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Topic: Patellar luxation

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	Patella Luxation
		In patellar luxation, the extensor muscles are often maligned to the inside or outside of the leg, The degree of patella luxation is graded from I to IV depending on the relative ease with which the patella luxates.
		The decision to perform surgery on animals with patellar luxations is based on many factors including the degree of lameness, the grade of patellar luxation, the age of the animal, and the presence of concurrent problems with the knee.
		Patellar luxation may also be found in conjunction with other injuries to the knee which require surgery, most commonly, rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament.
	www.ovrs.com /patella.htm (1232 words)

	Patellar Luxation
		Patellar luxation is the dislocation (slipping) of the patella (kneecap).
		Indications of patellar luxation are; difficulty in straightening the knee, pain in the stifle, limping, or the tip of the hock points outward while the toes point inward.
		Permanent patellar luxation - the affected limb is either carried or the animal walks in a crouched position, with the limb partially flexed.
	www.barkbytes.com /medical/med0023.htm (524 words)

	LUXATING PATELLA (KNEE CAP)
		Patellar luxation is a dislocation of the knee cap either toward the inside (medial) or outside (lateral) of the leg.
		Clinical signs of patellar luxation vary depending upon severity and chronicity of the disease and may develop soon after birth or generally after four months of age.
		If the distal end of the patellar ligament is attached medially and not centrally, then the tibial tubercle (the point of attachment) is transpositioned so that it is centered on the tibia and then stabilized with pins and a tension band wire.
	www.cpvh.com /Articles/78.html (997 words)

	Patellar Luxation - Kneecap Dislocation
		Patellar Luxation is a common congenital (animals are born with this disease) health condition in small dog breeds such as miniature and toy poodle, Chihuahua, Pomeranian, Yorkshire Terrier, Pekingese and other breeds of dogs and cats.
		Patellar luxation is graded 1 to 4 based on the severity of the defect, 1 being occasional mild lameness.
		Surgical correction of patellar luxation grades 1, 2, or 3 results generally in a successful clinical outcome, whereas surgical correction of grade 4 patellar luxations may not be as effective in young dogs.
	www.gopetsamerica.com /dog-health/patellar-luxation.aspx (406 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Patellar luxation is a common problem of both large and small dogs and may be seen in cats as well.
		Nonsurgical treatment of medial patellar luxation may be successful and may be useful in animals with grade l and 2, and sometimes even grade 3, luxations; such management consists of rest and analgesics.
		Lateral patellar luxation is the most common form of luxation in humans, and the literature, although more extensive, shows a similarity with the condition in the dog.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /saortho/chapter_81/81mast.htm (3557 words)

	KUVASZ PATELLAR LUXATION
		Dogs with patellar luxation - The attending veterinarian and owner is encouraged to submit all evaluations, whether normal or abnormal, for the purpose of completeness of data.
		The patella is permanently luxated with torsion of the tibia and deviation of the tibial crest of between 30 degrees and 50 degrees from the cranial/caudal plane.
		Medial luxation is far more common than lateral luxation in all breeds, representing 75 to 80 percent of cases, with bilateral involvement seen 20 to 25 percent of the time.
	www.kuvasz.info /kuvaszpatellarluxation.htm (1316 words)

	OFA: Patellar Luxation Information
		Although the luxation may not be present at birth, the anatomical deformities that cause these luxations are present at that time and are responsible for subsequent recurrent patellar luxation.
		Older animals with grade 1 and 2 luxations may exhibit sudden signs of lameness because of further breakdown of soft tissues as result of minor trauma or because of worsening of degenerative joint disease pain.
		Components of hip dysplasia, such as coxa valga (increased angle of inclination of the femoral neck) and increased anteversion of the femoral neck, are related to lateral patellar luxation.
	www.offa.org /patluxgeninfo.html (709 words)

	Kyeri Tibetan Terriers - Patellar Luxation
		Patellar luxation is the dislocation of the patella (kneecap).
		This is due to the patella luxating while the dog is moving and by giving an extra hop or skip the dog extends its stifle and is often able to replace the patella until the next luxation, when the cycle repeats.
		There are several degrees of luxation, with the lower grade being the ability of the kneecap to pop back into place on its own and the highest grade (of four) being such severe luxation that only surgical repair can correct the dislocation.
	www3.telus.net /tibetanterrier/pl.html (306 words)

	VCA All-Care Animal Referral Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Patellar (knee cap) luxation, a frequent occurrence in dogs manifests in different types of luxation and varying grades of severity.
		Medial patellar luxation is most often a congenital (inherited) problem which occurs early in life (4-6 months of age).
		Preliminary classification of the degree of patellar luxation is important in evaluation of the patient.
	www.acarc.com /pageserver/mpl.asp?section=surgery&page=mpl (870 words)

	Patellar luxation in Westies
		Luxation, or dislocation of the patella, occurs when the tibia is rotated inward or when the lower portion of the femur is curved, causing a misalignment of the structures of the knee so that the patella slides out of its groove and moves in toward the centerline when the knee extends.
		Patellar luxation occurs mostly in toy and small breeds of dogs weighing 10 kg or less such as the miniature poodle, the pomeranian and the Yorkshire terrier.
		In the majority of cases, patellar luxation is a congenital condition because the abnormalities (weak ligaments, a too-shallow groove and internal rotation of the tibia) are present at birth though the actual luxation may appear some time later.
	www.canadawestieclub.ca /health/patlux.html (819 words)

	Medial and lateral patellar luxation
		Patellar luxation is usually a congenital condition in which the kneecap, or patella, dislocates outside of its normal trochlear groove.
		Medial patellar luxation, or MPL, is a very common disease of small and miniature breeds in which the kneecap occasionally rides on the inside of its normal groove.
		Patellar luxation is graded on a scale from I to IV, with IV being the most severe.
	workingdogs.com /vcpatlux.htm (1454 words)

	PATELLAR LUXATION
		Attached to the patella is the quadriceps tendon and the patellar tendon.
		There are various techniques for correcting patellar luxation, but all of them are designed to re-establish the proper perpendicular alignment of the quadriceps tendon, the patella, and the patellar tendon and to prevent sideways movement of the patella.
		If we are to ever eliminate patellar luxation, everyone who breeds Chihuahuas must know about the problem and be able to recognize it in their dogs.
	www.geocities.com /Heartland/Valley/2430/patella.html (1047 words)

	PATELLAR LUXATION CLASSIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION
		A method of classifying the degree of luxation and bony deformity is useful for diagnosis, and can be applied to either medial or lateral luxation by reversing the medial-later al directional references.
		Medial luxation is far more common than lateral luxation in all breeds, representing 75 to 80 percent of cases, with bilateral involvement seen 20 to 25 per-cent of the time.
		Components of hip dysplasia, such as coxavalga (increased angle of inclination of the femoral neck) and increased anteversion of the femoral neck, are related to lateral patellar luxation.
	www.papillonclub.org /Education/patellar_luxation_classification.htm (1443 words)

	patellaluxation
		Patellar luxation means that the knee cap has slipped out of the groove.
		Patellar luxation may be classified in four grades, with grade I being the most mild.
		Affected dogs, as well as their parents, their litter-mates, and any dog which has had surgery for patellar luxation, should not be bred.
	www.upei.ca /~cidd/Diseases/musculoskeletal/patellarluxation.htm (714 words)

	Patellar Luxation in Small Breed Dogs - Internet Library - dogsites.com.au
		The actual luxation may not be present at birth, but the structural changes which lead to luxation are present.
		While the patella is luxated, the quadriceps is unable to properly extend the stifle, resulting in an abnormal gait or lameness.
		Luxation occurs frequently for longer periods of time, causing the leg to be carried or used without full extension.
	www.dogsites.com.au /internet_library/patellar_luxation.html (1048 words)

	Cavalier InfoCenter Patellar Luxation
		Conditions which predispose to patellar luxation are: a shallow groove, weak ligaments; and mal-alignment of the tendons and muscles that straighten the joint.
		Often a dog with patellar luxation will look somewhat stiff in that leg because the dog is attempting to lock it so the patella won't move around as much.
		(3) The patella is permanently luxating with torsion of the tibia and deviation of the tibial crest of between 30 degrees and 50 degrees from the cranial/caudal plane.
	www.premiercavalierinfosite.com /patellarluxation.htm (468 words)

	pats
		Most cases of medial patellar luxation involve toys and other small breeds, many of which are rather “straight in the stifle” such as the Shar Pei, but there may not be more than coincidence in that.
		The same sort of “bowstring effect” exists as in medial luxation, but bowing the femur inward instead, and rotating the tibia laterally (outward) while displacing the developing tuberosity on the tibia where the patellar tendon is inserted.
		However, as Olmstead says, the heredity of lateral patellar luxation is difficult to substantiate because the condition does not occur as often as, say, HD or many other more frequently seen orthopedic disorders.
	www.gsdhelpline.com /pats.htm (2739 words)

	Veterinary Surgical Specialists - Canine Patellar Luxation
		A Medial Patellar Luxation is treated with a lateral imbrication, and vice-versa.
		Patellar luxation is a common problem in dogs and is occasionally seen in cats.
		Patellar luxation is graded on a scale from I to IV, IV being the most severe and is scaled on whether the patella is intermittently or permanently displaced.
	www.vssoc.com /petella.html (751 words)

	The Winn Feline Foundation - Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Canine hip dysplasia is commonly found in the large and giant breeds and patellar luxation in the toy and miniature breeds.
		Smith and his colleagues devised a study to examine hip dysplasia and patellar luxation in cats and to examine the relationship between DJD and joint laxity using three different scoring systems similar to those developed for dogs.
		Medial luxation of the patella (MPL) was found in 45 of the 78 cats (58%) and 71% of these cats had both stifles affected.
	www.winnfelinehealth.org /reports/hip-dysplasia.html (1147 words)

	Patellar Luxation
		The normal alignment of the hindlimb is present when the patella (not luxated), the tibial tubercle, the hock and the foot are all in the sagittal plane.
		If the medial patellar luxation is extreme, the internal rotation of the stifle will result in damage to the caudal band of the cranial cruciate ligament and possible rupture of the entire cranial cruciate ligament.
		The result is a medial patellar luxation that responds to lateral transposition of the rectus femoris to the cervical tubercle of the femur.
	www.slocumenterprises.com /Articles/patellar_luxation.htm (1957 words)

	FHDA Library: Patella Luxation and HD in a Group of Cats
		Patellar luxation has rarely been reported in cats and isolated cases have been thought to be traumatic or congenital with little genetic component.
		The objectives of our study were to examine the occurrence of hip dysplasia (HD) and patellar luxation (PL) in cats, to determine whether an association exists between these 2 orthopedic conditions, and to relate degenerative joint disease and laxity in a group of cats by the use of NA, DI and OFA scoring.
		Medial patellar luxation (MPL) was found in 45/78 (58%) of the cats.
	users.netropolis.net /kazikat/FHD4e.htm (654 words)

	Flat-Coated Retriever Society of America, Inc.
		Although luxation may not be present at birth, the anatomic deformities that cause the knee to dislocate are.
		In patellar luxation, the edges of the groove are too shallow and can allow the patella to slip out either partially or completely.
		Some cases of patellar luxation may prove difficult to categorize as grade 1, 2, 3 or 4 and determining the best surgical procedure may also be difficult.
	clubs.akc.org /fcra/healthmanual/patella.html (1264 words)

	D.C. Vets, Inc. - Medial Patellar Luxation
		When patellar luxations are present early in life, the major muscle groups of the thigh pull toward the inside of the leg, putting abnormal pressure on the knee joint cartilage.
		Because there is great individual variation in the pathologic deformities seen, a graded classification of medial patellar luxation (Putnam 1968) has been formulated as a basis for recommending which type of surgical repair is most appropriate for each individual.
		The procedures for repair of medial patellar luxation deal with repositioning and stabilizing the kneecap in the patellar groove of the femur.
	www.dcvets.org /surgical/medialpatellar.htm (531 words)

	Patellar Luxation
		Patellar luxation is often referred to as “trick knee cap”
		The patella (knee cap) is found within the patellar ligament which attaches femur muscles to the tibial tuberosity.
		Diagnosis is made by examination of the knee joint and identifying patellar luxation.
	www.vetsurg1.com /patellarluxation.html (649 words)

	Patellar Luxation
		The two most common problems relating to dogs are Patellar Luxation where the patella, or kneecap, luxates, or pops out of place.
		The Patellar, or kneecap, is a thick flat, triangular, movable bone that forms the anterior point of the knee and protects the front of the joint.
		The treatment of Patellar Luxation involves replacing the kneecap into the groove, and preventing it from popping in and out.
	www.dog-names.org.uk /dog-health-luxation.htm (375 words)

	Medial Patella Luxation in Dogs - PetPlace.com
		Medial patella luxation (MPL) is a condition in which the patella (knee-cap) no longer glides within its natural groove (sulcus) in the femur, the upper bone of the knee joint.
		Traumatic patella luxation can of course occur at any age and is usually secondary to being hit by a car.
		Congenital luxation is commonly a bilateral problem, that is it affects both hind legs, though not necessarily to the same degree.
	www.petplace.com /dogs/medial-patella-luxation-in-dogs/page1.aspx (500 words)

	Patellar Luxation
		Patellar luxation is a knee problem in which the knee cap does not track properly.
		OFA will assign a certified number to dogs that are 12 months or older that have been found to be free of luxating patellas by a veterinarian.
		When patella luxation is found, it is rated grade 0 for normal...
	www.bichonfriseusa.com /ref/luxpat/home.htm (132 words)

	Patellar Luxation..cont.pg3
		The tibia is medially twisted and the tibial crest may show further deviation medially with the result that it lies 50 degrees to 90 degrees from the cranial/caudal plane.
		Older animals with grade I and 2 luxations may exhibit sudden signs of lameness because of further breakdown of soft tissues as result of minor trauma or because of worsening of degenerative joint disease pain.
		In grades I and 2, lameness is evident only when the patella is in the luxated position.
	www.natural-akita.com /JPTeez/html/OFApatellar3.html (387 words)

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