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Topic: Patella

	PATELLA (CHONDROMALACIA)
		As the knee moves, the patella glides across the front of the knee joint in a shallow groove on the front of the femur which is known as the trochlear groove of the femur.
		Each patella is tilted abnormally away from the medial side of the knee and towards the lateral side of the joint.
		(152 KB avi file depicting surgical release of the lateral muscles from the patella.) This procedure is aimed at releasing the tight lateral restraints, thereby decreasing the abnormal pressure on the underside of the patella.
	www.arthroscopy.com /sp05032.htm (1099 words)

	Luxating Patella: A Knee Problem in Dogs
		Dogs who have a luxating patella on both hind legs may change their entire posture, by dropping their hindquarters and holding the rear legs farther out from the body as they walk.
		When the patella luxates from the groove of the femur, it usually cannot return to its normal position until the quadriceps muscle relaxes and increases in length.
		While the muscles are contracted and the patella is luxated from its correct position, the joint is held in the flexed or bent position.
	www.peteducation.com /article.cfm?cls=2&cat=1569&articleid=457 (920 words)

	PATELLA LUXATION
		The patella, or kneecap is a small bone that protects the front of the stifle joint.
		Patella luxation is a relatively common condition in the Yorkie and often results in the intermittent lifting of one or both hind legs when walking or running.
		The patella is anchored in place by ligaments and slides in a groove in the femur called the trochlea.
	yorkieviews.com /patella.htm (467 words)

	Patella Dislocations
		The patello-femoral joint is formed by the patella and trochlear groove of the femur.
		Patella alta (the patella rides too high in the trochlear groove) is also another predicting factor for patellar dislocations.
		The swelling is due to tearing of the ligaments on the medial side of the patella.
	www.athleticadvisor.com /Injuries/LE/Knee/Patella/patella_dislocations.htm (927 words)

	IASM \| Institute For Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine - Patella (Knee Cap)
		The patella is a relatively small bone in the front of the knee that is embedded in the quadriceps (thigh muscle) tendon and acts to increase the biomechanical leverage of the quadriceps.
		The patella slides in a groove on the femur as the knee flexes and extends.
		Because the patella 'floats' within the substance of the quadriceps, proper tracking of this bone in the femoral groove is dependent on proper muscle balance to maintain a central position.
	www.iasm.com /kneepat.html (1191 words)

	II. Osteology. 6c. 4. The Patella. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		—The patella consists of a nearly uniform dense cancellous tissue, covered by a thin compact lamina.
		The cancelli immediately beneath the anterior surface are arranged parallel with it.
		—The patella is ossified from a single center, which usually makes its appearance in the second or third year, but may be delayed until the sixth year.
	www.bartleby.com /107/60.html (478 words)

	Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
		The injury is often referred to as chondramalacia patellae, patella pain syndrome or runner's knee.
		Pain results from the abnormal movement of the patella on the femur (thigh bone) during bending of the knee joint.
		When the knee is bent from being outstretched, a number of muscles and ligaments that are attached to the patella function to move it medially (towards the inside surface of the knee) to sit in the intercondylar notch of the femur (bit in the middle where the patella sits).
	www.sportsinjuryclinic.net /cybertherapist/front/knee/indexcmp.html (730 words)

	Patellar Luxation in Small Breed Dogs - Internet Library - dogsites.com.au
		The function of the patella is to protect the large tendon of the quadriceps (thigh) muscle as it rides over the front of the femur while the quadriceps is used to extend (straighten) the stifle joint.
		While the patella is luxated, the quadriceps is unable to properly extend the stifle, resulting in an abnormal gait or lameness.
		This is due to the patella luxating while the dog is moving and by giving an extra hop or skip the dog extends its stifle and is often able to replace the patella until the next luxation, when the cycle repeats.
	www.dogsites.com.au /internet_library/patellar_luxation.html (1048 words)

	SiriusDog.com - PATELLA LUXATIONS
		The patella, or “knee cap” is a small bone (the body’s largest sesamoid bone) that seems to “float” outside of a joint.
		The quadriceps muscle group acts to extend (straighten) the limb; because the patella is enclosed in the lower tendon of that muscle group, the knee cap is more in front of the joint when the muscle is relaxed, and slides upward in front of the lower femur when contracted.
		Thus the patella does not have a nice, deep, secure groove to ride in, and it is easy to pull it out of normal direction, especially since the force to one side is so persistent (every time the dog flexes or extends the knee).
	siriusdog.com /articles/patella-luxations-knee-dog.htm (2911 words)

	Medial Patella Luxation
		When the patella is in its normal position, its cartilage surface glides smoothly and painlessly along the cartilage surface of the trochlear groove with little or not discomfort.
		The patella luxates upon flexion of the joint and remains luxated until returned by manual pressure.
		The procedures for repair of medial patella luxation deal with repositioning and stabilizing the kneecap in the patellar groove of the femur.
	devinefarm.net /rp/patella.htm (609 words)

	Luxating Patella
		Dogs who have a luxating patella on both hind legs may change their entire posture, dropping their hindquarters and holding the rear legs farther out from the body as they walk.
		When the patella luxates from the groove of the femur, it usually cannot return to its normal position until the quadriceps muscle relaxes and increases in length.
		While the muscles are contracted and the patella is luxated from its correct position, the joint is held in the flexed or bent position.
	maltesemagic.homestead.com /L1.html (896 words)

	Flexion
		Resurfacing of the patella has proved to be the most surgeon-dependent aspect of the procedure.
		The patella with extreme alta or baja, where the tibial and femoral components are in good position and well-fixed.
		The efficacy of not resurfacing the patella, however, is generally beyond the ability of the surgeon to evaluate.
	www.aboutjoints.com /physicianinfo/topics/patellaknee/patella.htm (1290 words)

	Clinical issue - anterior
		The patella's influence on the moment arm of the quadriceps varies from flexion to extension.
		In full flexion the contribution of the patella to the quadriceps moment arm is as little as 10% due to it lying in the intercondylar groove.
		Removal of the patella (patellectomy) results in a much reduced lever arm and requires as much as 30% greater force from the quadriceps which may be beyond the capabilites of some patients, especially those suffering from degenerative joint disease or of advanced age.
	www.gla.ac.uk /ibls/fab/tutorial/biomech/akp2.html (637 words)

	ORTHO SuperSite - Surgical Treatment Options for Patella Tendon Rupture, Part I: Acute
		The patella tendon is an integral part of the extensor mechanism of the knee, and its rupture is a disabling injury.
		Patella tendon rupture in 10 athletes was shown in all cases to be the end-stage of jumper’s knee resulting from repetitive microtrauma.
		In children, however, patella tendon rupture usually occurs at the distal end by an avulsion fracture of the tibial tuberosity apophysis (Figure 1), or at the proximal end by a patella sleeve fracture of the inferior patella pole.
	www.orthosupersite.com /view.asp?rID=3585 (4668 words)

	Patella Luxation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In patella luxation the groove is often shallow.
		In patellar luxation, the extensor muscles are often maligned to the inside or outside of the leg, The degree of patella luxation is graded from I to IV depending on the relative ease with which the patella luxates.
		When the patella is returned to its normal position, the soft tissues around it will be loose on one side and tight on the other.
	www.ovrs.com /patella.htm (1232 words)

	Chondromalacia Patella (Patellofemoral Syndrome) Causes, Diagnosis, Symptoms, and Treatment on MedicineNet.com
		The primary goal for treatment and rehabilitation of chondromalacia patella is to create a straighter pathway for the patella to follow during quadriceps contraction.
		The chondromalacia patella (chondromalacia patella) is the most common cause of chronic knee pain.
		The pain of chondromalacia patella is aggravated by activity or prolonged sitting with bent knees.
	www.medicinenet.com /patellofemoral_syndrome/page2.htm (538 words)

	Patellar Malalignment -- Part II
		Patella alta means that the patella is not protected by the higher lateral femoral sulcus and may be more prone to lateral subluxation.
		Patella baja ad alta does not allow normal patella contact and is subject to poor stability and function.
		Patella tracking should be observed as the patient flexes and extends the knee.
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/print_friendly.php?volume=09&issue=07&issue_date=March%2029%2C%201991&pr_file_name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiroweb.com%2Farchives%2F09%2F07%2F34.html (1403 words)

	What is the Patella?
		The bottom of the patella is connected to the lower leg by the patellar tendon.
		As the patella is pulled upward by the quadriceps muscle, it in turn pulls against the patellar tendon, moving the lower leg into alignment with the upper leg.
		The patella acts as a lever, extending the length of the knee joint and acting as a solid base for the tendons to attach to.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-the-patella.htm (469 words)

	Patella Problems (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The patella is also commonly known as the kneecap, and problems with the patella are among the most common causes of knee pain.
		A specific condition called LPCS (lateral patella compression syndrome), or ELPS (excessive lateral pressure syndrome) with negative lateral tilt of the patella may be improved with a lateral release and aggressive post-operative rehabilitation.
		Below are four arthroscopic views of the patella from top-down (head to toes view), which show malalignment, and cautery of the margins of the release to reduce post-operative bleeding.
	www.genufix.com /patella_problems1.htm (1332 words)

	patella
		The stifle joint is almost normal and the patella luxates only when the leg is extended and the patella is pushed.
		The patella is dislocated most of the time, but can be put back manually of the leg is extended.
		The patella is dislocated all of the time and cannot be corrected without surgical intervention.
	www.denotany-bullterriers.com /patella.html (643 words)

	Basic information for Patella vulgata (Common limpet) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Patella vulgata is found wherever there is substratum firm enough for its attachment on rocks, stones and in rock pools, from the high shore to the sublittoral fringe.
		It is abundant on all rocky shores of all degrees of wave exposure although the highest densities of Patella vulgata coincide with wave exposed conditions.
		The conical shell of Patella vulgata is up to 6 cm long with radiating ridges and the apex central or slightly anterior.
	www.marlin.ac.uk /species/Patellavulgata.htm (304 words)

	OFA: Patellar Luxation Information
		The patella, or kneecap, is part of the stifle joint (knee).
		The patella is usually reducible, and laxity of the medial collateral ligament may be evident.
		Components of hip dysplasia, such as coxa valga (increased angle of inclination of the femoral neck) and increased anteversion of the femoral neck, are related to lateral patellar luxation.
	www.offa.org /patluxgeninfo.html (710 words)

	Luxating patella
		Patellar luxation is caused by congenital abnormality usually at the level of the hip joint and results in abnormal forces on the kneecap, which cause it to eventually ride outside of the groove.
		The groove becomes very shallow and the attachment of the ligament of the patella may be malpositioned on the tibia bone.
		Below left is a an illustration of a normal limb with normal alignment of the femur bone, tibia bone, quadriceps muscle group (red), patella (brown) and the attachment of the patellar ligament (grey) to the tibia.
	www.vetsurgerycentral.com /patella.htm (2402 words)

	2005 Annual Meeting Information - AAOS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The purpose of this study was to define the clinical and radiographic outcome of an all polyethylene biconvex patella used for revising the patella with significant bone loss.
		The patella alone was revised in 9 cases while all the components were revised in 22 cases.
		The data from this study indicates that the biconvex patella is a satisfactory revision implant that addresses the problems associated with bone loss of the patella and results in a satisfactory clinical outcome.
	www.aaos.org /education/anmeet/anmt2005/poster/P136.asp (335 words)

	Bipartite patella - DynoMed.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The patella is the kneecap, which sits against the front side of the end of the femur, or thighbone. The patella normally slides over the end of the femur when the knee bends, staying in a straight line throughout flexion (bending) and extension (straightening). It is enclosed by tendon, except for the slippery joint surface
		Bipartite patella is congenital (meaning it was there from birth) but no one knows what causes the condition. It is not thought to be hereditary.
		With bipartite patella, a physician should see the two “parts” of the patella and see a sloping line where the two are divided. In a fractured patella, the line is usually straight across and has sharp edges.
	www.dynomed.com /encyclopedia/encyclopedia/knee_and_lower_leg/Bipartite_Patella.html (309 words)

	Medial Patella Luxation in Dogs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Patella fractures are uncommon and would present as an acute traumatic lameness, usually as a result of a direct blow.
		Patella tendon rupture is even less common and results in the patella being displaced above the knee joint, not out to one side or the other.
		Finally, the attachment of the patella itself may deviate to the medial or inner aspect of the tibia, and therefore need to be restored to a straight attachment.
	www.petplace.com /dogs/medial-patella-luxation-in-dogs/page2.aspx (1456 words)

	eMedicine - Nail-Patella Syndrome : Article by Anna Choczaj-Kukula, MD, PhD
		The diagnostic tetrad includes fingernail dysplasia, absent or hypoplastic patellae, the presence of posterior conical iliac horns, and deformation or luxation (ie, hypoplasia) of the radial heads.
		In instances in which the patellae are smaller or luxated, the knees may be unstable.
		Mavrodontidis AN, Zalavras CG, Papadonikolakis A, Soucacos PN: Bilateral absence of the patella in nail-patella syndrome: delayed presentation with anterior knee instability.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/topic813.htm (2255 words)

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