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Topic: Pastoralist

	Pastoralism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pastoralists often have an area with a radius of 100-500km.
		Examples of this throughout the world are believed to provide further evidence that the pastoralist way of life is an efficient system; one of the few ways of supporting a population in a difficult environment and representing a sustainable approach to land use (Wilson, 1992).
		However, pastoralist societies are often organised in tribes, with the ‘household’ (often including extended family) as a basic unit for organization of labour and expenses (Bates, 1998).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pastoralist (1413 words)

	Newsletter 10 /Best Practices
		The first notable attempt of changing the life of pastoralists in Ethiopia was vividly seen with the dawn of democracy after the fall of the military junta.
		This effort is part and parcel of the settlement programme of pastoralists along the major riverbanks of the country.
		The life of the pastoralists is determined by the availability of viable marketing outlets as their livelihood depends on their livestock and transactions related to them.
	www.mfa.gov.et /Press_Section/Newsletter10/BestPractices10.htm (1212 words)

	The Relationship between Indigenous Pastoralist Resource Tenure and state Tenure in Somalia
		Pastoralists in Africa have in particular been negatively impacted by the imposition of national tenure systems which in many cases have served to marginalize nomadic populations, with repercussions in land degradation, food security, and instability.
		Pastoralist households have access to social-ecological zones of changing size and shape, depending on the ephemeral agreements between various lineage segments and the relative ecological endowment of different grazing locations (Helander 1986).
		This allowed non-locals to gain title to large tracts of land customarily used by pastoralists and small-scale cultivators, because the latter two groups were less familiar with the registration procedures, and in many cases were unable to compete in terms of the political and capital mobilization necessary to complete the land registration process (Samatar 1989b).
	www.geocities.com /somali_agrecons/03.htm (5256 words)

	Patterns of Subsistence: Pastoralism
		However, the division of labor is based primarily on gender and age in both foraging and pastoralist societies.
		Pastoralists often have the same distinct qualities of personality regardless of the region of the world in which they live.
		A pastoralist leader needs to be a man who can direct the movements of his herds and decide on an optimum strategy for using scarce resources without having to first consult others.
	anthro.palomar.edu /subsistence/sub_3.htm (1485 words)

	Production strategies and pastoral man
		Brown, 1971) argued that the dependence on milk by pastoralists in arid areas was ecologically unsound, placing (as it does) the pastoralists in direct competition with their calves, and in creating a herd population structure where females make up 70% or more of the herd.
		Almost everything a pastoralist does is the result of a deliberate decision, from his rain-chasing nomadism to the maximisation of females, which is an obvious strategy for a people one of whose main objectives is to maximise milk production.
		The decisions and strategy alternatives facing a pastoralist are no less complex than those facing a western rancher, and because he may have less control over his resources, and the use of these resources involves far more human labour, the organisation and decisions required of a pastoralist may be even more complex.
	www.fao.org /wairdocs/ilri/x5542b/x5542b0d.htm (5274 words)

	Discussion Paper No. 3
		The pastoralist in search of reliability is, in contrast, actively engaged in ongoing efforts to reduce the probability of those hazards he or she cannot avoid by managing temporal and spatial diversity in grazing opportunities and diversity in livestock capabilities and response.
		From a high reliability perspective, pastoralists will be managing the spatial and temporal diversity of their rangeland as a whole by using different areas in different ways so as to increase the chances of producing and maintaining peak herd sizes, even through the drought.
		Hazards do not "happen" to pastoralists; they are built into pastoralist production by virtue of their accumulating and keeping peak herds in such a way that high-probability hazards would pose even more catastrophic consequences for pastoralists, were they not able to reduce the probabilities by managing their livestock safely over time and space.
	www.cnr.berkeley.edu /csrd/publications/text/roehrp.html (12364 words)

	NEW BOOK ‘RAIN, PROSPERITY AND PEACE’ DESCRIBES GLOBAL PASTORALIST GATHERING IN ETHIOPIA
		Pastoralists rely on collaboration, mobility and markets and are generally recognized as expert custodians of fragile ecologies.
		The Pastoralist Communication Initiative is a groundbreaking project, which aims to raise the profile and voice of pastoralists.
		Pastoralist leaders are demanding opportunities to share knowledge and develop collaborations, among themselves and with governments, to call them to account, to hold them to their promises and ultimately to sustain their ways of living.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2005/iha1043.doc.htm (569 words)

	Communication and Natural Resource Management
		The Panos supported Pastoralist Communications Programme aims to strengthen the capacity of pastoralists to share information, debate development issues, and articulate their concerns and solutions, both among themselves and outwards to local authorities, the wider national community and policy makers.
		For example, a paper titled, "The Desertification Convention, pastoralists and its implementation in Kenya", says that the degradation of Kenya's arid lands is often due to pastoralists maintaining too many livestock.
		The features raise awareness of pastoralist life and issues, and present pastoralists in a positive light, as people who are addressing problems and dealing with change.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/Y4737E/y4737e05.htm (1660 words)

	Flashcards for Patterns of Subsistence Stack 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The personality traits for pastoralist men throughout the world that are encouraged and respected by their societies.
		Pastoralists who began an intermittent war with the Dutch settlers of South Africa (i.e., the Boers) after defeating several African farming peoples.
		Pastoralists who conquered China and Central Asia in the 13th century A.D. as well as much of Russia and the Middle East in the 14th century.
	anthro.palomar.edu /subsistence/flashcards_2.htm (456 words)

	Afar Pastoralists Face Consequences of Poor Rains, 04/00
		The majority of their fellow pastoralists left the area towards Awash river near Mile town and westwards into higher mountainous areas where rivers and shallow wells still supply sufficient water and where grazing is still possible.
		Afar pastoralists living in Zone 5 of Afar Region are used to settle in `Chefa' valley for part of the year.
		Most likely Afar pastoralists are originating from around Alalesubla village in Uwa wereda where the mission was told that some people had moved with their cattle to higher areas in Amhara Region.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Hornet/afar0905.html (6656 words)

	untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Indeed the social and economic problems of transhumant pastoralists, who move their livestock seasonally, have increased due to schemes that largely ignore their traditional land rights whether it be from state farms, conservation interests, private agribusiness, or in-migration by small scale agriculturalists.
		Early in 1994, pastoralist NGOs held several meetings with the aim of strengthening the task force on advocacy and coordination, and establishing different means of collaboration and mutual support.
		For many pastoralists the passing of this era where they were expected to be inserted somehow into the worker-peasant vision of CCMs socialist development strategy, either as future agriculturalists or agro-pastoralists, was a mixed blessing.
	www.asa2000.anthropology.ac.uk /cameron/cameron.html (5671 words)

	Genesis: Notes for Research
		In this case, invaders' belief system declares Earth cursed and barren (place of "thorns and thistles", a "vale of tears", a place of punishment for human ancestors and their descendants: that is, no longer alive and fertile Mother of indigenous people, now an Indo-European "dead world" and locus of underground Land of the Dead).
		Indigenous culture and spirituality would have portrayed the Divine as being concerned for the health and happiness of mothers and children; the Divine could be invoked to ease the discomfort of birth, death, conception, pregnancy and labor.
		The change from joy to sorrow in sexuality and birth is a reflection of the cultural and spiritual shift that followed the serial invasions by pastoralists; invaders’ version of Divinity could not be prevailed upon to show concern for the comfort of women in childbirth.
	www.angelfire.com /folk/karivox/litmarket/genesis.html (3043 words)

	UNDP in Kenya
		The pastoralist comunities from all the parts of Kenya converged in Nairobi from 28th November to 2nd December 2005 to celebrate an annual event called Kenya Pastoralist Week.
		During this period the pastoralists celebrated their cultures and diversity and also highlighted the challenges they face as a nomadic group.
		For the in depth understanding of the challenges facing the pastoralists and agro-pastoralist the study focused on the critical aspects of access to pasture, water, market as well as pastoral coping strategies.
	mirror.undp.org /kenya/pastoralists.htm (264 words)

	[No title]
		Pastoralist political leaders were, essentially, bought off, supporting a beleaguered government in return for personal gain and some influence on national politics, without securing corresponding benefits for their communities.
		Pastoralist communities have such a small educated elite that the same small group of individuals contest for seats in election after election and compete for jobs in the formal sector and in NGOs.
		When pastoralist communities were hit by severe drought in 2000 they were part of an almost “Live Aid” type response that for the first time saw Kenyans from all ethnic groups and regions getting behind their pastoralist fellow citizens.
	www.nri.org /projects/pastoralism/kenyappgmayfinal.doc (19383 words)

	Oxfam - Pastoralism - The Sights and Sounds of the Ethiopian Pastoralist Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pounding horses’ hooves herald the start of the sixth Ethiopian Pastoralist Day, as white-cloaked Borena riders gallop around the crowd gathered in a field in the south of Ethiopia near the small town of Yabello.
		Partly as a cultural celebration, partly as an advocacy opportunity, the EPD gives pastoralists a common platform for sharing their experience and voicing their concerns to those in power.
		Being heard - Pastoralists are beginning to organise themselves, and are making their voices heard.
	www.oxfam.org.uk /what_we_do/issues/pastoralism/story_epd.htm (522 words)

	What are Kuchi
		" identified the pastoralists of Afghanistan as a population group to which little attention was given.
		The complexity of the problems faced by these nomadic (transhumant) pastoralists are such that a specialized advisor was tasked with supporting the government of Afghanistan to formulate an overall vision and support strategy for this population group.
		In November 2005 a Pastoralist Conference was organized in Kabul, Afghanistan, in which pastoralist leaders could share views with key members from the government and national and international organizations.
	www.afghanpastoralists.com (194 words)

	Oxfam - Links Gender Newsletter - Pastoralist education in Mali and Niger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Oxfam has been working with pastoralist communities, which depend on the herding of livestock for their livelihood, in the Gao region of Northern Mali and in Tillabery department, north-west Niger, to develop models of schooling that meet their nomadic lifestyle needs.
		It is too early to predict whether the animatrice model is the right one for pastoralist communities; its sustainability will only be determined after the pilot phase of the programme.
		These range from tensions with school directors and parent-teacher associations, which are still male dominated, to travelling long distances to reach communities during the season when pastoralists move with their animals, often half of the year.
	www.oxfam.org.uk /what_we_do/issues/gender/links/1003mali.htm (1025 words)

	VETAID's Supporting Sustainable Pastoralist Livelihoods Project in Tanzania
		One of the reasons for this is that 80% of livestock exist in pastoral and agro-pastoral systems and the pastoralist contribution to national income - for example by supplying meat to urban areas - is not recorded.
		Pastoralists are therefore actively marginalised from Tanzania’s development process and the current policies are increasing their poverty.
		An increased income from pastoralist areas into the national economy will be used as a tool to engage the government in a debate designed to lead to a beneficial policy for all marginalised pastoralist communities.
	www.vetaid.org /projects-tanzania-pastoral-livelihoods.asp (320 words)

	Maternal mortality in a Kenyan pastoralist population
		Mace, Ruth and Sear, Rebecca (1996) Maternal mortality in a Kenyan pastoralist population.
		Objective: to measure maternal mortality among the Gabbra, a group of nomadic pastoralists living in a remote area of Kenya.
		Method: as part of a survey of 851 households information on the number of sisters of respondents who died of pregnancy-related causes was collected, and this data was used to calculate maternal mortality statistics using the sisterhood (an indirect) method.
	eprints.lse.ac.uk /archive/00000686 (306 words)

	Drought affecting pastoralist livelihoods in Afar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		ADDIS ABABA, 18 Jan 2005 (IRIN) - Increasing livestock deaths are threatening the livelihood of nomadic pastoralists in Ethiopia's drought-hit Afar region, the UN and aid agencies said on Tuesday.
		Paul Herbert, head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in Ethiopia, said drought had continued to whittle away the assets of Afar pastoralists.
		The Afar Pastoralist Development Association, which works across the region, also reiterated growing concerns for the impact of the drought.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=45107 (567 words)

	UNICEF - Eastern and Southern Africa - UNICEF urges sustained aid to prevent child deaths in Horn of Africa
		Despite recent rains, a two-year drought has already killed half the livestock and UNICEF fears that the nomadic pastoralists and their children who roam the vast region could be next.
		The vast majority of those affected are pastoralists who roam throughout Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia in search of grazing land for their herds.
		Two examples are mobile health units for young children and the funding and training of teachers who can travel with families as they move around the region searching for water and food for their livestock.
	www.unicef.org /infobycountry/27402_33912.html (673 words)

	Parliamentarians Discuss Involving Pastoralists in the PRSP
		Members of the representatives of the pastoralist community in the parliament discussed the role of parliamentarians in shaping the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) for pastoralists in Ethiopia and empowering them to take part in the PRSP process.
		Empowering pastoralists to participate meaningfully in the country’s PRSP process, which was said to be an area that has not been given due attention, and making sure that PRSP would cater for the needs of the pastoralist community in Ethiopia, were some of the issues discussed at the seminar.
		As representatives of the pastoralist community in Ethiopia, participants of the seminar have also discussed issues like how pastoralists can influence the PRSP process and what the responsibilities of pastoralist parliamentarians would be.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2002/03/29-03-02/Parliamentarians.htm (235 words)

	Complexity of Australian Cultural Identity in Judith Wright's Poetry -- Essay at LiteratureClassics.com
		In two of her poems: ‘For a Pastoral Family’, and ‘Two Dreamtimes’ she speaks on the Pastoralists (who were of greater importance in her early life) and examines the effect of Pastoralism on Aboriginal people.
		The Pastoralist dream of Judith Wright is shattered by these corporations and is tarnished by the less than innocent past of the farmers and early settlers.
		The morals of not necessarily the Pastoralists, but Australians at large are questioned: perhaps we aren’t as innocent as we like to think we are.’ They lived out their lives as they saw fit, creating a life for themselves away from the Motherland.
	www.literatureclassics.com /essays/807 (1793 words)

	Lingering Drought Resulted in Recent Conflict among the Pastoralist Communities in Afar, Somali, Says Abdulmejid Hussien
		The recent conflict between pastoralist communities in Somali and Afar regions that resulted in fuel shortage panic in the metropolis is a usual incident whenever there is a long lasting drought in the area said Abdulmejid Hussien, Central Committee Member of the Somali People Democratic Party (SPDP).
		Abdulmejid believes that the recent regional meeting held in Dire Dawa where issues of settling pastoralists living in different parts of the country, mainly in Borena, Somali, Afar, Benishangul and Omo regions, were discussed would eventually bring about a lasting solution to the conflict.
		Recent reports say that two drivers were shot dead in the crossfire between the Afar and Issa communities that resulted in a week of panic in Addis as fuel truck drivers refused to cross beyond Awash without a security patrol, which lasted a couple of days.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2002/05/03-05-02/Lingering.htm (689 words)

	UNICEF - Press centre - Despite Rains, 40,000 Children Still Face Death
		A pastoralist without a herd is like a farmer without seeds - no longer a pastoralist, just a human being struggling to find food, clean water, shelter and a way to earn money to keep his children alive.”
		The vast majority of the affected is the 16 million nomadic pastoralists who straddle the borderlands between Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia.
		Two examples are mobile therapeutic feeding centres for young children and the funding and training of teachers who can travel with families as they move throughout the region searching for water and food for their herd.
	www.unicef.org /media/media_33608.html (632 words)

	Horn of Africa Drought: Pastoralist communities are hardest hit
		"Vulnerability is highest among the pastoralist communities, whose livestock losses are mounting in the drought affected areas of Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia and Djibuti," says Dan Maxwell, Deputy Regional Director for CARE in East and Central Africa.
		In addition to the growing crisis in pastoralist areas, there are lowlands and midland cropping areas still recovering from earlier droughts that also face a dire situation and need support.
		The lack of food and water is weakening people's immune system and therefore contributing to the rise in localized measles and meningitis outbreaks.
	www.somalilandnet.com /news/wnews/headline/13371555.shtml (793 words)

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