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Topic: Patagonian Ice Sheet

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Last Glacial Maximum

Wisconsin glaciation

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	Ice sheet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An Ice sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km² (19,305 mile²).
		The only current ice sheets are Antarctic and Greenland; during the last ice age at Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) the Laurentide ice sheet covered much of Canada and North America, the Weichselian ice sheet covered northern Europe and the Patagonian Ice Sheet covered southern South America.
		The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ice_sheet (471 words)

	Pleistocene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The mean annual temperature at the edge of the ice was −6°C; at the edge of the permafrost, 0°C. Each glacial advance tied up huge volumes of water in continental ice sheets 1500-3000 m thick, resulting in temporary sea level drops of 100 m or more over the entire surface of the Earth.
		The Cordilleran ice sheet covered the North American northwest; the east was covered by the Laurentide.
		South of the ice sheets large lakes accumulated due to blockage of outlets and decreased evaporation in the cooler air.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleistocene (1753 words)

	Last Glacial Maximum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ice sheets covered the whole of Iceland and all but the southern extremity of the British Isles, whilst the Patagonian Ice Sheet covered southern Chile down to about 41 degrees south.
		Ice sheets also covered Tibet (scientists worldwide continue to debate the extent to which the Tibetan Plateau was covered with ice), Baltistan, Ladakh and the Andean altiplano.
		The formation of an ice sheet or ice cap requires both prolonged cold and precipitation (snow).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum (711 words)

	NATEXAMINER: Global Warming - Glacier Retreat
		The Southern Patagonia Ice Sheet has exhibited a general trend of retreat on 42 glaciers, while 4 glaciers were in equilibrium and 2 advanced during the period 1944-1986 (Pío XI and Moreno).
		In Greenland glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source.
		Ice shelves are not stable when surface melting occurs, and the collapse of Larsen Ice Shelf has been caused by warmer melt season temperatures that have led to surface melting and the formation of shallow ponds of water on the ice shelf.
	www.natexaminer.com /warming/glacier.html (7208 words)

	Glacial Geology
		Ice ages are punctuated by brief interglacial periods, such as the one we are in now, that last on the order of tens of thousands of years.
		The granular ice compacts further as it is buried deeper by the accumulation of new snow to form firn.
		Once the ice rose off of the bottom, circulation between the two sides was reestablished causing a distinctive type of jokulhlaup as an enormous volume of water to gush under the ice into the north arm.
	www2.brevard.edu /reynoljh/onlinegeology/glacier/glaciers.htm (5465 words)

	5--Ice Sheets and Glaciers
		Estimates of present mass balance are poorly constrained: the Greenland ice sheet appears relatively stable, the Antarctic ice sheet seems to be growing slowly and the remaining small glaciers and ice caps are wasting away rapidly (Meier, 1993).
		The subject of ice dynamics ranges from deformation and recrystalization of individual crystals, to surge-type glaciers, to the flow of the Antarctic ice sheet.
		Ice velocity is one of the most fundamental parameters in the study of ice dynamics.
	southport.jpl.nasa.gov /nrc/chapter5.html (5805 words)

	GEO_PLATE_G-4.HTML (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The distinction between an ice cap (Plate G-5) and an ice field (Plate G-4) is the degree of burial of the landscape.
		Ice fields, for example, are common in the coastal mountain ranges of Alaska, where extensive masses of glacier ice partially cover the rugged mountain landscape and numerous outlet glaciers extend down-valley to the interior or coastal lowlands (Plate G-7).
		Ice fields tend to have long axes that extend along the crestal areas of mountain ranges; ice caps tend to be more circular or slightly elliptical.
	daac.gsfc.nasa.gov /geomorphology/GEO_9/GEO_PLATE_G-4.HTML (930 words)

	ScienceDaily: Patagonian Ice Dam Studied From Space Cracks Open
		Ice sheet -- An ice sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 kmÂ² (19,305 mileÂ²).
		Ice shelf -- An ice shelf is a thick, floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface, typically in Antarctica or Greenland.
		Ice age -- An ice age is a period of long-term downturn in the temperature of Earth's climate, resulting in an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers ("glaciation").
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/03/040322080132.htm (1918 words)

	Greenland Ice Loss Doubles in Ten Years, Speeding Sea Level Rise
		The amount of ice that Greenland's glaciers dump into the Atlantic Ocean has almost doubled in the last five years because glaciers are moving faster as global temperatures warm, finds new research published today in the journal "Science," a publication of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
		He is a principal investigator on several NASA-funded projects to study the mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, the interactions of ice shelves with the ocean; and the retreat of Patagonian glaciers.
		The Greenland Ice Sheet gains mass through snowfall and loses mass when ice melts, erodes or vaporizes off the surface, when ice breaks off and forms icebergs due to glacier flow, and when ice melts from the base of floating ice connected to glaciers.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/feb2006/2006-02-17-01.asp (1012 words)

	Santa Cruz
		Numerous valley glaciers descend from the Patagonian ice sheet situated at higher elevations in the mountains.
		The end result is that most of the Patagonian pampa is a series of stepped marine terraces that gradually climb to the Andes on the western side of the continent.
		The ice descends the steep slope from the Patagonian Ice Sheet to the narrow channel that separates the southern arm of Lago Argentino from the main body of water to the north.
	www2.brevard.edu /reynoljh/patagonia/santacruz.htm (1565 words)

	Ice sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		An ice sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000
		ice cap (maybe several) in the early Oligocene, but retreating and advancing many times until the Pliocene, when it came to occupy almost all of Antarctica.
		The Greenland ice sheet did not develop at all until the late Pliocene, but apparently developed very rapidly with the first continental
	www.vetty.com /wpcd/wp/i/Ice_sheet.htm (471 words)

	Global Sea Level Rise Forecast to Flood Low-Lying Coastlines
		Rignot is a principal investigator on NASA funded projects to study the mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets using radar interferometry combined with other methods; the interactions of ice shelves with the ocean; and the retreat of Patagonian glaciers.
		But some scientists have suggested that overall annual snowfalls on the Antarctic ice sheet appear roughly to be balanced by the loss of ice due to melting or the breakup into icebergs.
		Rignot presented data that shows ice shelves and glaciers in East Antarctica are thinning and losing mass, even though ice in that area is thought to be thickening overall due to increased amounts of snow and rainfall.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/oct2005/2005-10-18-02.asp (1076 words)

	Wheaton College (Wheaton, IL) - Physics
		The effect of the Patagonian ice sheet on relative sea levels along the Atlantic coast of South America: a numerical calculation.
		A numerical model of interactions between a marine ice sheet and the solid earth: Application to a West Antarctic ice stream.
		Reconstruction of the Laurentide ice sheet from tilted glacial lake shorelines and sea-level data: an inverse calculation.
	www.wheaton.edu /geology/clark_pub.html (1236 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Team aims to crack Antarctic ice secrets
		Their aim has been to create the most detailed maps ever made of the ice surface and the underlying geology, so scientists can accurately measure the impact of climate change.
		Pine Island is a massive block of ice in the remote and relatively unexplored western corner of Antarctica.
		A ice-penetrating radar to probe the underlying rock-surface, revealing just how deep the ice sheets really are, and what's likely to happen to glaciers should the Earth's temperature rise.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/2630897.stm (848 words)

	Ice Sheets in the News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		An ice sheet is a dome-shaped mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and more than 50,000 square kilometers (12 million acres), for example, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.
		That is, how much ice the sheet accumulates from snowfall over the course of a year minus how much it loses due to melt as well as the periodic calving off of large ice chunks." (NASA Earth Observatory)
		CryoSat will measure changes in the elevation of ice sheets and sea ice with unprecedented accuracy in order to determine whether or not our planet?s ice masses are thinning due to global warming.
	nsidc.org /news/icesheets (2391 words)

	Research Page
		Significant growth and decay of the earth's continental ice sheets have been signature characteristics of changing climatic regimes, with the precise cause/effect relationship between ice sheet morphology and climate change remaining largely undetermined.
		Laurentide, Fennoscandian, and Antarctic ice sheet elevations are the glaciological model output from Jim Fastook at the University of Maine.
		The Patagonian Ice Sheet elevations are from model output by Hulton et al.
	polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu /toracint/HTML/pmgresearch.html (2431 words)

	Session 2 - Bidean Nam Bian
		Our understanding of the way glaciers and ice sheets interact with their environment is at best sketchy.
		Variability and inconsistencies in behaviours of ice sheets over different spatial and temporal scales when compared to global climate has given rise to the idea that internal feedback mechanisms operate alongside climate to alter the behaviour of ice-sheets.
		A numerical modelling approach will be used to test the hypothesis that patterns of ice sheet evolution can be explained by the modification of the landscape, and thus basal boundary conditions due to subglacial erosion.
	www.geos.ed.ac.uk /postgraduate/GradSchool/xesgs/conf/2005/ABSTRACTS/session2.html (1046 words)

	Cruising In The Wake Of Magellan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The San Rafael glacier is a part of the campo de Hielo Norte, the massive Patagonian ice sheet, the closest body of ice of its kind to the equator.
		Care is taken to maintain a safe distance from the great chunks of ice that thunder down every few minutes off the face of San Rafael but close enough so that the resulting wake rocks the small boats.
		Finally, bottles and glasses are brought out, crews on all lifeboats chip ice from surrounding ice floes to fill the glasses, and everyone is served 30-year-old whiskey over 30,000-year-old On a Skorpios cruise, the show begins when the lifeboats are lowered ice.
	www.romartraveler.com /RomarPages/Chile.html (1248 words)

	INSTAAR Science Spotlights 2004
		The isotopes in the NGRIP ice and four Greenland ice cores drilled in recent years also indicated that while the northern part of the Greenland ice sheet was fairly stable during the Eemian, the ice sheet in southern Greenland may have been dramatically thinner or even nonexistent.
		Proxy data for ice sheet changes showed a similar pattern as oceanographic variations offshore, but revealed a variable glacier-response time of up to 1000 years, which may explain some of the current discrepancies among terrestrial records in southern South America.
		The ice cores in which the reddish material was found also contain a high content of trapped gas, which is expected to help researchers determine what the area's climate history was like on an annual basis during the past 123,000 years.
	instaar.colorado.edu /research/science_spotlights_2004.html (4309 words)

	Patagonian Charters, Tierra Del Fuego sailing adventures, Cape Horn, Antarctic Expeditions
		To the east of the Andes, the Patagonian pampa is an immense desert, by some accounts among the five largest deserts in the world.
		The guanaco was the main source of food for the native population that once inhabited the Patagonian interior.
		A drumlin field is wedged between the Patagonian plateau and the Straits of Magellan, situated about 10 miles to the Southwest.
	www.victory-cruises.com /patagonia2.html (2871 words)

	Fantástico Sur - Birding & Nature - Patagonia, Chile. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		We will find the facility to appreciate the size of the Southern Patagonian ice sheet that dominates much of the southern Andes in both Chile and Argentina.
		Spectacular and diverse landscapes including towering mountain peaks, glaciers of the Southern Patagonian ice sheet, windswept steppes and the pristine temperate Nothofagus forests of Southern Chile.
		While visiting the glaciers and valleys we will be given a geological interpretation of the origins of the dramatic backdrop of Torres del Paine, one of the finest natural spectacles in Patagonia.
	www.fantasticosur.com /2005/nh_paineexplorer.html (672 words)

	Christopher Fogwill
		However initial cosmogenic 10Be results from a moraine in Torres del Paine indicate that a short-lived re-advance of the Patagonian Ice Cap culminated between 12.4-14.8 Ka BP, with a mean age of 13.2 ± 0.8 Ka BP.
		This advance extended some 40 km from the modern ice margin and was within 15 km of the LGM limits.
		The resultant pattern was found to be very complex with different elements of the ice sheet seemingly reacting to different controls.
	www.geos.ed.ac.uk /homes/cfogwill (1053 words)

	Climate Change -- Breaking the Ice: Science Online Special Collection
		Recent research papers in Science and elsewhere are pointing to a major acceleration in the loss of mass from the world's great ice sheets.
		Simulations of ice dynamics and climate 130,000 years ago indicate that melting of ice sheets in Greenland and the Canadian Arctic raised sea level by 2.2 to 3.4 meters.
		Satellite measurements of Earth's gravity reveal that the mass of ice in Antarctica decreased from 2002 to 2005, mainly from losses in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
	www.sciencemag.org /sciext/ice (643 words)

	November-December GSA BULLETIN media highlights
		The large lakes were common during the full extent of past ice ages, while salt lakes and wetlands existed during the waxing or waning phases of ice ages.
		The past extent of the ice sheet can be determined from the presence of glacial till-accumulations of silt and rock deposited by glaciers-in sediment samples and by seismic data from the sea floor.
		These new data indicate that the North American ice sheets were not the only big players in determining global sea level during the last Ice Age.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-10/gsoa-ngb102705.php (2436 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Northern Patagonian Ice Field, Chile
		The Northern Patagonian Ice Field (NPIF), centered near 47°S, 73.5°W, is the smaller of two remnant ice masses crowning the Andes Mountains of lower South America.
		The NPIF is a vestige of an extensive ice sheet that covered much of Patagonia just over a million years ago.
		The ice field has 28 exit glaciers, the largest two—San Quintin and San Rafael—nearly reach sea level to the west at the Pacific Ocean.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=7277 (263 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Although cosmogenic nuclides have be used to measure exposure ages of millions of years in Antarctica, in more temperate regions, erosion and exhumation become increasingly likely and exposure ages more difficult to interpret.
		East of Lago Buenos Aries, Argentina, glacial moraines and outwash marking advances of the Patagonian ice cap are interbedded with lava flows.
		Ar dating of the flows indicates that six moraines were deposited between 760,000 and 1 million years ago.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~mukhop/Patagonia.html (228 words)

	Melting of the Patagonian Ice Sheet and deglacial perturbations of the nitrogen cycle in the eastern South Pacific
		We found that the magnitude and timing of the deglacial denitrification changes are in close agreement with the fresh-water pulses that resulted from the melting of the Patagonian Ice Sheet.
		We consequently attribute the deglacial onset of marine denitrification in the area to a collapse of the thermocline ventilation occurred at the mid-latitude subduction region of the eastern South Pacific.
		Citation: De Pol-Holz, R. Ulloa, L. Dezileau, J. Kaiser, F. Lamy, and D. Hebbeln (2006), Melting of the Patagonian Ice Sheet and deglacial perturbations of the nitrogen cycle in the eastern South Pacific, Geophys.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2006/2005GL024477.shtml (337 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		At this time, the South Patagonian ice field was within its present limits.
		One of the primary challenges of the research has been to demonstrate that the results would be sufficiently robust for other researchers in archaeology, plant paleoecology, glacial geology and paleoclimatology to use with confidence in their studies.
		The permanent snow line is lower and outlet glaciers of the North and South Patagonian ice fields calve ice bergs into the fjords (Fig.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/ashworth/publications/EQS_final/eqs_safossilbeetles_aca.doc (2578 words)

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