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Topic: Patagium

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	Patagium
		The patagium is a furred membrane of skin, stretching from the fore leg to the hind leg.
		Underneath the skin of the patagium lay long thin muscle groups that control some of its movement, and along the edge lies a group of intertwined muscle that serves to hold the skin flaps in various degrees of tautness as required during its glide.
		The patagium attaches to the fore leg via the styliform cartilage (see image at right), a rod-like appendage that allows the patagium to be extended further than would be the case without such a feature, thereby increasing the area of the leading edge, and the total area of the airfoil.
	www.flyingsquirrels.com /Anatomy/patagium.html (205 words)

	Wing Anatomy
		The patagium stretches between the fingers, connects the fore and rear limbs, and even extends between the legs (incorporating the tail) of the bat.
		The bones of the arm and the four fingers primarily support and manipulate the patagium.
		The hindlimbs are attached at the hip of the bat at a 90 degree rotation, pointing the legs sideways and the knees backward.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/EEB/EML/background/wing_anatomy.htm (405 words)

	patagium - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		It is an extension of the skin of the abdomen that runs to the tip of each digit, uniting the forelimb with the body.
		patagium [pəˈtājēəm] a membrane or fold of skin between the forelimbs and hind limbs on each side of a gliding mammal ===== OK, so flying squirrels don't really fly.
		patagium - definition of patagium by the Free Online Dictionary...
	encarta.msn.com /patagium.html (172 words)

	Spongaster tetras tetras Ehrenberg
		A completely enveloping patagium usually makes the central spheres difficult to see, and, at best, 5 concentric rings can be recognized; the "arms" appear merely as dark patches.
		Patagium is, for the most part, a dense irregular spongy meshwork with small subcircular pores, but around the "arms" bars become thicker and 3-bladed.
		Patagium may be depressed slightly around the central structure, but at its periphery its thickness is ~0.25 the length of the sides of the square (Nigrini, 1967).
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/tnotes/tn27/11_s9.html (341 words)

	Draco Cyanopterus
		The ventral surface of the patagium and tail is yellow in females, salmon in males, in both sexes either immaculate or with a few minute, widely scattered fl spots.
		The same color that occurs on the ventral patagium may also be present as a wash down the middle of the chest and abdomen.
		In males, the dorsal patagial pattern is composed of large pale cream spots within a thin, dark brown to fl reticulum over the proximal one—third of the patagium, but distally there are 4—6 large patches of naked skin (without scales) that are vivid chartreuse in coloration; the green patches appear ultramarine blue in preserved specimens.
	www.intenseherp.com /information/dracocyanopterus.php (1048 words)

	Rainforest Canopy—Animal Locomotion
		The patagium consists of a loose flap of skin that is opened when the animal extends its limbs and sometimes its tail.
		Instead of having one large patagium supported by its ribs, the flying gecko has small skin flaps along its limbs, torso, tail, and head.
		Even stranger than the gliding lizards is the Malayan flying frog which glides using the membranes between the toes of its limbs, and small membranes located at the heel, the base of the leg, and the forearm.
	rainforests.mongabay.com /0408.htm (1369 words)

	EDGE :: Top 100 EDGE Species
		This species' most distinctive feature is its large gliding membrane or patagium, which stretches from the animal’s neck to the tips of the fingers, toes and tail.
		Their most distinctive feature is the large gliding membrane or patagium, which stretches from the animal’s neck to the tips of the fingers, toes and tail.
		With the wide patagium and non-opposable thumbs, colugos are rather slow, clumsy climbers, ascending tree trunks in a series of slow lurches with head up and limbs spread to grasp the tree.
	www.edgeofexistence.org /species/species_info.asp?id=71 (1028 words)

	Patagium help – Wiki at Help.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is an extension of the skin of the abdomen that runs to the tip of each digit, uniting the forelimb with the body.
		The patagium of a bat has four distinctions:
		Propatagium: the patagium present from the neck to the first digit.
	www.help.com /wiki/Patagium (231 words)

	Techniques for Feral Pigeon Trapping, Tagging and Nest Monitoring (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Climbing on structures and technical climbing were the most efficient methods to get to pigeons and their nests, and we describe the methods used.
		Tags were attached by pushing the pin through the patagium of the pigeon's wing from the lower side.
		We located the pin about half way between the anterior patagium edge and the wing bones, slightly distal to the humerus-radius joint.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/NABB/v017n02/p0053-p0059.html (3285 words)

	AN EVALUATION OF PATAGIAL MARKERS FOR CATHARTID VULTURES
		By continuing the dorsal patch over the leading edge of the patagium with a narrow strip and joining this to the ventral patch, both upper and lower patches of the tag are locked into position (Fig.
		SUMMARY Cattle ear-tags applied to the patagium of vultures serve as effective permanent markers and as safe anchors for colored vinyl streamers.
		Anderson (1963) secured markers on the wings of several species of shorebirds by piercing the patagium with a nickel- chrome pin and found the plastic tabs attached to the pin visible and no observable handicap to the birds.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/JFO/v051n04/p0309-p0314.html (3799 words)

	Morphology of the Chiroptera
		Unlike birds and pterosaurs, in which the wing is supported by the bones of the arm and one finger, a bat's wing membrane, or patagium, is supported by the arm and by four highly elongated fingers (hence the name Chiroptera, or "hand-wing," for the bats).
		The patagium extends all the way around to the bat's hind legs and tail, where it forms a flap called the uropatagium, supported by specialized foot bones called calcars.
		Not only does the uropatagium help the bat fly and maneuver, it is often used to sweep prey, such as insects on the wing, into the bat's mouth while the bat is in flight.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /mammal/eutheria/chiromm.html (459 words)

	Gliding: A common adaptation among mammals
		Patagium - the membrane of skin stretching from forelimb to hindlimb (also to head and tail in some species) - the points of attachment vary by species (wrist to ankle; elbow to knee)
		One way to increase lift is to increase the surface area of the patagium; long fingers and extensions of cartilage from the forelimb are ways of increasing surface area (SA)
		They have the most complete patagium of any gliding mammal - it extends from the neck to the digits of the forelimbs, along the sides of the body and hind limbs, and encloses the tail
	www.life.umd.edu /classroom/bsci338m/Lectures/gliding99.html (539 words)

	Amphirhopalum ypsilon Haeckel
		In some specimens a patagium is present around the central structure and arms, sometimes with 4 or 5 chambered rows, concave inwards; sometimes simply a spongy mass.
		It seems probable that a complete patagium (i.e., on a fully developed specimen) might surround the whole basic shell structure, but in all specimens examined the patagium had developed only between the 2 main arms and around the central structure.
		Specimens from the upper parts of the cores examined [late Quaternary] average four or five proximal chambers on the forked arm before it bifurcates.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/tnotes/tn27/11_a_b2.html (402 words)

	Georgia Wildlife Web Site; mammals: Glaucomys volans (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This fold of skin, called a "patagium," serves as the gliding membrane when the limbs are fully extended.
		By movements of the patagium and tail, it can control the direction of its flight and can make turns of 90 to 180 degrees.
		The Southern Flying Squirrel is very social, and it is not uncommon to find as many as 6 - 7 individuals using the same nest cavity in the winter.
	museum.nhm.uga.edu /gawildlife/mammals/rodentia/sciuridae/gvolans.html (599 words)

	Radiolaria.org
		In specimens without a patagium the arms have a definite margin; in those with a patagium margin of arms indefinite, appears to merge with the spongy patagium; in several specimens arms observed only as triangular dark areas.
		Specimens lacking the patagium correspond to the genus Rhopalodictyum Ehrenberg.
		The majority of specimens of this species from the Gulf have a patagium; therefore, this species was placed in the genus Dictyocoryne Ehrenberg.
	www.radiolaria.org /species.htm?division=68&sp_id=115 (451 words)

	Sugar Glider (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The top of the patagium is blue-grey, the underside is generally white interspersed with dark hairs, and the edge is a bright white.
		The patagium is perhaps the most striking feature of the sugar glider.
		It is a thin layer of furred skin that stretches from the wrist to the ankle of the hind limb on either side of the body.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/ClassMammalia/Mammals/OrderDiprotodontia/SugarGlider/SugarGlider.htm (1058 words)

	Lizards of Southeast Asia : Blanford's Gliding Lizard - Draco blanfordii
		They are able to glide because on each side of the body there is a wide flap of skin (the patagium) supported by movable elongated ribs.
		Males are identified by olive-grey mottling on the back and patagium, and females by transverse banding.
		The gular flag of the male is long and light grey, and under the lappets (at the side of the head) is a red and fl patch.
	www.ecologyasia.com /verts/lizards/blanfords_gliding_lizard.htm (190 words)

	Avian Molting and Aging Chart
		A conspicuous feature of the extended wing is the patagium, the fold of skin which extends from the upper arm along the entire lower arm to the wrist.
		The patagium is essential because it presents a flattened plane to the airstream, and also increases the surface area of lift in the wing.
		There is also a smaller fold of skin extending from the upper arm to the trunk, called the humeral patagium.
	faculty.juniata.edu /yohn/birdlab.htm (2703 words)

	Bat
		The membrane extends from the toes to the body side and from there to the base of the hindlimbs.
		The entire wing of a bat is called "patagium".
		The patagium is full of fine blood vessels, muscle fibres and nerves.
	www.wordlookup.net /ba/bat.html (1047 words)

	Lizards of Southeast Asia : Sulawesi Lined Gliding Lizard - Draco spilonotus
		A male displays to a nearby female, with the patagium and gular flag fully extended.
		Numerous males were observed displaying to females, with their gular flags and patagiums fully extended.
		The patagium of the male is yellow in colour, with a network of brown lines radiating from the anterior.
	www.ecologyasia.com /verts/lizards/sulawesi_lined_gliding_lizard.htm (261 words)

	Sugar Glider Resource Center
		Both species have a patagium (the membrane which they use to glide).
		But it is more likely that an animal caught in the wild in the eastern or southern US (especially minus the glider's distinctive markings) is a Southern Flying Squirrel.
		Both sugar gliders and southern flying squirrels have a patagium or gliding membrane.
	www.sugargliders.org /gliderinfo/questions/flyingsquirrelpage.htm (330 words)

	Species: Glaucomys volans, Common Name: Southern Flying Squirrel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Habitat: The Southern Flying Squirrel inhabits mature hardwood forests of oak, maple, beech, and hickory trees in Eastern North America from Canada to Mexico.
		The patagium is analogous to the flight of a parachute, since they actually glide through the air.
		The patagium, which is mainly used for gliding, can also serve as a blanket for her hairless young.
	richland.uwc.edu /Depts/Biology/accounts/SFlyingSquirrel.htm (2766 words)

	Amazon.com: patagium (Site not responding. Last check: )
		an anterior extremity (with a patagium) of 'a tetrapod to function...
		All use a patagium, a extension of skin connecting...
		Presence of the patagium, a flap of skin used...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=patagium&tag=lexico&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (1134 words)

	Arkansas Flying Mammals (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Admission to the Chiroptera, which means "with wings on their hands," depends upon a broad skin fold that extends from elongated fingers to body and legs.
		The patagium extends to the fingers, hind feet, and tail, although the tail is sometimes excluded.
		The thumb of a bat is like a claw; it is used to help the bat move across rough surfaces of cave walls or tree bark.
	www.scsc.k12.ar.us /KelleyJ (658 words)

	Desert Diary, 6 Oct 2005: Patagium (Site not responding. Last check: )
		And that, of course, is apt, because the major part of the wing is made up of the hand with its greatly elongated fingers.
		How about patagium, which has come to mean a membrane or fold of skin.
		Bats have a chiropatagium covering the hand, a propatagium in front of the angle of the elbow, a plagiopatagium connecting hand with body and leg, and a uropatagium connecting legs and tail.
	museum.utep.edu /archive/culture/DDpatagium.htm (271 words)

	A Flying Dragon Roaming the Air In Dinosaur Times - Another lizard with ribbed patagium - Softpedia
		The fossil was discovered by Xing Xu at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, China and his team in northeastern China's Liaoning Province, a site that has delivered a trove of feathered dinosaurs and early bird remains during the last years.
		The fossil's membrane is in a half-open position, due to the folding of the wing after the lizard's death.
		The lizard’s patagium shares some similarities with the wings of modern birds, indicating it was somehow more agile in the air than modern flying dragons are (but still, not as agile as a bird).
	news.softpedia.com /news/A-Flying-Dragon-Roaming-the-Air-during-the-Dinosaur-Times-49816.shtml (503 words)

	Fourth Crossing Wildlife - Tangled (Site not responding. Last check: )
		They are great photos and you can see from one photo how much her patagium had to be cut.
		One possum lady Sonya Stanvic suggested the patagium would knit back to her body as she has had gliders in care with similar injuries to mine.
		Melissa phoned to tell me the vet at the zoo had said it may not mend but that they would be willing to take her into their breeding program.
	www.fourthcrossingwildlife.com /Tangled.htm (1047 words)

	Tag and marking information
		Birds' "hands" are connected to their shoulders by a flap of skin (called a propatagium or simply patagium) that makes up the front edge of the wing.
		The ends of the nylon pin are melted to hold the tag on (with washers in place to decrease abrasion on both sides of the wing), and the tag sits on top of the wing.
		When I pierce the patagium to attach a tag the crow usually does not even flinch.
	www.birds.cornell.edu /crows/taginfo.htm (2224 words)

	News & Views - Intact Pterosaur Fossil with Long 'Feather' Discovered in China (1/30/2002) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		World most intact pterosaur skeleton Unearthed in the Ningcheng County, the fossil turned out to be the most complete pterosaur skeleton with "feather" and patagium found in the world by now, and is named "Ningcheng Rehe Pterosaur".
		For a long time there have been disputes on how the patagium is attached with the body, The Rehe Pterosaur shows that its patagium and plaura are connected with its anklebone.
		There are also disputes on whether pterosaur has tail patagium, while the Rehe Pterosaur is the second of its kind that has tail patagium.
	www.chinahouston.org /news/2002130094218.html (430 words)

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