
	Where results make sense

Topic: Past European Countries

	European Security and Defence Policy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Formally, the European Security and Defence Policy is the domain of the Council of the European Union, which is an intergovernmental body in which the member states are represented.
		The ESDI was to create a European 'pillar' within NATO, partly to allow European countries to act militarily where NATO wished not to, and partly to alleviate the United States' financial burden of maintaining the military bases which it had had in Europe since the Cold War.
		European Defence Community: The EDC was a defence community proposed in the 1950s soon after the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Security_and_Defense_Policy (1889 words)

	European Space Agency - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Space Agency (ESA), established in 1975, is an inter-governmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member states.
		The Western European nations decided to have two different agencies, one concerned to develop a launch system ELDO (European Launch Development Organisation) and the precursor of the European Space Agency, and ESRO (European Space Research Organisation) that was established on March 20, 1964 per an agreement signed on June 14, 1962.
		During the latter half of the 1980s, European human space flights changed from being the exception to routine and therefore, in 1990, the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany was established.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ESA (5896 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This test case appeared conclusive and encouraged the European leaders to act in concert to give to the often talked about principles of the European diplomacy the means to achieve their ambitions.
		The European Constitution facilitates structure cooperations in the field of CFSP, while subjecting them to a rule of unanimity at the Council, something which is not altogether satisfying but is not insurmountable, since the cooperation in terms of European Defense are not subject to a unanimity and certain aspects are passed by a qualified majority.
		The European Mars would place itself under international law, with a reform of the UN if necessary, by excluding (or exerting pressure on) the countries that are least respectful of human rights like China, Libya, and to a certain extent Syria, to assure its legitimacy.
	www.georgetown.edu /users/dk39/Confero_asks.htm (1067 words)

	European Cooperation With the United States in the Global War on Terrorism
		The contributions of European countries in sharing vital information, arresting members of terrorist cells, interdicting terrorist financing and logistics, and assisting in rebuilding Afghanistan have been and continue to be, vital elements in the war on terrorism.
		European nations are active participants in a variety of multilateral organizations that have made contributions in counterterrorist efforts, including the G-8, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
		European intelligence and security forces are well aware of the threat posed by Islamist extremism and generally do an effective job of monitoring extremists.
	www.state.gov /s/ct/rls/rm/2004/30983.htm (1505 words)

	"ISLAM AND THE WEST - AT THE CROSSROADS"
		European Union imports from Latin America increased from €26.7 to €53.7 billion, and exports to the region rose from €17.1 to €57.5 billion1.
		Furthermore, between 2000 and 2003 the European Investment Bank invested €1,104 million in the form of loans for projects of mutual interest to the countries of the European Union and Latin America.
		The EU’s relations with Latin American countries have developed at the bi-regional level (European Union-Latin America), and a number of specialized dialogues within this broader relationship are ongoing with specific sub-regions (the Mercosur, Andean Community and Central America), and between the EU and specific nations (Mexico and Chile).
	www.eurunion.org /news/press/2004/20040087.htm (1178 words)

	European Union Enlargement and the Transatlantic Relationship
		With entry into the EU, the ten new members will be represented in all the European institutions through Commissioners at the European Commission, directly elected Members of the European Parliament and their governments will have seats and votes in the European Council of Ministers, the ultimate decision-making body of the EU.
		That is why we have developed a “European Neighborhood” policy aimed at creating an area of stability and prosperity—a ring of friendly countries around the EU—stretching from Morocco all the way along the southern and eastern Mediterranean up to Russia.
		The ultimate, long-term aim is to extend to these countries the four freedoms on which the Union is based—free movement of goods, services, labor and capital—in giving tangible form to our commitment not to erect new barriers across Europe.
	www.eurunion.org /news/speeches/2004/040311gb.htm (3273 words)

	Cataclysm: The Rejection of the European Constitution and What It Means for Transatlantic Relations
		The authors behind the European Union’s latest effort at centralization, the EU Constitution, are attempting to ignore the cataclysm of its rejection by voters in the Netherlands and France.
		The European elites’ challenge in the new era is to reconnect with their citizens in order to remain a relative bastion of stability.
		If these European countries are going to reform economically to meet the challenges of globalization, they will certainly have to deal immediately with their onerous regulatory burdens in any case.
	www.heritage.org /Research/Europe/bg1862.cfm (4193 words)

	International Economics Glossary: E
		Originally this term was applied to countries that had recently ceased to be part of the Soviet Union and its satellites, and thus emerging from centrally planned communist economies.
		That is, the group of European countries, members of the EU, that adopted the common currency, the euro.
		The process by which a country's exchange rate comes to be what it is. With a floating exchange rate, this may be modeled in various ways, including the elasticities approach, the monetary approach, the portfolio approach, and the asset approach.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~alandear/glossary/e.html (4329 words)

	The Consolidation of European Stock Exchanges - Federal Reserve Bank of New York
		In the past, most European countries relied on bank-oriented financial systems: investors deposited a large portion of their savings in banks, and the banks played a major role in providing financing to the industry (Allen and Gale 2000).
		In some countries, pension funds are required to invest largely in domestic government securities; in others, favorable tax treatment is granted to domestic equity investment (The Economist 2001).
		A similar effort likely to benefit the European financial industry would be the consolidation of settlement operations and of central securities depositories—organizations that record share holdings and provide the mechanisms for their transfer.
	www.ny.frb.org /research/current_issues/ci8-6/ci8-6.html (3652 words)

	About IES :: UC Berkeley Institute of European Studies
		These courses focused on topics as general as an overview of the European Union, and as specific as European Environmental Policy and Regulation, the Adaptation of Institutions to the "Deepening" of the EU, and EU Social Policy.
		CGES was pivotal in the development of the undergraduate Minor in European Studies at Berkeley in 1996.
		In the past, the Centers have earmarked funds for undergraduate participation in the nation's oldest annual conference on Celtic Studies, which alternates between Berkeley and UCLA.
	ies.berkeley.edu /about/undergrad.html (419 words)

	IUCN-Regional Office for Europe_Biodiversity in European Development Cooperation Confernce 2006
		The aim of the meeting is to transform political commitments into concrete actions by developing recommendations for the European Commission and EU Member States on how to pro-actively address the integration of biodiversity concerns into development cooperation programs and policies.
		During the past 50 years humans have reengineered large parts of the planet, changing ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than at any comparable time in human history.
		Past actions to slow or reverse the degradation of ecosystems – e.g.
	www.iucn.org /places/europe/rofe/rofe_at_work/conference2006.htm (656 words)

	WWW Virtual Library: International Affairs Resources--General Resources for all Countries
		Country Reports-- From the April 2002 PBS (United States) TV documentary on the global economy "Commanding Heights," this page provides a wide range of summary information and data on the economic development of about 40 countries, from 1910 to the present.
		Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-- Texts of yearly reports by the U.S. Department of State, and related documents.
		Country Statistics-- From UNICEF, country data on measures of well-being, particularly for children.
	www.etown.edu /vl/countgen.html (2703 words)

	About IES :: UC Berkeley Institute of European Studies
		The Institute of European Studies (IES) is home to the leading concentration of researchers and teachers on Europe in the Western United States.
		The existing breadth and depth of Western European studies on the Berkeley campus are considerable.
		Indeed, through past extensive research activities and a history of rigorous training of a generation of graduate students, the combined programs of IES have effectively promoted a long-term commitment to European Studies at Berkeley, throughout the state, and across the nation.
	ies.berkeley.edu /about/history.html (486 words)

	Speech 030399
		Even though the system was initially confined to the western part of the European continent, since it took a longer time for the eastern regions of Europe to embark on the road of democracy, eventually, the desire for freedom, democracy, and the life in a thriving society has triumphed in Central and East European countries.
		Hence, it is no wonder that even the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, after getting rid of the yoke of totalitarianism, after decades of experiencing totalitarian regimes, and after professing the principles and values of democracy, link their future with the integration into the mentioned structures.
		This is intended to gradually evolve into a global European initiative, focusing on the enhancement of the Union's role in global processes, the enhancement of the capacity to cope with such risks as the proliferation of nuclear, bacteriological, and chemical weapons, organised crime, migration, and the like.
	www.nato.int /pfp/sk/speech030399.htm (2969 words)

	The Globalist \| Global Diplomacy -- Condoleezza Rice’s European Trip
		The Europeans now have the renditions issue to which they would basically agree as a matter of policy.
		These countries operate in the European context of promoting human rights, and I think that's the basic division — that the United States pushes this agenda without looking at human rights.
		When we look at the current attorney general, he played loose with the torture definitions, and some of the Europeans are drawing a line in far more than the sand because European history has been tragic, and they — for good reason — stand up for human rights.
	www.theglobalist.com /printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=4988 (707 words)

	NCPA \| Study #277, Reforming Social Security: Lessons from Thirty Countries
		Every country with individual accounts provides a minimum income, in the form of a minimum pension guarantee or a flat (uniform) benefit to retirees, most commonly between 20 percent and 30 percent of the average wage.
		Most countries with employer-based plans accompany these with a flat benefit that is paid to all older residents regardless of earnings and contributions, although in some cases these benefits have been partially replaced with means-tested benefits.
		In Latin American countries, wives are also protected by a group survivors insurance policy that covers all workers and by a requirement that, upon retirement, husbands purchase a joint pension from their individual accounts.
	www.ncpa.org /pub/st/st277 (1382 words)

	ESA Portal - Expanding Frontiers - European agreement on James Webb Space Telescope’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) ...
		In the past the funding and the development of the scientific instruments was agreed by the participating ESA Member States on the basis of purely informal arrangements with ESA.
		Four European countries, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland and Switzerland contribute to MIRI through their participation into ESA’s Scientific Experiment Development programme (PRODEX).
		This is an optional programme, mainly used by smaller countries, by which they delegate to ESA the management of funding to develop scientific instruments.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/SEMYWW2VQUD_Expanding_0.html (687 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Special Report \| 1999 \| 04/99 \| Minimum wage \| The international approach
		In the past, European countries have tended to have the highest minimum wages, and some analysts believe this is linked to higher unemployment - especially among young people.
		France has often been cited as an example of a country where high wages - and a cut in the working week - are pricing workers out of jobs.
		Members of the commission also found that other countries use a range of methods other than the minimum wage to bolster the demand for low-skilled workers and/or their earnings.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/special_report/1999/04/99/minimum_wage/306911.stm (574 words)

	10 Years European Forum - European Forum
		Over the past ten years numerous political foundations have been created with the purpose of building (social-)democracy and political parties in the former communist countries.
		This work is still necessary, however there has been a geographical shift from Central Europe to Eastern Europe, or to be more precise; from the countries soon to enter the European Union to those that will be the new bordering states of the EU in the so-called wider Europe.
		The role of the political foundations from the Central and Eastern European countries will be of crucial importance.
	www.europeanforum.net /news/33 (474 words)

	[No title]
		The statement by the European Union is an important and historic recognition of the severity of anti-Semitism today.
		Faced with anti-Semitic violence against Jewish institutions and individuals, and a general growing tolerance for anti-Semitism in their societies, Jewish communities in many European countries are feeling increasingly insecure and beleaguered.
		Over the past few months, more and more European leaders are realizing the problem of anti-Jewish attitudes and violence within their borders.
	www.adl.org /PresRele/ASInt_13/4428_13.htm (246 words)

	Jewish Displacement
		Jews were welcomed into countries from which they had been expelled centuries earlier if it was in that country's economic interest.
		The western European Jewish population swelled in the early part of the 20th century, mainly because of immigration from eastern Europe.
		During the 1930s, growing internal problems in most eastern European countries, and the influence of the German Nazi regime, led to a general worsening of the state of eastern European Jewry.
	fcit.coedu.usf.edu /holocaust/PEOPLE/displace.htm (2042 words)

	Pressed by US, European Banks Limit Iran Deals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The four European banks - the UBS and Credit Suisse banks of Switzerland, ABN Amro of the Netherlands, and HSBC, based in London - have made varying levels of disclosure about the limits on their activities in Iran in the past six months.
		Almost all large European banks have branches or bureaus in the United States, units that are subject to American laws.
		Some European diplomats from countries with missions in Tehran say that there are signs of an impact, despite the rise in oil prices.
	www.truthout.org /docs_2006/052206M.shtml (1430 words)

	European Union Adopts Significant Farm Reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In June 2003, the European Union (EU) adopted a program of agricultural policy reform, building on earlier agricultural policy reforms enacted since 1992.
		In April 2004, the European Commission adopted reforms of the support regimes for tobacco, olive oil and olives, cotton, and hops.
		The reforms follow the principles established in the June 2003 CAP reform but differ in the details: a significant part of current production-linked support will be converted to the decoupled SFP, although a portion of support can be retained as production-linked aid for producers with small holdings or in marginal areas.
	www.ers.usda.gov /AmberWaves/September04/Features/europeanunion.htm (3424 words)

	More European men getting supersized - Fitness - MSNBC.com
		The analysis was released as the 25-nation European Union announced an initiative to enlist the food and marketing industries in the fight against fat.
		Obesity is especially acute in Mediterranean countries, underscoring concerns that people in the southern region are turning away from the traditional diet of fish, fruits and vegetables to fast food high in fat and refined carbohydrates.
		The International Obesity Task Force, which is advising the European Union, had estimated in 2003 that about 200 million of the 350 million adults living in what is now the European Union may be overweight or obese.
	msnbc.msn.com /id/7197750 (744 words)

	Global Change and Climate Change: Europe
		The programme places greater emphasis than in the past on research that is relevant to the needs of European industry, to help it compete internationally, and develop its role as a world leader in certain sectors.
		ESTO is a network of European organizations that assist, inform and alert the IPTS regarding scientific or technological breakthroughs, trends and events of potential environmental and/or socio-economic importance which may call for action at a European decision-making level.
		ESPACE is an ambitious four-year European project that aims to promote awareness of the importance of adapting to climate change and to recommend that it is incorporated within spatial planning mechanisms at local, regional, national and European levels.
	www.itas.fzk.de /eng/infum/gch_EUR.htm (5575 words)

	European Movement in Serbia / Home Page
		Greeks entering the workplace from the mid-1990s onwards will have to work until they are around 75 years of age to avoid a collapse of the social insurance system, according to a study by the country's second largest bank.
		EU member states may subsidise a new Airbus airplane as long as it is according to WTO rules, the bloc's trade commissioner has said in a move that could intensify the spat between the EU and the US following the failure of the global trade round this week.
		With a quarter of Europe's 8-year-olds and 70 percent of its 12-year-olds carrying mobiles, the European Commission has launched a campaign pressing telecom companies to introduce special ways to protect children from paedophiles and porn or violent sites popping up on their displays through the internet.
	www.emins.org /english/index.html (563 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)