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Topic: Passive smoking

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	"What You Can Do About Secondhand Smoke" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Secondhand smoke is a mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar, and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers.
		Passive smoking is estimated by EPA to cause approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths in nonsmokers each year.
		EPA estimates that passive smoking is responsible for between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age annually, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year.
	www.epa.gov /smokefree/pubs/etsbro.html (1506 words)

	Passive Smoking - The Facts for Free
		Young children, by necessity, spend a lot of time at home and maternal smoking is one of the major sources of passive smoking because of the child's close proximity to their parents during early childhood.
		Passive smoking is known to be one of the main contributing factors in the development of childhood asthma.
		There is also the chance that passive smoking may have a negative effect on a child's cognitive abilities, impairing their ability to read or use reasoning skills.
	www.stopsmokingtoday.com /faq/passive (1084 words)

	"Fact Sheet: Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking"
		The report concludes that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) -- commonly known as secondhand smoke -- is responsible for approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths each year in nonsmoking adults and impairs the respiratory health of hundreds of thousands of children.
		In recent years, there has been concern that non-smokers may also be at risk for some of these health effects as a result of their exposure ("passive smoking") to the smoke exhaled by smokers and smoke given off by the burning end of cigarettes.
		Because only a very small number of studies on the possible association between exposure to secondhand smoke and heart disease and other cancers existed in the scientific literature at the time this assessment was first undertaken, EPA has not conducted an assessment of the possible association of heart disease and passive smoking.
	www.epa.gov /smokefree/pubs/etsfs.html (1371 words)

	Healthful Life: E-newsletter
		The authors conclusion is "passive smoking is associated with a small increase in the risk of coronary heart disease".
		Second-hand smoke is potentially dangerous for adults with bronchitis or asthma, and can induce angina (heart pain) in those with coronary heart disease; and, it is irritating to a lot of non-smokers.
		Furthermore, the evidence for passive smoking increasing the risk of asthma, ear infections, and upper respiratory infections in young children is quite good.
	healthfullife.umdnj.edu /archives/smoking_archive.htm (494 words)

	How dangerous is passive smoking?
		Passive smoking is the act of breathing in secondhand smoke.
		According to Cancer Research UK, passive smokers are 20 to 30 per cent more likely to develop lung cancer than people not exposed to smoke, with several hundred deaths occurring as a direct result in the UK each year.
		According to their analysis of this group, passive smoking (by inhaling a spouse's cigarette smoke) wasn't significantly associated with an increased risk of death from coronary heart disease or lung cancer at any time or at any level of exposure.
	www.bupa.co.uk /health_information/html/health_news/270503smoke.html (1797 words)

	Passive smoking brief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Other diseases associated with passive smoking for which further study is required include: spontaneous abortion, adverse impact on learning and behavioural development in children, meningococcal infections in children, cancers and leukaemia in children, asthma exacerbation in adults, exacerbation of cystic fibrosis, decreased lung function and cervical cancer.
		Whilst the relative health risks from passive smoking are small in comparison with those from active smoking, because the diseases are common, the overall health impact is large.
		In the population aged 65 or older, passive smoking is estimated to account for 16,900 deaths annually.
	www.ash.org.uk /html/passive/html/passive.html (2737 words)

	Passive Smoking: The impact on children (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Smoking by parents is the principal determinant of children’s exposure to secondhand smoke.
		There is now compelling evidence that passive smoking is a risk factor for the induction of new cases of asthma as well as for increasing the severity of disease among children with established asthma.
		Legislation is inappropriate to reduce smoke exposure in the home but educational strategies to raise awareness about the risks to children from passive smoking are more likely to be effective in changing behaviour.
	www.ash.org.uk /html/passive/html/kidsbrief.html (2943 words)

	Women's Health Advisor 2005.4: Passive Smoking
		Children who are breast-fed by a smoking mother are at the greatest risk because chemicals from the smoke are in the breast milk as well as the surrounding air.
		The impact of passive smoke is worse during the first 5 years of life, when children spend most of their time with their parents.
		Passive smoking is especially hazardous to children who have asthma.
	www.med.umich.edu /1libr/wha/wha_passive_hhg.htm (742 words)

	Passive Smoking
		The recent report of UK government's Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health (SCOTH) concluded that that passive smoking is a cause of lung cancer, and that in those with long-term exposure the increased risk is 20-30%.
		It also concludes that passive smoking is a cause of ischaemic heart disease, of serious respiratory illness, asthmatic attacks, and middle-ear disease in children, and of the sudden infant death syndrome.
		Chilmonczyk used urine cotinine measurements as a biological marker of the exposure to tobacco smoke, and was able to demonstrate that acute exacerbations of asthma in children increase with exposure to second hand smoke.
	www.theberries.ns.ca /BOTW_archives/passive_smoke.html (709 words)

	Passive Smoking: Why Is It Dangerous? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke have a 30 percent increased risk of heart disease and a 20 percent to 30 percent increased risk for lung cancer.
		Exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy is directly related to low birth weight.
		Babies whose mothers smoke while pregnant and babies who are exposed to secondhand smoke after birth are more likely to die from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than babies who are not exposed to cigarette smoke.
	www.foodconsumer.org /777/8/Passive_Smoking_Why_Is_It_Dangerous_.shtml (988 words)

	Passive smoking - Better Health Channel.
		Passive smoking is a risk factor in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS or cot death).
		Non-smokers who suffer long term exposure to environmental tobacco smoke have a 20 to 30 per cent higher risk of developing lung cancer than non-smokers who are not exposed to passive smoke.
		Some smokers think that limiting their smoking to one or two rooms is an effective measure, but tobacco smoke easily drifts through the rest of the house.
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcArticles.nsf/pages/Passive_smoking?OpenDocument (1253 words)

	News - Ills From Passive Smoking Found World-Wide
		Effects of passive smoking was estimated by means of logistic and multiple linear regression for each country and combined across countries by random-effects meta-analysis.
		Passive smoking was significantly associated with nocturnal chest tightness, nocturnal breathlessness, breathlessness after activity, and increased bronchial responsiveness.
		Passive smoking in the workplace was significantly associated with all types of respiratory symptoms and current asthma.
	www.docguide.com /news/content.nsf/news/8525697700573E1885256B2900585E56 (629 words)

	Passive Smoking and Heart Disease
		The researchers conclude that second hand smoke is the third leading cause of preventable death, after active smoking and alcohol.
		They estimate that passive smoking causes as many as 60,000 fatal heart attacks per year and three times as many non-fatal heart attacks.
		Passive smoking should be considered on a par with public health problems such as AIDS and illegal drug use, with major efforts expended to protect workers, children and the general public, they note, adding that the simplest and least expensive way to accomplish this is to mandate smoke-free workplaces, schools and public places.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA03/passive_smoking.html (613 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Medical notes \| Q&A: Passive smoking
		This is made up of "sidestream" smoke from the burning tip of the cigarette, and "mainstream" smoke that has been inhaled and then exhaled by the smoker.
		Non-smokers who are exposed to passive smoking in the home, have a 25% increased risk of heart disease and lung cancer.
		A major review in 1998 by the Government-appointed Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health (SCOTH) concluded that passive smoking is a cause of lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease in adult non-smokers, and a cause of respiratory disease, cot death, middle ear disease and asthmatic attacks in children.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/medical_notes/3235820.stm (817 words)

	eMedicine - Passive Smoking and Lung Disease : Article by Timothy D Murphy, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Smoking is associated with structural changes in the airways and pulmonary parenchyma, including upper airway mucosal gland hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
		The effect of residual smoke or the odor of smoke in the home or on the clothing of the parents on the health of children is unknown, as is the utility of cleaning up the environment after smoking cessation.
		Because understanding the effects of passive smoke exposure on children is one of the most powerful motivating factors in smoking cessation, such information should be available in all primary care physician offices.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic2625.htm (5624 words)

	Parenting and Child Health - Health Topics - Passive smoking
		Whenever people smoke, all the others around them are smoking too because they breathe in the same harmful substances as the person who is smoking.
		Smoking during pregnancy and after the birth of a baby are linked to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
		Apart from the dangers of passive smoking there are other risks to children who are around people who smoke.
	www.cyh.com /HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114&np=305&id=1579 (1148 words)

	The Children's Hospital at Westmead - Parents - Passive smoking
		Passive smoking is breathing in smoke from other people's cigarettes, cigars or pipes.
		Smoking during pregnancy is harmful to the developing baby.
		When a pregnant woman is exposed to tobacco smoke, harmful substances absorbed into the mother's bloodstream can cross the placenta and affect her unborn baby.
	www.chw.edu.au /parents/factsheets/passive_smoking.htm (653 words)

	Passive Smoking
		A review of the evidence on the health effects of passive smoking showed that passive smoking causes lower respiratory illness in children and lung cancer in adults and contributes to the symptoms of asthma in children.
		Tobacco smoke has several adverse effects on the airways of both smokers and those who are exposed to environmental tobacco.
		Smoking is known to have an effect on babies even before they are born.
	www.healthinsite.gov.au /topics/Passive_Smoking (703 words)

	Passive Smoking
		The controversial question of the danger of passive smoking has already led to bans in places as diverse as Ireland, New York and California; the government’s White Paper on health suggests that England, Scotland and Wales may well follow suit and forbid smoking in public places by 2008.
		sidestream smoke (fumes from the end of a lit cigarette) than mainstream smoke (that which has already been inhaled and exhaled by a smoker) and nearly 85% of the smoke in a room is the former.
		Those whose mothers smoked 10 or more cigarettes a day were, by the age of 10, between three and five months behind in reading, mathematics and general ability when compared to the offspring of non-smokers.
	www.allaboutmedicalsales.com /medical_briefings/passive_smoking_ip_201204.html (908 words)

	Claim that passive smoking does no harm lights up tobacco row \| Special reports \| Guardian Unlimited
		Passive smoking will not kill you, give you heart disease or lung cancer, according to a study which will inflame the controversy over tobacco bans in restaurants and the pariah status of smokers at work.
		They found that passive smoking was not linked to death from coronary heart disease or lung cancer, no matter how much or how often the spouse smoked.
		The authors say it is not possible that passive smoking causes a 30% increased risk of heart disease, although a small increase cannot be ruled out.
	www.guardian.co.uk /smoking/Story/0,2763,957231,00.html (614 words)

	Passive smoking kills one bar worker a week - 17 May 2004 - New Scientist
		Secondhand tobacco smoke kills at least 3600 people a year in the UK, according to a new study, including the death of one pub or bar worker every week.
		For example, about 30 per cent of the UK population smokes, while 42 per cent of under 65s are exposed to secondhand smoke at home.
		Combining this data with information on the relative risk of disease among, active smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers allowed Jamrozik to calculate estimates for the number of deaths caused by passive smoking.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4998 (601 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Passive smoking 'killing workers'
		It also found that there are three times as many deaths a year from passive smoking at work as there are from workplace injuries.
		He said: "More people died in 2002 from passive smoking at work in the UK than were killed by the Great London smog of 1952.
		Amanda Sandford, a spokesperson for ASH, said: "The government's failure to tackle passive smoking in the workplace is scandalous.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/health/2925633.stm (453 words)

	Key issues: Passive Smoking
		The authors found that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, as estimated by smoking in spouses, was not significantly associated with death from coronary heart disease or lung cancer at any time or at any level of exposure.
		Incredibly, smoking is being held responsible for the increased prevalence of a range of illnesses over a period when the prevalence of smoking has dramatically declined and the places where people smoke have been increasingly restricted.
		While it is perfectly legitimate for people to express a dislike of the smell of tobacco smoke, the distortion of scientific, statistical, methodological, and research procedure to provide a medical justification for banning smoking in public places is not acceptable, least of all as a pretext for removing the rights of 13 million British adults.
	www.forestonline.org /output/page16.asp (1235 words)

	Thesite.org - Passive smoking
		Inhaling second-hand smoke has a weaker effect on the lungs than actual smoking but over a long period of time can be fatal.
		Exposure to second-hand smoke at home causes the deaths of 2,700 20 to 64 year-olds in the UK every year.
		Less than one in ten people killed by passive smoking at work each year are employed in pubs, clubs and restaurants.
	www.thesite.org /drinkanddrugs/drugsafety/smoking/passive/smoking (281 words)

	Passive smoking doesn't cause cancer - official
		The study is one of the largest ever to look at the link between passive smoking - or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) - and lung cancer, and had been eagerly awaited by medical experts and campaigning groups.
		The results are consistent with their being no additional risk for a person living or working with a smoker and could be consistent with passive smoke having a protective effect against lung cancer.
		The Government's own Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health is also expected to report shortly - possibly in time for this Wednesday's National No Smoking day - on the hazards of passive smoking.
	www.forces.org /articles/files/passive1.htm (546 words)

	FORCES International - The Evidence - Second Hand (Passive)Smoke
		Smoking during airplane flights was permitted in Germany until the mid-1990s, and smoking is still not banned on all charter flights.
		Passive Smokers Inhale 6 Cigarettes per Year - "The figure, which undermines previous warnings about the dangers of passive smoking, is a thousand times lower than that faced by direct smokers, and so tiny that it could not be measured statistically.
		The 1992 EPA study on passive smoking is the "big gun" of the antismoking industry, fired continuously to add credibility to their claims.
	www.forces.org /evidence/evid/second.htm (6576 words)

	Secondhand Smoke: Questions and Answers - National Cancer Institute
		Secondhand smoke, also called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), is the combination of smoke emitted from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe, and smoke exhaled by the smoker (see Question 1).
		Because it is a complex mixture of chemicals, measuring secondhand smoke exposure is difficult and is usually determined by testing blood, saliva, or urine for the presence of nicotine, particles inhaled from indoor air, or cotinine (the primary product resulting from the breakdown of nicotine in the body) (1, 3).
		Secondhand smoke exposure is a known risk factor for lung cancer (1, 3, 4, 6, 7).
	www.cancer.gov /cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/ETS (1691 words)

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