the River Boyne, a few miles west of Drogheda, County Meath, Ireland.
		The entrance to the passage in Newgrange is blocked by one of the kerbstones, an enormous stone which is carved in irregular double spiral patterns.
		At first it was thought that the passage must be the work of Vikings in the 7th or 8th Century, because it was not known that the pre-Christian people of Ireland were capable of such work.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A647912 (1504 words)

	Knowth & Newgrange Ireland, Tara and other Ancient Ireland sites.
		The Megalithic Passage Tombs of Newgrange, Knowth, Dowth, Fourknocks, Loughcrew and Tara are located in the present day County of Meath on the east coast of Ireland.
		While passage tomb is the traditional description for Newgrange and similar structures, chambered cairn or passage mound are the descriptions favoured by those who consider the passage tomb description too narrow.
		Irish passage tombs tend to occur in clusters traditionally described as a Necropolis or cemetery.
	www.knowth.com (652 words)

	" Newgrange Ireland passage tomb information and pictures and miniatures"
		The passage grave art motifs are referred to as spirals, lozenges, chevrons, circles, dots-in-circles, and radials.
		Passage tombs are so-called because of the internal passage which leads to a chamber where the burned bones of the ancestor were placed.
		Passage tombs are usually built on hilltops and are often concentrated in cemeteries.
	www.ballybegvillage.com /newgrange.html (516 words)

	Newgrange now
		The tomb was constructed from huge stones and the burial chamber covered with a mound of smaller stones.
		It is estimated that the construction of the Passage Tomb at Newgrange would have taken a work force of 300 at least 20 years.
		The passage and chamber of Newgrange are illuminated by the winter solstice sunrise.
	www.iol.ie /~lambe/newgranow.htm (476 words)

	Tomb of the Primeval Kings - Guild Wars Wiki (GWW) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Tomb of the Primeval Kings is a place of perpetual twilight where ancient Elonian kings are buried.
		This is where players form parties to fight against the forces of chaos in the Nightfallen Tombs.
		The famous golden arches now in ruins, the Tombs lie shattered and corrupted by the Darkness that sought to destroy all of Elona.
	wiki.guildwars.com /wiki/Tomb_of_the_Primeval_Kings (393 words)

	County Meath - selected monuments
		Of the three principal tombs of the Bend-of-the-Boyne passage-tomb necropolis or prehistoric palace of culture and science, this is the earliest and the only one (so far) not to be ransacked, vandalised and travestied by modern archæologists.
		Three stone-lined passages lead into the mound from the W : one to a cruciform passage-tomb chamber, one to a circular passage-tomb chamber, and the third to a much later souterrain or refuge.
		At the entrance to the passage of the cruciform tomb is an early mediæval
	www.irishmegaliths.org.uk /meath.htm (2663 words)

	Wikinfo \| Newgrange (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The passage is long, over 60 feet (18m), and leads to a cruciform burial chamber with a corbelled roof which rises steeply upwards to a height of nearly 20 feet (6m).
		The kerbstones around the outside of the passage tomb and some of the stones inside are engraved with patterns of spirals and zigzags.
		Near Newgrange are many other passage tombs, the largest being Knowth and Dowth.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Newgrange (493 words)

	Passage Tombs in Boyne Valley - Ireland, Europe, Boyne Valley, Europe, Ireland, Knowth, Michael O'Sullivan \| BootsnAll ...
		In this area you can find the pre-Celtic tumula of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, the Hill of Tara, where the ancient Irish kings settled their kingdom (actually, there is not much to see in Tara nowadays, but the site is inspiring), Monasterboice with its High Crosses, the Mellifont Abbey and many other interesting things.
		The entrance to the passage is a simple doorway formed by two upright slabs and a horizontal lintel.
		It is claimed that these passages are aligned with the position of the rising and setting sun at the two equinoxes.
	www.bootsnall.com /articles/07-05/passage-tombs-in-boyne-valley-ireland-europe.html (679 words)

	The passage tombs of Stone Age Wales \| WalesPast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		These tombs were built by early farming communities to house the cremated remains of their dead and were used for generations.
		At Knowth the central tomb is accompanied by a cemetery of at least 18 smaller examples, while at Newgrange skilled engineers precisely aligned the passage way with the mid-winter sunrise.
		The reconstructed passage tomb at Newgrange is one of several massive tombs in the Boyne Valley.
	www.walespast.com /article.shtml?id=24 (800 words)

	Ireland - The Passage Tombs of Brú na Bóinne
		Some of the most extraordinary megalithic structures in the world, the passage tombs of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, are centred around an area known as Brú na Bóinne [say: brew nah bonyah] on a bend in the River Boyne to the west of Drogheda in Co Louth.
		The 'tombs' may have been part of the ritual of the transition of the dead from this world to the next.
		Three are two passage graves, both on the west side, and a third more recent tunnel which dates to the early Christian period, when it was built as a hiding place for monks.
	www.dochara.com /tips/bru-na-boinne.php (1402 words)

	The Thirteen Ming Tombs in Beijing
		Later some imperial tombs of descendants also reached that scale, as a tomb built during an emperor's lifetime generally was on the grand scale since tomb construction was supervised by the emperor.
		This is one of the characteristics of the Ming tombs.
		In the center of the west wall of the arched passage, are two white marble doors, the entrance to the underground palace.
	www.china.org.cn /english/features/atam/115650.htm (5097 words)

	Shadowsandstone.com Photography by Ken Williams - powered by SmugMug
		Passage tombs were designed to be impressive, and they were built in impressive locations taking many years to complete and decorate with the fine carvings such as in Knowth and Newgrange.
		The court tomb is the oldest remaining stone built tomb type found in Ireland, they were built over four to five thousand years ago and few remain in recognisable condition.
		Wedge tombs were built sometime after portal tombs (dolmens), the stones that make up wedge tombs are not known for their aesthetic appeal like those of portal, court and passage tombs and wedge tombs appear more functional than decorative.
	cianmcliam.smugmug.com /gallery/371690 (522 words)

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